Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking: Epidemiologic Impact and Review of Pharmacotherapy Options.

Cigarette smoking-a crucial modifiable risk factor for organ system diseases and cancer-remains prevalent in the United States and globally. In this literature review, we aim to summarize the epidemiology of cigarette smoking and tobacco use in the United States, pharmacology of nicotine-the active constituent of tobacco, and health consequence of cigarette smoking. This article also reviews behavioral and pharmacologic interventions for cigarette smokers and provides cost estimates for approved pharmacologic interventions in the United States. A literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, ClinicalKey, and PubMed databases using the following headings in combination or separately: cigarette smoking, tobacco smoking, epidemiology in the United States, health consequences of cigarette smoking, pharmacologic therapy for cigarette smoking, and non-pharmacologic therapy for cigarette smoking. This review found that efficacious non-pharmacologic interventions and pharmacologic therapy are available for cessation of cigarette smoking. Given the availability of efficacious interventions for cigarette smoking cessation, concerted efforts should be made by healthcare providers and public health professionals to promote smoking cessation as a valuable approach for reducing non-smokers' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Detailed spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and kinetic characterization of nickel(II) complexes with 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline attained via equilibrium-restricted factor analysis.

The molar absorptivity curves of the mono and bis nickel(II) complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline have been deduced from the composite absorbance data of a series of equilibrium solutions in methanol using equilibrium-restricted factor analysis, a technique for extracting spectral and thermodynamic information for component species involved in solution equilibria. The solutions achieve equilibrium slowly (t(1/2) approximately 100 min) as the amounts of the tris and methanolato complexes are initially in excess. The relative formation constants at 293 K have been determined with a high degree of accuracy, especially for the bipyridine complexes: log(K(1)/K(2)) = 0.340(4) and log(K(2)/K(3)) = 1.091(6). Solubility limitations compromised the accuracy of the thermodynamic results for the phenanthroline complexes.