RESUMO
Association studies investigating miRNA in relation to diseases have consistently shown significant alterations in miRNA expression, particularly within inflammatory pathways, where they regulate inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors (such as NF-κB, STAT3, HIF1α), and inflammatory proteins (including COX-2 and iNOS). Given that endometriosis (EMS) is characterized as an inflammatory disease, albeit one influenced by estrogen levels, it is natural to speculate about the connection between EMS and miRNA. Recent research has indeed confirmed alterations in the expression levels of numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) in both endometriotic lesions and the eutopic endometrium of women with EMS, when compared to healthy controls. The undeniable association of miRNAs with EMS hints at the emergence of a new era in the study of miRNA in the context of EMS. This article reviews the advancements made in understanding the pathological role of miRNA in EMS and its association with EMS-associated infertility. These findings contribute to the ongoing pursuit of developing miRNA-based therapeutics and diagnostic markers for EMS.
RESUMO
It is crucial to explore knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) about rabies among the people in the community, the personnel dealing with animal bite management and suspected rabies patients, including humans and animals, to facilitate intervention in improving rabies elimination strategies. In 2016, we conducted an interactive face-to-face survey in three different districts of Bangladesh to understand the extent of KAP towards rabies in the community peoples (CPs), human healthcare professionals (HCPs) and veterinary practitioners (VPs). A set of prescribed questions was employed to measure what proportion of each group possessed sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes and adequate perceptions about rabies. A total of 1133 CPs, 211 HCPs and 168 VPs were interviewed by using a standard questionnaire comprising both closed and open-ended questions. Of the CPs, 49% identified the disease correctly (i.e. rabies is caused by an animal bite or a scratch). Only 29% of the CPs were aware that a wound should be washed immediately with soap and water after an animal bite or a scratch. However, only 49% of the CPs, 65% of the HCPs and 60% of the VPs felt that it is important to consult a physician and receive post-exposure vaccine as the first line of treatment following an animal exposure. Among the HCPs, 23% of the respondents did not possess sufficient knowledge about animal bites as categorised by the World Health Organization (WHO), and 12% of the respondents did not possess the knowledge on how to manage an animal bite properly. Out of 52% of the VPs who previously treated suspected rabid animals, only 29% had a history of taking rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Lack of formal education and rural subsistence were found to largely contribute to poor rabies KAP level among the CPs (P ≤ 0.01). There has been a high demand for proper training to be provided to HCPs and VPs for the effective management of an animal bite incidence in human and animals, respectively. Multi-sectoral collaboration through integrated One Health initiatives including community education, awareness programmes, facilitation of rabies PEP, and dog vaccination as well as its population control are critical in the way forward to control rabies in Bangladesh.
RESUMO
Antimicrobial resistance is a major health problem, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh, where there is a paucity of information on resistance patterns and prevalence of antimicrobial determinants. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of resistance, including multi-drug resistance (MDR), and the associated genetic determinants in Escherichia coli isolates from cloacal swabs of live broiler chickens in Bangladesh. Altogether, 400 cloacal swabs (200 from Rajshahi and 200 from Dhaka divisions) were randomly collected from individual chickens in 50 broiler farms. E. coli was isolated and identified using conventional bacteriological culture and biochemical methods. The isolates were further confirmed using genus-specific 16S rRNAtargeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Antimicrobial susceptibilities and MDR of the isolates against nine different antimicrobial agents (ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, colistin sulphate, and streptomycin) were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Resistance determinants of E. coli to ampicillin (blaTEM), streptomycin (aadA1), erythromycin [ere(A)], trimethoprim (dfrA1), and tetracycline [tet(A), tet(B)] were screened using PCR. Our results showed that all swab samples were positive for E. coli. The isolates were uniformly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The isolates exhibited highest susceptibility to colistin sulphate (73.5%), followed by gentamicin (49%), and levofloxacin (17%). All isolates were resistant to three classes of antibiotics, 204 isolates (51%) were resistant to four classes, and 56 isolates (14%) were resistant to five. The highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance gene was recorded for tetracycline (tet(A):95.25%; tet(B):95.25%) followed by ampicillin (blaTEM:91.25%), streptomycin (aadA1:88.25%), erythromycin (ere(A):84.75%), and trimethoprim (dfrA1:65.5%). In conclusion, surveillance for MDR bacteria in poultry is a critical piece of knowledge, which would be useful for optimizing empiric antimicrobial treatments and exploring alternative antimicrobial agents.
RESUMO
The present observation was aimed to evaluate the gross and histometric parameters of the vesicular glands of indigenous bulls. Twenty-eight bulls of three age groups were selected from the local market: the pre pubertal group A (<1 year n=4), pubertal group B (1.52.5 years, n=16) and post pubertal or adult group C (above 3 years, n=8). The weight, length (anterio-posterior), width (latero-medial) and the thickness (dorso-ventral) of the both left and right vesicular glands were recorded separately after slaughter of each animal. The left and right vesicular gland shows significantly different (p<0.01), in weight and length in every group. Left vesicular glands were slightly higher than the right in all parameters. The lobules of the gland showed folded mucosa, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Three types of cells were identified in the epithelium containing A, B and C cell. Type A cells were tall columnar cells having distinct cell boundaries with the oval, round or elongated nucleus. Type B cells were located in the basal lamina having round or oval nucleus with indistinct cell boundaries. Type C cells were narrow columnar cells interspersed between A cells with darkly stained cytoplasm. Lamina propria consisted of loose connective tissue surrounded the alveoli, tubules and some solid end pieces. The numbers of secretory end pieces were variable. The diameters of luminated or non-luminated acini of the glandular end pieces and ducts were increased gradually and significantly (p<0.01) with the advancement of age. The epithelial height of the duct and alveoli were increased with the advancement of age, but no significantly differences among them. Tunica adventitia and muscularis grew with the advancement of age while the interstitial tissue shrunk equally. Above all parameters help to conclude that the vesicular glands of the pubertal indigenous bulls were more functional.
El presente estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar los parámetros macroscópicos e histométricos de las glándulas vesiculares de toros autóctonos. Veinticuatro toros fueron seleccionados en el mercado local y agrupados según la edad en: grupo prepuberal A (<1 año; n=4), grupo puberal B (1.52,5 años; n=16) y postpuberal o adulto C (por sobre 3 años; n=8). Se registró el peso, longitud (antero-posterior), ancho (latero-medial) y espesor (dorso-ventral) de las glándulas vesiculares izquierda y derecha por separado, después de sacrificado cada animal. Las glándulas vesiculares izquierda y derecha presentaron diferencia significativa (P<0,01) en cuanto al peso y longitud en cada grupo. Las glándulas vesiculares izquierdas fueron ligeramente mayores en relación a la derecha en todos los parámetros. Los lóbulos de la glándula mostraron una mucosa plegada, cubierta con epitelio columnar pseudoestratificado. Se identificaron tres tipos de células en el epitelio, conteniendo células de tipo A, B y C. Las células de tipo A eran células columnares altas con núcleos ovalados, redondos o alargados. Las células de tipo B se localizaron en la lámina basal, presentando un núcleo redondo o oval con límites celulares indistintos. Las células de tipo C eran células columnares estrechas intercaladas entre las células de tipo A, presentando un citoplasma oscuro. La lámina propia estaba constituida por tejido conectivo laxo, rodeada de alvéolos, túbulos y algunas piezas terminales sólidas. El número de extremos de secreción fue variable. El diámetro de los acinos con luz y sin luz de las piezas terminales y conductos glandulares aumentaron de manera gradual y significativa con el avance de la edad (P<0,01). La altura del epitelio del conducto y alvéolos aumentó con el avance de la edad, pero sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Las túnicas adventicia y muscular aumentaron con el avance de la edad, mientras que el tejido intersticial se retrajo de manera proporcional. A partir de todos los parámetros analizados, se puede concluir que las glándulas vesiculares de los toros del grupo puberal fueron las más funcionales.