Retinal vascular density change in patients with heart failure.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess choroid thickness, retinal vessel density in the superficial capillary plexus layer and deep capillary plexus layer in heart failure (HF) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). METHODS: 36 healthy participants (group 1), 33 patients with HF were assessed for this study. HF patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50%. HF patients were divided into 2 groups according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA). 15 patients were evaluated as group 2 according to NYHA and 18 patients as group 3 according to NYHA. Choroid thickness, superficial and deep capillary plexus perfusion were analyzed between groups using OCT-A. RESULTS: Choroid thicknesses were found to be significantly decrease in the HF groups. Superficial capillary plexus density was compared with the control group, no statistically significant difference was found between the HF groups. But among the HF groups, a statistically significant decrease was found in group 3 patients. Deep capillary plexus density was compared with the control group, a statistically significant decrease was found in group 3. In addition, deep capillary plexus density a statistically significant difference was found between the groups HF. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HF showed decreased flow density compared with healthy controls. In addition, significant changes were found in flow densities among the HF groups. Retinal perfusion measured using OCT-A may give an idea about the hemodynamic status and microperfusion of HF patients.

Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity in Big Babies.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of babies with gestational age (GA) over 32 weeks and with a birth weight (BW) over 1500 g, who underwent treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of babies with ROP between June 2015 - 2020 were analyzed retrospectively and cross-sectionally. All infants treated for ROP were evaluated. Big babies who were older than 32 weeks GA with a BW higher than 1500 g were determined. Other treated premature infants formed the control group. RESULTS: We retrospectively scanned 6581 patients who underwent ROP examination. Of these babies, 109 were treated for ROP. Thirteen babies (12%) who were treated for ROP were born over 32 weeks of GA and above the weight of 1500 g. One big infant was excluded because of missing file data. Eleven of these infants had type 1 ROP and 1 had aggressive posterior ROP. The mean GA and BW of big babies was 33.58 ± 0.88 weeks and 1860.83 ± 257.73 g, respectively. The mean GA and BW of the control group was 27.85 ± 2.02 weeks and 1068.28 ± 313.78 g, respectively. Both the big babies and the control group received oxygen treatment for 15.25 ± 11.44 and 19.17 ± 12.11 days (p = 0.29), respectively. Sepsis was seen in one big infant but 18 infants were observed to have sepsis in the control group. Similarly, one big infant had necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), while in the control group, 12 infants had NEC. CONCLUSIONS: Total oxygen intake days, NEC, and sepsis rates were found to be relatively lower in big babies with severe ROP. This could suggest that other factors may have a greater effect on the development of severe ROP in big babies.

Ocular pulse amplitude and visual field changes in patients diagnosed with aortic regurgitation.

PURPOSE: To examine whether there is a relationship between ocular pulse amplitude (OPA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and visual field (VF) deterioration among the patients diagnosed with aortic regurgitation (AR). METHODS: Twenty-nine patients (average age of 62.06 ± 13.27 years) with AR diagnosis without glaucoma history as AR group and 32 healthy participants (average age 63.81 ± 6.42 years) as control group were included in the study. Routine ophthalmologic examination including VF test [mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD) and VF index (VFI) values were recorded], diurnal IOP and OPA measurements with Pascal dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) was conducted on the patients. VF deficits were classified by Glaucoma Staging System 2 (GSS 2) score. RESULTS: Sixteen (50.0%) of 32 healthy subjects and 14 (48.3%) of 29 AR patients were female (p = 1.000). The measurement conducted at 15:30 among the diurnal IOP measurements performed with the Pascal DCT was found to be statistically significantly higher in the AR group (p = 0.009). While the MD and PSD values of the group diagnosed with AR were determined to be statistically significantly high, the VFI value was found to be significantly low. When the healthy cases and the patients diagnosed with AR were compared, it was observed that there was a statistically significant positive correlation in terms of the significant GSS 2 stage (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although there was no significant increase in IOP, VF deficits were detected in patients with AR. These VF pathologies may be due to the ocular perfusion disorder in AR. However, additional comprehensive studies that also examine perfusion are needed to further confirm this.

Shaken baby syndrome in an infant treated for retinopathy of prematurity with anti-VEGF injection.

We present the case of an infant who received bevacizumab treatment for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and developed retinal hemorrhages 12 weeks later. Although preretinal hemorrhages along the ROP's ridge were a concern for recurrence, we decided to investigate other etiologies because of numerous retinal hemorrhages in different retinal layers and their concentration in the posterior pole. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed a new-onset subdural hemorrhage. Factors that were suspicious for trauma were identified in the detailed history taken from the family by the hospital's child abuse team. This case highlights the importance of considering the characteristics of retinal hemorrhages in infants with ROP and conducting any necessary investigation.

Arterial hemodynamics and its correlation with retinal microarchitecture in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma / Hemodinâmica arterial e sua correlação com a microarquitetura retiniana no glaucoma pseudoesfoliativo

ABSTRACT Purpose: The study aimed to investigate the correlation between arterial hemodynamics measured by color Doppler ultrasonography and retinal microarchitecture parameters determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Methods: This prospective study included 82 participants. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell complex values were measured. Ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery flows were evaluated with color Doppler ultrasonography, and resistivity index values were calculated. Results: The study included 47 controls and 35 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma cases. In pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group, mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness were statistically significantly lower in all quadrants compared to controls (p<0.001). Resistivity index values of the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries were significantly higher in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group than in the controls (p<0.001 and r=0.684). Resistivity index values of the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries with ganglion cell complex thickness correlated significantly. On the other hand, no significant relationship for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was identified. Conclusions: Structural changes (ganglion cell complex and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer) in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and early glaucomatous loss showed a significant correlation with changes in ocular vascular hemodynamics. In cases where systemic vascular resistance is increased, ganglion cell complex and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer may not exactly reflect glaucoma state. In such cases, thickness changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer may give more realistic results regarding glaucoma. We have seen that pseudoexfoliation glaucoma-induced structural deterioration and increased resistance in ocular hemodynamics correlated with ganglion cell complex, but not retinal nerve fiber layer.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a correlação entre a hemodi­nâmica arterial, medida pela ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido, e os parâmetros de microarquitetura da retina, determinados pela tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (SD-OCT) no glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo. Métodos: Foram incluídos 82 participantes neste estudo prospectivo. Foram medidos os valores da camada de fibras nervosas da retina peripapilar, da camada plexiforme interna de células ganglionares e do complexo de células ganglionares. Os fluxos da artéria oftálmica e da artéria central da retina foram avaliados com ultrassonografia por Doppler colorida e foram calculados os valores do índice de resistividade. Resultados: Foram incluídos no estudo 47 casos de controle e 35 casos de glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo. No grupo com glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo, a média da camada de fibras nervosas da retina peripapilar e a espessura do complexo de células ganglionares foram menores em todos os quadrantes em comparação com os controles, com significância estatística (p<0,001). Os valores do índice de resistividade das artérias oftálmica e central da retina foram significativamente maiores no grupo com glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo que nos controles (p<0,001 e r=0,684). Ao se compararem os valores do índice de resistividade das artérias oftálmica e central da retina com a espessura do complexo de células ganglionares, foi encontrada uma correlação significativa entre elas. Por outro lado, não detectamos uma relação significativa para a espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina. Conclusões: Alterações estruturais (complexo de células ganglionares, camada plexiforme interna de células ganglionares) em pacientes com glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo com perda glaucomatosa precoce mostraram uma correlação significativa com alterações na hemodinâmica vascular ocular. Nos casos em que a resistência vascular sistêmica é aumentada, o complexo de células ganglionares e a camada plexiforme interna de células ganglionares podem não refletir exatamente o estado do glaucoma. Nesses casos, alterações na espessura da camada de fibras nervosas da retina podem dar resultados mais realistas em relação ao glaucoma. Observou-se uma correlação da deterioração estrutural induzida pelo glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo e do aumento da resistência na hemodinâmica ocular com o complexo de células ganglionares, mas não com a camada de fibras nervosas da retina.

Arterial hemodynamics and its correlation with retinal microarchitecture in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to investigate the correlation between arterial hemodynamics measured by color Doppler ultrasonography and retinal microarchitecture parameters determined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. METHODS: This prospective study included 82 participants. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell complex values were measured. Ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery flows were evaluated with color Doppler ultrasonography, and resistivity index values were calculated. RESULTS: The study included 47 controls and 35 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma cases. In pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group, mean peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness were statistically significantly lower in all quadrants compared to controls (p<0.001). Resistivity index values of the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries were significantly higher in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma group than in the controls (p<0.001 and r=0.684). Resistivity index values of the ophthalmic and central retinal arteries with ganglion cell complex thickness correlated significantly. On the other hand, no significant relationship for retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Structural changes (ganglion cell complex and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer) in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and early glaucomatous loss showed a significant correlation with changes in ocular vascular hemodynamics. In cases where systemic vascular resistance is increased, ganglion cell complex and ganglion cell inner plexiform layer may not exactly reflect glaucoma state. In such cases, thickness changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer may give more realistic results regarding glaucoma. We have seen that pseudoexfoliation glaucoma-induced structural deterioration and increased resistance in ocular hemodynamics correlated with ganglion cell complex, but not retinal nerve fiber layer.

Retinal arterial macroaneurysm in leukemia.

INTRODUCTION: Retinal arterial macroaneurysm (RAM) is an acquired vascular dilatation usually seen at the site of arterial bifurcation or arterial-vein crossing. It's often seen in the first three branches of the central retinal artery. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 15-year-old male patient was admitted to the outpatient clinic with complaints of weakness, headache, and bruising on the body for a few weeks. During the physical examination, a hepatomegaly and a common patchy ecchymosis in the body were detected at the abdominal examination. Hemoglobin was 6.6 g/dl, white blood cells were 40,000/mm3, platelet was 24,000/mm3 at the whole blood count done. The 70% blast was detected in peripheral spread. Bone marrow aspiration evaluation was consistent with pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. There was two macroaneurysms in the inferior arcuate of the left eye. The patient was examined on a weekly basis. During control examinations, retinal macroaneurysms in left eye and the hemorrhages significantly regressed. CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE: The fact that RAM is not often seen in the pediatric age group, indicates the importance of this phenomenon. It should be remembered that a complete ophthalmic examination should be performed on leukemia patients.

The Treatment Models for Adenoviral Keratoconjunctivitis in the Childhood Population.

Purpose: To examine the effects of treatments performed on children with adenoviral conjunctivitis.Methods: 50 children with Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis (AK) were evaluated. Patients were divided into four groups according to the medical treatment agents that were used previously. AK symptoms were clinically scored and analyzed. The diagnosis of all children was confirmed by an in-office lateral flow immunoassay.Results: Fifty patients with AK were included in the study. 24 (48%) were female and 26 (52%) were male. The mean age was 12.88 ± 2.66 (8-17). In PVP-I groups clinical findings shows faster improvement than other groups (p < .05).Conclusions: Conjunctival irrigation with 2.5% PVP-I is very effective for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis in childhood. Ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% increases the effect of 2.5% PVP-I on AK, but this was not statistically significant.

Comparison of Adult Refractive Disorder Measurements Using HandyRef-K, Retinomax, Plusoptix, and Table-top Autorefractometer Devices.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to compare refractive error measurements recorded using the Nidek HandyRef-K handheld autorefractometer (HDY; Nidek Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), Plusoptix A09 photorefractor (PO; Plusoptix GmbH, Nuremberg, Germany), Retinomax K-plus 3 (RTX; Right Mfg. Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and a table-mounted autorefractometer/keratometer (TTR; URK 800, Unicos Co. Ltd., Daejeon, Republic of Korea). METHODS: Patients aged ≥18 years underwent measurement of refraction without cycloplegia using 4 devices and the spherical power (SP), cylindrical power (CP), and spherical equivalent (SE) values were analyzed and compared. RESULTS: A total of 181 eyes of 181 patients were enrolled in the study. The mean age of the patients was 33.08±0.95 years (range: 18-79 years). There was a significantly significant difference in the SP, CP, and SE values determined by the devices (p<0.001). The SP and SE values of the RTX and the HDY were similar, while the other device results were different (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.004). The CP values of the PO and the TTR, the HDY and the TTR were also comparable. CONCLUSION: The HDY, RTX, and the PO are suitable for screening in clinical practice, but the findings strongly suggest that they should be used with caution.

Biomechanical properties of the cornea following intravitreal ranibizumab injection.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal biomechanical properties changes after intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IVRI). METHODS: One hundred twenty eyes of 120 patients who underwent IVRI between January and March 2018 in Adnan Menderes University Ophthalmology Clinic were included in study. Corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg), and corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc) were measured by Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) by the same specialist preoperatively (preop), postoperative 1st (postop-1st), postoperative 3rd (postop-3rd), and postoperative 24th hours (postop-24th) after single-dose IVRI. RESULTS: Among the 120 wet age-related macular degeneration subjects, 58 (48.3%) were female and 62 (51.7%) were male. The mean age was 64.8 ± 10.4 years. Postop-1st hour IOP cc and IOPg measurements were statistically different from all other measurements (p < 0.001). Postop-1st hour CH measurements were statistically different from preop and postop-3rd (p = 0.022 and p = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: After intravitreal injection, IOP pressures significantly increased. But, CH and CRF values were significantly decreased. All these changes were temporary.

Anxiety in Children with Low Vision Secondary to Refractive Errors.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the anxiety status of children with low vision due to refractive errors using a questionnaire survey. METHODS: Between July and November 2019, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) questionnaire was administered to children with refractive errors (≥3D) and amblyopia who presented to the ophthalmology clinic. Children with low vision were evaluated based on their answers to the SCARED questionnaire. RESULTS: This study included 38 children (22 girls, 16 boys) with low vision. The average age of the participants was 9.74±2.65 (7-12) years. The average binocular vision was 0.28±0.21 LogMAR. The mean total anxiety score was 21.68±10.55. At least one type of anxiety was detected in 18 (47.4%) children. A positive correlation and statistical significance were found between binocular low vision and anxiety (r=0.63, p<0.001). Boys were more susceptible to anxiety than girls, and a positive moderate correlation and statistical significance were found (r=0.50, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: Anxiety may develop in children with low vision, and this anxiety more commonly occur in boys than in girls (p=0.002). In addition, psychological disorders can be seen in children with low vision. To better evaluate this connection, large case series studies including visual impairment due to different reasons are needed.

Effects of vitamin D deficiency on intraocular pressure values obtained by ocular response analyzer.

PURPOSE: To compare corneal biomechanical properties measured with ocular response analyzer (ORA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in patients with vitamin D deficiency and in healthy cases. METHODS: One hundred and twenty eyes of 120 subjects (between the ages of 19 and 78) who applied to university's outpatient clinic were evaluated: 41 lacks of vitamin D (Group 1), 39 insufficient vitamin D (Group 2) and 40 controls (Group 3). Corneal hysteresis, corneal resistance factor, Goldmann-correlated IOP and corneal compensated IOP of patients were measured by ORA. RESULTS: The mean ages were 48.9 ± 12.1, 52.8 ± 13.6 and 52.1 ± 13.9 in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p = 0.370). Mean IOPcc values were 16.5 ± 3.6 (8.1-27.3), 16.7 ± 2.7 (12.0-22.7) and 16.3 ± 3.3 (10.8-27.4) mmHg (p = 0.889); mean IOPg values were 16.8 ± 5.0 (6.5-39.5), 16.3 ± 2.9 (10.3-23.0) and 15.9 ± 3.2 (10.0-26.0) mmHg (p = 0.539); mean CH values were 10.8 ± 1.9 (8.3-19.0), 11.4 ± 1.6 (6.9-14.0) and 11.2 ± 1.5 (7.5-13.2) (p = 0.257); mean CRF values were 10.5 ± 2.7 (7.4-25.0), 11.1 ± 1.5 (6.8-13.5) and 10.5 ± 1.2 (7.7-12.8) (p = 0.282) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of IOPcc, IOPg CH and CRF. However, mean CH values were found less in the lack of vitamin D group. CONCLUSION: The CH values were lower, and the IOPg values were higher in cases of vitamin D deficiency. Corneal biomechanical differences in patients with lack of vitamin D were not statistically significant.

Retinopathy of prematurity risk factors: Does human milk prevent retinopathy of prematurity?

Akyüz-Ünsal AI, Key Ö, Güler D, Bekmez S, Sagus M, Akcan AB, Kurt-Omurlu I, Anik A, Oruç-Dündar S, Türkmen M. Retinopathy of prematurity risk factors: Does human milk prevent retinopathy of prematurity? Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 13-19. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) development and the potential effect of human breast milk among these factors. For this purpose, infants admitted to a tertiary referral clinic for ROP screening and treatment between April 2013 and May 2015, were included in this retrospective study. The demographic data, accompanying diseases, previous surgery, type of feeding and duration of human breast milk intake were recorded. According to the ROP screening examination results, infants were divided into two groups as those with ROP (infants at any stage of ROP) and those without ROP. Relationship between the risk factors and ROP were evaluated. The comparison of 221 infants without ROP and 99 infants with ROP; revealed that gestational age at birth, birth weight, mechanical ventilation support, bronchopulmonary and cardiac diseases, hydrocephaly, any previous surgery, infections, steroid treatment percentages were high and human breast milk intake percentage was low among infants with ROP. Mean breast feeding time for infants with ROP (3.81 ± 2.33 month) was shorter than the infants without ROP (5.51 ± 1.43 month) (p < 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, the duration of breast feeding was inversely related with ROP (OR 0.744; 95% CI 0.621-0.891; p < 0,001). These results suggest that gestational age at birth and accompanying diseases are the main risk factors for the development of ROP. As the duration of the breast feeding of the infants without ROP was longer than the infants with ROP; breast feeding may have a preventive effect on ROP development.

The Role of Bacterial Etiology in the Tear Duct Infections Secondary to Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstructions.

PURPOSE: To define the microbiological features of dacryocystitis in childhood. METHODS: Patients with dacryocystitis secondary to CNLDO between 2017 and 2019 in Izmir, Turkey were included in the study. Inclusion criteria of the study were: mucopurulent secretion, being under 4 years old and not having received prior antibiotic treatment. Samples from secretion were cultivated in sheep blood agar, eosin methylene blue, and chocolate agar. Reproduction was checked intermittently. Clinically significant growths were reported. RESULTS: Seventy patients with dacryocystitis secondary to CNLDO were included in the study. Sixty percent of patients were female (n = 42) and 40% (n = 28) percent of patients were male. The average age of participants was 2.09 ±â€Š0.68 (1-3) years old. Positive bacterial proliferation results were noted in 20 patients (28.6%). Eighty percent (n = 16) of culture-positive bacterias were gram-negative bacterias and 20% (4) were gram-positive bacterias. Twenty percent of culture-positive bacterias were aerobic and 80% were facultative bacterias. The most common bacteria seen in culture specimen was Haemophilus 40% (Haemophilus haemolyticus [20%] and Haemophilus influenzae [20%]). CONCLUSIONS: Gram-negative organisms especially Haemophilus were most prevalent. These findings could be helpful for antibiotic selection.

Aggressive Posterior Retinopathy of Prematurity Treated with Intravitreal Bevacizumab: Late Period Fluorescein Angiographic Findings.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vascularization end limit of the peripheral retina and describe vascular development patterns of patients at the late period with aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (APROP) who were treated with a single intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. METHODS: All patients were examined with RetCam III and fluorescein angiography (FA) within 90-100 gestational week. The vascularization end limit according to the zones and vascular structural abnormalities were noted. RESULTS: A total of 116 eyes of 58 patients were included. The mean gestational age and birth weight were 28.31 ± 2.5 (23-33) weeks and 1156.29 ± 386.38 (360-2300) g, respectively. The mean age at the time of FA was 95.09 ± 3.8 (90-100) weeks. According to the vascular termini, four eyes (3.4%) were in zone II posterior, 30 eyes (25.8%) were in zone II anterior, 22 eyes (18.9%) were in zone III with a distance of > 2 disc diameter (DD) from ora serrata, and 60 eyes (51.7%) were in zone III with a distance of < 2 DD from temporal ora serrata. Abnormal vascular findings were detected in 86.2% of patients (100/116 eyes) including circumferential vessels (43.1%), abnormal vascular branching (25.9%), closely packed vascular shunts (6.8%), and vascular leakage (10.3%). CONCLUSION: FA gives us quantitative data for treatment decision at late period of APROP patients treated with bevacizumab. Fluorescein leakage and persistent avascular areas still detected at FA at 90-100 gestational weeks increase the risk for late complications. FA can detect the abnormalities that can not be detected via indirect ophthalmoscope and be useful for follow-up and further treatments of APROP.

Higher Intraocular Pressure Levels Associated With Lower Hysteresis In Type 2 Diabetes.

AIM: To investigate the differences of corneal biomechanic characteristics using Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA, Reichert; USA) on type 2 diabetics and healthy subjects. METHODS: One hundred eyes of 100 subjects (between the ages of 17-91) who applied to Adnan Menderes University's Ophthalmology Clinic between January-March 2015 were included in this study, 50 diabetics (Group 1) and 50 healthy controls (Group 2). The eyes included in the study were randomly chosen. Corneal Hysteresis (CH), Corneal Resistance Factor (CRF), Goldmann correlated Intraocular Pressure (IOPg) and corneal compensated Intraocular Pressure (IOPcc) of patients were measured by ORA. Detailed ophthalmological examinations were done for every subject. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze the distribution of quantitative variables and t test was used for the data that were normally distributed. Any p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: The mean ages were 63.3±9.0 and 61.7±11.6 in Group 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.459). 25 (50.0%) were female, 25 (50.0%) were male in Group 1 and 26 (52.0%) were female, 24 (48.0%) were male in Group 2 (p=1.000). Mean IOPcc values were 17.8±3.6 (12.1-29.0) and 16.0±3.1 (10.9-23.8) mmHg (p=0.006); mean IOPg values were 16.9±3.5 (10.9-25.9) and 15.4±2.9 (9.0-24.7) mmHg (p=0.032); mean CH values were 9.9±1.5 (6.1-13.3) and 10.5±1.7 (6.5-15.7) (p=0.080) and mean CRF values were 10.4±1.6 (7.5-14.0) and 10.5±1.7 (6.6-15.4) (p=0.730) in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was no any statistical difference between the groups in terms of CH and CRF. However, mean CH and CRF values were found less in diabetic group. Corneal biomechanical differences seen in diabetic patients may be associated with a statistically significantly higher IOP measurements.

Long Term Results of Visual Field Progression Analysis in Open Angle Glaucoma Patients Under Treatment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate visual field progression with trend and event analysis in open angle glaucoma patients under treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen year follow-up results of 408 eyes of 217 glaucoma patients who were followed at Adnan Menderes University, Department of Ophthalmology between 1998 and 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Visual field data were collected for Mean Deviation (MD), Visual Field Index (VFI), and event occurrence. RESULTS: There were 146 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 123 pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (XFG) and 139 normal tension glaucoma (NTG) eyes. MD showed significant change in all diagnostic groups (p<0.001). The difference of VFI between first and last examinations were significantly different in POAG (p<0.001), and XFG (p<0.003) but not in NTG. VFI progression rates were -0.3, -0.43, and -0.2 % loss/year in treated POAG, XFG, and NTG, respectively. The number of empty triangles were statistically different between POAG-NTG (p=0.001), and XFG-NTG (p=0.002) groups. The number of half-filled (p=0.002), and full-filled (p=0.010) triangles were significantly different between XFG-NTG groups. CONCLUSION: Functional long-term follow-up of glaucoma patients can be monitored with visual field indices. We herein report our fifteen year follow-up results in open angle glaucoma.