Influence of cell confluence on the cAMP signalling pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells.

The influence of cell confluence on the ß-adrenoceptor (ß-AR)/cAMP/phosphodiesterase (PDE) pathway was investigated in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). Cells were plated either at low density (LD: 3·103cells/cm2) or high density (HD: 3·104cells/cm2) corresponding to non-confluent or confluent cells, respectively, on the day of experiment. ß-AR-stimulated cAMP was monitored in real-time using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP sensor, Epac2-camps. A brief application (15s) of the ß-AR agonist isoprenaline (Iso) induced a typical transient FRET signal, reflecting cAMP production followed by its rapid degradation. The amplitude of this response, which increased with the concentration of Iso (10 or 100nM), was higher in HD than in LD cells, whatever the Iso concentration used. However, activation of adenylyl cyclase by L-858051 (100µM) induced a similar saturating response in both LD and HD cells. A ß1-AR antagonist (CGP 20712A, 100nM) reduced the Iso (100nM) response in HD but not LD cells, whereas a ß2-AR antagonist (ICI 118,551, 5nM) reduced this response in HD cells and almost abolished it in LD cells. Competitive [125I]-ICYP binding experiments with betaxolol, a ß-AR ligand, identified two binding sites in HD cells, corresponding to ß1- and ß2-ARs with a proportion of 11% and 89%, respectively, but only one binding site in LD cells, corresponding to ß2-ARs. Total cAMP-PDE activity (assessed by a radioenzymatic assay) was increased in HD cells compared to LD cells. This increase was associated with a rise in mRNA expression of five cAMP-PDEs subtypes (PDE1A, 3A, 4A, 4B and 7B) in HD cells, and a decrease in basal [cAMP]i (assessed by an EIA assay). PDE4 inhibition with Ro-20-1724 (10µM) strongly prolonged the Iso response in LD and HD cells, whereas PDE3 inhibition with cilostamide (1µM) slightly prolonged Iso response only in LD cells. Interestingly, inhibition of PDE4 unmasked an effect of PDE3 in HD cells. Our results show that in cultured RASMCs, the ß-AR/cAMP/PDE signalling pathway is substantially modulated by the cell density. In HD cells, Iso response involves both ß1- and ß2-AR stimulation and is mainly controlled by PDE4, PDE3 being recruited only after PDE4 inhibition. In LD cells, Iso response involves only ß2-AR stimulation and is controlled by PDE4 and to a lower degree by PDE3. This low density state is associated with an absence of membrane expression of the ß1-AR, a lower cAMP-PDE activity and a higher basal [cAMP]i. This study highlights the critical role of the cellular environment in controlling the vascular ß-AR signalling.

Alteration of vascular reactivity in heart failure: role of phosphodiesterases 3 and 4.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study examined the role of the main vascular cAMP-hydrolysing phosphodiesterases (cAMP-PDE) in the regulation of basal vascular tone and relaxation of rat aorta mediated by ß-adrenoceptors, following heart failure (HF). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Twenty-two weeks after proximal aortic stenosis, to induce HF, or SHAM surgery in rats, we evaluated the expression, activity and function of cAMP-PDE in the descending thoracic aorta. KEY RESULTS: HF rat aortas exhibited signs of endothelial dysfunction, with alterations of the NO pathway, and alteration of PDE3 and PDE4 subtype expression, without changing total aortic cAMP-hydrolytic activity and PDE1, PDE3 and PDE4 activities. Vascular reactivity experiments using PDE inhibitors showed that PDE3 and PDE4 controlled the level of PGF2α -stimulated contraction in SHAM aorta. PDE3 function was partially inhibited by endothelial NO, whereas PDE4 function required a functional endothelium and was under the negative control of PDE3. In HF, PDE3 function was preserved, but its regulation by endothelial NO was altered. PDE4 function was abolished and restored by PDE3 inhibition. In PGF2α -precontracted arteries, ß-adrenoceptor stimulation-induced relaxation in SHAM aorta, which was abolished in the absence of functional endothelium, as well as in HF aortas, but restored after PDE3 inhibition in all unresponsive arteries. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our study underlines the key role of the endothelium in controlling the contribution of smooth muscle PDE to contractile function. In HF, endothelial dysfunction had a major effect on PDE3 function and PDE3 inhibition restored a functional relaxation to ß-adrenoceptor stimulation.