Combined training increases thermogenic fat activity in patients with overweight and type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Exercise is an important strategy in the management of diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exercise acts, at least in part, by inducing the production of myokines that improve metabolic control and activate brown/beige adipose tissue depots. Combined training (CT) is recommended by the major diabetes guidelines due to its metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, however, its impact on brown/beige adipose tissue activities has never been tested in humans with overweight and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we evaluated the effects of 16-week combined training (CT) program on brown adipose tissue activity; browning and autophagy markers, and serum pro-thermogenic/inflammatory inducers in patients with overweight and T2D. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with overweight and T2D were assigned to either a control group (CG) or a combined training group (CTG) in a randomized and controlled study. Functional/fitness parameters, anthropometry/body composition parameters, blood hormone/biochemical parameters, thermogenic/autophagic gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated before and at the end of the intervention. In addition, cold-induced 18-Fluoroxyglucose Positron Emission Computed Tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) was performed in the training group before and after the end of the intervention. RESULTS: CT increased cervical/supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity (p = 0.03) as well as in perirenal adipose tissue (p = 0.02). In addition, CT increased the expression of genes related to thermogenic profile (TMEM26: + 95%, p = 0.04; and EPSTI1: + 26%, p = 0.03) and decreased autophagic genes (ULK1: -15%, p = 0.04; LC3: -5%, p = 0.02; and ATG4: -22%, p < 0.001) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There were positive correlations between Δ% BAT activity with Δ% of post training energy expenditure cold exposure, HDL-c, IL4, adiponectin, irisin, meteorin-like, and TMEM26 and ZIC1 genes, besides negative correlations with LDL-c, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION: This is the first evidence of the beneficial actions of CT on adipose tissue thermogenic activity in humans, and it adds important support for the recommendation of CT as a strategy in the management of diabetes.

Combined Training Reduces Subclinical Inflammation in Obese Middle-Age Men.

PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of 24 wk of combined training on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers associated with obesity in obese middle-age men. METHODS: Thirty obese men (48.73 ± 1.04 yr; body mass index, 31.00 ± 0.29 kg·m) underwent 24 wk of combined training [CT (N = 17), aerobic (50%-85% of V˙O2peak) and resistance (6-10 maximum repetition [RM]) training)] three times per week, 60 min per session, or a control group (N = 13). Anthropometric measures, maximal strength for leg press and bench press, peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2peak) and serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-15, resistin, leptin, and adiponectin were determined before (M1) and after 8 (M2), 16 (M3), and 24 (M4) wk of the experimental design. RESULTS: Significant increases were observed in the maximal strength for bench press and leg press, V˙O2peak, and serum concentrations of adiponectin and IL-15 for CT. Concomitantly, significant decreases were observed in percentage body fat and serum concentrations of CRP, resistin, and leptin for CT after the experimental period. CONCLUSION: Twenty-four weeks of moderate- to high-intensity CT reduced markers of subclinical inflammation associated with obesity and improved insulin resistance and functional capabilities of obese middle-age men, regardless of dietary intervention and weight loss.

Las competencias profesionales del nutricionista deportivo / The professional competences of the sports dietitian

OBJETIVO: El artículo presenta los resultados obtenidos en la investigación que dio origen a la tesis doctoral defendida por la autora en la Universitat de Lleida (España), cuyo objetivo fue identificar las Competencias Profesionales de los nutricionistas que trabajan en el ámbito de la Nutrición Deportiva. MÉTODOS: Fueron investigados 14 expertos provenientes de Australia (n=1), Brasil (n=7), España (n=3) y Estados Unidos (n=3). La herramienta metodológica utilizada fue la técnica Delphi, compuesta de tres rondas de cuestionarios. En la primera ronda los expertos proporcionaron, a través de sus discursos, la identificación de un listado de Competencias Profesionales, información que en la segunda y tercera ronda pudieron ser evaluadas y posteriormente analizadas a través de cálculos estadísticos descriptivos (media, moda, mediana y desviación Standard). RESULTADOS: De esta manera, se llegó al consenso entre los expertos sobre 147 competencias profesionales identificadas. Las competencias fueron clasificadas en cuatro macro categorías de Competencias Profesionales: Competencias Técnicas (38), Metodológicas (62), Participativas (24) y Personales (23). CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados demostraron que el estudio sistematizado de las Competencias Profesionales del Nutricionista Deportivo contribuye para el establecimiento de los contenidos que deben componer la disciplina de Nutrición Deportiva a ser incorporada en los itinerarios curriculares de las carreras de Nutrición Humana y Dietética.

OBJECTIVE: This article presents the results of the doctoral research developed by the author at the University of Lleida (Spain) in June 2006. The main goal was to investigate the professional competences of dietitians who work in the field of Sports Nutrition. METHODS: Fourteen experts in Sports Nutrition from 4 countries were investigated, Australia (n=1), Brazil (n=7), Spain (n=3) and the United States (n=3). The methodological tool applied was the Delphi Technique, consisting of three rounds of questionnaires. In the first round, the experts identified a number of Professional Competences, and on the following second and third rounds these competences were assessed and analyzed by descriptive statistics (mean, mode, median and standard deviation). RESULTS: A consensus was reached by the experts on 147 identified competences. The competences were classified into four macro categories of professional competences: Technical (38), Methodological (62), Participative (24) and Personal (23) competences. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the systemized study of the professional competences of the Sports Dietitian contributes to the establishment of the contents to be taught in Sports Nutrition classes that are now being incorporated in the curriculum of undergraduate nutrition courses.

Nutrição esportiva aplicada à ginástica artística: sistematização da produção científica / Nutrición deportiva aplicada a la gimnástica artística: una sistematización de la producción científica / Sport nutrition applied to artistic gymnastics: a systematization of the scientific production

A nutrição, como parte do sistema complementar da preparação esportiva, vem ampliando seu espaço de atuação e confiança dos profissionais e atletas engajados na otimização do rendimento esportivo. Algumas modalidades, principalmente as de maior repercussão na mídia e investimentos, concentram o interesse dos pesquisadores. Porém, outras modalidades de menor visibilidade, como é o caso da Ginástica Artística (GA), ainda carecem de pesquisas que dêem suporte ao trabalho cotidiano do corpo técnico. Pensando neste panorama, analisamos neste artigo a produção científica específica da nutrição aplicada à GA, categorizando-a de acordo com os aspectos de maior interesse acadêmico (hábitos alimentares, necessidades energéticas, transtornos alimentares, deficiências nutricionais, entre outros). Complementarmente, localizamos e organizamos outras formas de conhecimento disponível em revistas de divulgação e referências on-line, que são freqüentemente utilizadas pelos profissionais desta área, devido à limitada informação científica e/ou à dificuldade de encontrar esta produção e interpretá-la. A partir destes dados, pudemos observar as áreas de concentração destes estudos, assim como aspectos pouco relatados pela literatura e tendências das populações e nacionalidades que se destacam nestas produções, obtendo assim informações que facilitarão futuras pesquisas neste campo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nutrição. Esportes. Ginástica artística

Nutrition as part of the complementary system of sports preparation is extending its work field and being ever more respected by professionals and athletes engaged in optimizing sports performance. Some modalities, mainly the ones of more repercussion in the media and having more investments, concentrate the interest of researchers. However, other lesser visible modalities such as of Artistic Gymnastics (AG), are still lacking research that gives to support to the daily work of body technicians. Thinking about this panorama, we analyze in this paper the specific scientific production of as nutrition applied to AG, categorizing the aspects of higher academic interest (alimentary habits, energy necessities, alimentary upheavals, nutritional deficiencies, among others). Complementarily, we locate and we organize other forms of available knowledge in popular magazines and on-line references, which are frequently used by professionals of this field, due to limited scientific information and/or to the difficulty of finding this production and to interpret it. From these data, we could observe the areas of concentration of these studies, as well as aspects little considered by the literature and trends of the populations and nationalities that excel in works on these and gathering information that will facilitate future research in this field. KEYWORDS: Nutrition. Sports. Artistic gymnastics

La nutrición como parte del sistema complementario de la preparación para los deportes está extendiendo su campo de trabajo y es siempre más respetada por los profesionales y los atletas que desean el funcionamiento óptimo en los deportes. Algunas modalidades, principalmente las que tienen más repercusión en los medios de comunicación y más inversiones de recursos financieros, concentran el interés de los investigadores. Sin embargo, otras modalidades menos visibles por ejemplo de gimnástica artística (GA) todavía están careciendo de investigaciones que ayuden al trabajo diario de los técnicos del cuerpo. Pensando acerca de este panorama, analizamos en este artículo la producción científica específica de nutrición aplicada al GA, categorizando los aspectos de interés académico más alto (hábitos alimenticios, necesidades de energía, problemas alimenticios, deficiencias alimenticias, entre otras). Complementariamente, localizamos y organizamos otras formas de conocimiento disponibles en periódicos de divulgación populares y referencias en línea, que son utilizados con frecuencia por los profesionales de este campo, debido a sus limitados conocimientos científicos e/o a la dificultad de encontrar esta producción e interpretarla. De estos datos, pudimos observar las áreas de concentración de estos estudios, así bien los aspectos poco considerados por la literatura y las tendencias de las poblaciones y de las nacionalidades que sobresalen en trabajos sobre estos temas, recopilando las informaciones que facilitarán la investigación futura en este campo.PALABRAS LLAVE: Nutrición. Deportes. Gimnástica artística

Nutrição esportiva aplicada à ginástica artística: sistematização da produção científica / Nutrición deportiva aplicada a la gimnástica artística: una sistematización de la producción científica / Sport nutrition applied to artistic gymnastics: a systematization of the scientific production

A nutrição, como parte do sistema complementar da preparação esportiva, vem ampliando seu espaço de atuação e confiança dos profissionais e atletas engajados na otimização do rendimento esportivo. Algumas modalidades, principalmente as de maior repercussão na mídia e investimentos, concentram o interesse dos pesquisadores. Porém, outras modalidades de menor visibilidade, como é o caso da Ginástica Artística (GA), ainda carecem de pesquisas que dêem suporte ao trabalho cotidiano do corpo técnico. Pensando neste panorama, analisamos neste artigo a produção científica específica da nutrição aplicada à GA, categorizando-a de acordo com os aspectos de maior interesse acadêmico (hábitos alimentares, necessidades energéticas, transtornos alimentares, deficiências nutricionais, entre outros). Complementarmente, localizamos e organizamos outras formas de conhecimento disponível em revistas de divulgação e referências on-line, que são freqüentemente utilizadas pelos profissionais desta área, devido à limitada informação científica e/ou à dificuldade de encontrar esta produção e interpretá-la. A partir destes dados, pudemos observar as áreas de concentração destes estudos, assim como aspectos pouco relatados pela literatura e tendências das populações e nacionalidades que se destacam nestas produções, obtendo assim informações que facilitarão futuras pesquisas neste campo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Nutrição. Esportes. Ginástica artística.

Nutrition as part of the complementary system of sports preparation is extending its work field and being ever more respected by professionals and athletes engaged in optimizing sports performance. Some modalities, mainly the ones of more repercussion in the media and having more investments, concentrate the interest of researchers. However, other lesser visible modalities such as of Artistic Gymnastics (AG), are still lacking research that gives to support to the daily work of body technicians. Thinking about this panorama, we analyze in this paper the specific scientific production of as nutrition applied to AG, categorizing the aspects of higher academic interest (alimentary habits, energy necessities, alimentary upheavals, nutritional deficiencies, among others). Complementarily, we locate and we organize other forms of available knowledge in popular magazines and on-line references, which are frequently used by professionals of this field, due to limited scientific information and/or to the difficulty of finding this production and to interpret it. From these data, we could observe the areas of concentration of these studies, as well as aspects little considered by the literature and trends of the populations and nationalities that excel in works on these and gathering information that will facilitate future research in this field. KEYWORDS: Nutrition. Sports. Artistic gymnastics.

La nutrición como parte del sistema complementario de la preparación para los deportes está extendiendo su campo de trabajo y es siempre más respetada por los profesionales y los atletas que desean el funcionamiento óptimo en los deportes. Algunas modalidades, principalmente las que tienen más repercusión en los medios de comunicación y más inversiones de recursos financieros, concentran el interés de los investigadores. Sin embargo, otras modalidades menos visibles por ejemplo de gimnástica artística (GA) todavía están careciendo de investigaciones que ayuden al trabajo diario de los técnicos del cuerpo. Pensando acerca de este panorama, analizamos en este artículo la producción científica específica de nutrición aplicada al GA, categorizando los aspectos de interés académico más alto (hábitos alimenticios, necesidades de energía, problemas alimenticios, deficiencias alimenticias, entre otras). Complementariamente, localizamos y organizamos otras formas de conocimiento disponibles en periódicos de divulgación populares y referencias en línea, que son utilizados con frecuencia por los profesionales de este campo, debido a sus limitados conocimientos científicos e/o a la dificultad de encontrar esta producción e interpretarla. De estos datos, pudimos observar las áreas de concentración de estos estudios, así bien los aspectos poco considerados por la literatura y las tendencias de las poblaciones y de las nacionalidades que sobresalen en trabajos sobre estos temas, recopilando las informaciones que facilitarán la investigación futura en este campo.PALABRAS LLAVE: Nutrición. Deportes. Gimnástica artística.