RESUMO
Development of optimal therapeutics for disease states that can be associated with increased membrane cholesterol requires better molecular understanding of lipid modulation of the drug target. Type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) agonist actions are affected by increased membrane cholesterol, enhancing ligand binding and reducing calcium signaling, while agonist actions of the closely related CCK2R are not. In this work, we identified a set of chimeric human CCK1R/CCK2R mutations that exchange the cholesterol sensitivity of these 2 receptors, providing powerful tools when expressed in CHO and HEK-293 model cell lines to explore mechanisms. Static, low energy, high-resolution structures of the mutant CCK1R constructs, stabilized in complex with G protein, were not substantially different, suggesting that alterations to receptor dynamics were key to altered function. We reveal that cholesterol-dependent dynamic changes in the conformation of the helical bundle of CCK receptors affects both ligand binding at the extracellular surface and G protein coupling at the cytosolic surface, as well as their interrelationships involved in stimulus-response coupling. This provides an ideal setting for potential allosteric modulators to correct the negative impact of membrane cholesterol on CCK1R.
Assuntos
Colesterol , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP , Ligação Proteica , Receptor de Colecistocinina A , Receptor de Colecistocinina B , Animais , Humanos , Células CHO , Colesterol/metabolismo , Cricetulus , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Células HEK293 , Ligantes , Mutação , Conformação Proteica , Receptor de Colecistocinina A/metabolismo , Receptor de Colecistocinina A/genética , Receptor de Colecistocinina B/metabolismo , Receptor de Colecistocinina B/genéticaRESUMO
Inhibition of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its cognate CGRP receptor (CGRPR) has arisen as a major breakthrough in the treatment of migraine. However, a second CGRP-responsive receptor exists, the amylin (Amy) 1 receptor (AMY1R), yet its involvement in the pathology of migraine is poorly understood. AMY1R and CGRPR are heterodimers consisting of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) with the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), respectively. Here, we present the structure of AMY1R in complex with CGRP and Gs protein and compare it with the reported structures of the AMY1R complex with rat amylin (rAmy) and the CGRPR in complex with CGRP. Despite similar protein backbones observed within the receptors and the N- and C-termini of the two peptides bound to the AMY1R complexes, they have distinct organization in the peptide midregions (the bypass motif) that is correlated with differences in the dynamics of the respective receptor extracellular domains. Moreover, divergent conformations of extracellular loop (ECL) 3, intracellular loop (ICL) 2, and ICL3 within the CTR and CLR protomers are evident when comparing the CGRP bound to the CGRPR and AMY1R, which influences the binding mode of CGRP. However, the conserved interactions made by the C-terminus of CGRP to the CGRPR and AMY1R are likely to account for cross-reactivity of nonpeptide CGRPR antagonists observed at AMY1R, which also extends to other clinically used CGRPR blockers, including antibodies.
Assuntos
Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Proteína 1 Modificadora da Atividade de Receptores , Humanos , Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/química , Proteína 1 Modificadora da Atividade de Receptores/metabolismo , Proteína 1 Modificadora da Atividade de Receptores/química , Receptores de Polipeptídeo Amiloide de Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Receptores de Polipeptídeo Amiloide de Ilhotas Pancreáticas/química , Animais , Ratos , Modelos Moleculares , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/química , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
The class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR3, has been implicated in a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's and premature ovarian failure. GPR3 constitutively couples with Gαs, resulting in the production of cAMP in cells. While tool compounds and several putative endogenous ligands have emerged for the receptor, its endogenous ligand, if it exists, remains a mystery. As novel potential drug targets, the structures of orphan GPCRs have been of increasing interest, revealing distinct modes of activation, including autoactivation, presence of constitutively activating mutations, or via cryptic ligands. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the orphan GPCR, GPR3 in complex with DNGαs and Gß1γ2. The structure revealed clear density for a lipid-like ligand that bound within an extended hydrophobic groove, suggesting that the observed "constitutive activity" was likely due to activation via a lipid that may be ubiquitously present. Analysis of conformational variance within the cryo-EM data set revealed twisting motions of the GPR3 transmembrane helices that appeared coordinated with changes in the lipid-like density. We propose a mechanism for the binding of a lipid to its putative orthosteric binding pocket linked to the GPR3 dynamics.
Assuntos
Lipídeos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Ligantes , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/metabolismoRESUMO
Amylin receptors (AMYRs), heterodimers of the calcitonin receptor (CTR) and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins, are promising obesity targets. A hallmark of AMYR activation by Amy is the formation of a 'bypass' secondary structural motif (residues S19-P25). This study explored potential tuning of peptide selectivity through modification to residues 19-22, resulting in a selective AMYR agonist, San385, as well as nonselective dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs), with San45 being an exemplar. We determined the structure and dynamics of San385-bound AMY3R, and San45 bound to AMY3R or CTR. San45, via its conjugated lipid at position 21, was anchored at the edge of the receptor bundle, enabling a stable, alternative binding mode when bound to the CTR, in addition to the bypass mode of binding to AMY3R. Targeted lipid modification may provide a single intervention strategy for design of long-acting, nonselective, Amy-based DACRAs with potential anti-obesity effects.
Assuntos
Polipeptídeo Amiloide das Ilhotas Pancreáticas , Receptores da Calcitonina , Humanos , Receptores da Calcitonina/agonistas , Receptores da Calcitonina/metabolismo , Polipeptídeo Amiloide das Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Obesidade , LipídeosRESUMO
Allosteric modulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is a major paradigm in drug discovery. Despite decades of research, a molecular-level understanding of the general principles that govern the myriad pharmacological effects exerted by GPCR allosteric modulators remains limited. The M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M4 mAChR) is a validated and clinically relevant allosteric drug target for several major psychiatric and cognitive disorders. In this study, we rigorously quantified the affinity, efficacy, and magnitude of modulation of two different positive allosteric modulators, LY2033298 (LY298) and VU0467154 (VU154), combined with the endogenous agonist acetylcholine (ACh) or the high-affinity agonist iperoxo (Ipx), at the human M4 mAChR. By determining the cryo-electron microscopy structures of the M4 mAChR, bound to a cognate Gi1 protein and in complex with ACh, Ipx, LY298-Ipx, and VU154-Ipx, and applying molecular dynamics simulations, we determine key molecular mechanisms underlying allosteric pharmacology. In addition to delineating the contribution of spatially distinct binding sites on observed pharmacology, our findings also revealed a vital role for orthosteric and allosteric ligand-receptor-transducer complex stability, mediated by conformational dynamics between these sites, in the ultimate determination of affinity, efficacy, cooperativity, probe dependence, and species variability. There results provide a holistic framework for further GPCR mechanistic studies and can aid in the discovery and design of future allosteric drugs.
Assuntos
Receptor Muscarínico M4 , Receptores Muscarínicos , Humanos , Acetilcolina/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , Sítio Alostérico , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Ligantes , Receptor Muscarínico M4/agonistas , Receptor Muscarínico M4/metabolismoRESUMO
The parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1 receptor (PTH1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates skeletal development and calcium homeostasis. Here, we describe cryo-EM structures of the PTH1R in complex with fragments of the two hormones, PTH and PTH-related protein, the drug abaloparatide, as well as the engineered tool compounds, long-acting PTH (LA-PTH) and the truncated peptide, M-PTH(1-14). We found that the critical N terminus of each agonist engages the transmembrane bundle in a topologically similar fashion, reflecting similarities in measures of Gαs activation. The full-length peptides induce subtly different extracellular domain (ECD) orientations relative to the transmembrane domain. In the structure bound to M-PTH, the ECD is unresolved, demonstrating that the ECD is highly dynamic when unconstrained by a peptide. High resolutions enabled identification of water molecules near peptide and G protein binding sites. Our results illuminate the action of orthosteric agonists of the PTH1R.
Assuntos
Hormônio Paratireóideo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Hormônio Paratireóideo , Receptor Tipo 1 de Hormônio Paratireóideo/química , Receptor Tipo 1 de Hormônio Paratireóideo/metabolismo , Hormônio Paratireóideo/farmacologia , Hormônio Paratireóideo/química , Hormônio Paratireóideo/metabolismo , Peptídeos/farmacologia , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismoRESUMO
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial pathogen that presents great health concerns. Treatment requires the use of last-line antibiotics, such as members of the oxazolidinone family, of which linezolid is the first member to see regular use in the clinic. Here, we report a short time scale selection experiment in which strains of MRSA were subjected to linezolid treatment. Clonal isolates which had evolved a linezolid-resistant phenotype were characterized by whole-genome sequencing. Linezolid-resistant mutants were identified which had accumulated mutations in the ribosomal protein uL3. Multiple clones which had two mutations in uL3 exhibited resistance to linezolid, 2-fold higher than the clinical breakpoint. Ribosomes from this strain were isolated and subjected to single-particle cryo-electron microscopic analysis and compared to the ribosomes from the parent strain. We found that the mutations in uL3 lead to a rearrangement of a loop that makes contact with Helix 90, propagating a structural change over 15 Å away. This distal change swings nucleotide U2504 into the binding site of the antibiotic, causing linezolid resistance. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance poses a critical problem to human health and decreases the utility of these lifesaving drugs. Of particular concern is the "superbug" methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), for which treatment of infection requires the use of last-line antibiotics, including linezolid. In this paper, we characterize the atomic rearrangements which the ribosome, the target of linezolid, undergoes during its evolutionary journey toward becoming drug resistant. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we describe a particular molecular mechanism which MRSA uses to become resistant to linezolid.
Assuntos
Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Linezolida/metabolismo , Linezolida/farmacologia , Linezolida/uso terapêutico , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/genéticaRESUMO
Amylin receptors (AMYRs) are heterodimers of the calcitonin (CT) receptor (CTR) and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), AMY1R, AMY2R, and AMY3R. Selective AMYR agonists and dual AMYR/CTR agonists are being developed as obesity treatments; however, the molecular basis for peptide binding and selectivity is unknown. We determined the structure and dynamics of active AMYRs with amylin, AMY1R with salmon CT (sCT), AMY2R with sCT or human CT (hCT), and CTR with amylin, sCT, or hCT. The conformation of amylin-bound complexes was similar for all AMYRs, constrained by the RAMP, and an ordered midpeptide motif that we call the bypass motif. The CT-bound AMYR complexes were distinct, overlapping the CT-bound CTR complexes. Our findings indicate that activation of AMYRs by CT-based peptides is distinct from their activation by amylin-based peptides. This has important implications for the development of AMYR therapeutics.
Assuntos
Agonistas dos Receptores da Amilina/química , Receptores de Polipeptídeo Amiloide de Ilhotas Pancreáticas/química , Animais , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Humanos , Fenótipo , Conformação Proteica , Multimerização Proteica , SalmãoRESUMO
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) has broad physiological roles and is a validated target for treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite recent advances in GLP-1R structure elucidation, detailed mechanistic understanding of how different peptides generate profound differences in G protein-mediated signalling is still lacking. Here we combine cryo-electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, receptor mutagenesis and pharmacological assays, to interrogate the mechanism and consequences of GLP-1R binding to four peptide agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, exendin-4 and exendin-P5. These data reveal that distinctions in peptide N-terminal interactions and dynamics with the GLP-1R transmembrane domain are reciprocally associated with differences in the allosteric coupling to G proteins. In particular, transient interactions with residues at the base of the binding cavity correlate with enhanced kinetics for G protein activation, providing a rationale for differences in G protein-mediated signalling efficacy from distinct agonists.
Assuntos
Exenatida/química , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/química , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/química , Oxintomodulina/química , Regulação Alostérica , Baculoviridae/genética , Baculoviridae/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Clonagem Molecular , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Exenatida/genética , Exenatida/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Vetores Genéticos/química , Vetores Genéticos/metabolismo , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/genética , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/genética , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Cinética , Ligantes , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Mutação , Oxintomodulina/genética , Oxintomodulina/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Recent advances in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structural elucidation have strengthened previous hypotheses that multidimensional signal propagation mediated by these receptors depends, in part, on their conformational mobility; however, the relationship between receptor function and static structures is inherently uncertain. Here, we examine the contribution of peptide agonist conformational plasticity to activation of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), an important clinical target. We use variants of the peptides GLP-1 and exendin-4 (Ex4) to explore the interplay between helical propensity near the agonist N terminus and the ability to bind to and activate the receptor. Cryo-EM analysis of a complex involving an Ex4 analog, the GLP-1R and Gs heterotrimer revealed two receptor conformers with distinct modes of peptide-receptor engagement. Our functional and structural data, along with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, suggest that receptor conformational dynamics associated with flexibility of the peptide N-terminal activation domain may be a key determinant of agonist efficacy.
Assuntos
Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1 , Exenatida , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/química , Peptídeos/química , Domínios ProteicosRESUMO
The production of capsular polysaccharides by Klebsiella pneumoniae protects the bacterial cell from harmful environmental factors such as antimicrobial compounds and infection by bacteriophages (phages). To bypass this protective barrier, some phages encode polysaccharide-degrading enzymes referred to as depolymerases to provide access to cell surface receptors. Here, we characterized the phage RAD2, which infects K. pneumoniae strains that produce the widespread, hypervirulence-associated K2-type capsular polysaccharide. Using transposon-directed insertion sequencing, we have shown that the production of capsule is an absolute requirement for efficient RAD2 infection by serving as a first-stage receptor. We have identified the depolymerase responsible for recognition and degradation of the capsule, determined that the depolymerase forms globular appendages on the phage virion tail tip, and present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the RAD2 capsule depolymerase at 2.7-Å resolution. A putative active site for the enzyme was identified, comprising clustered negatively charged residues that could facilitate the hydrolysis of target polysaccharides. Enzymatic assays coupled with mass spectrometric analyses of digested oligosaccharide products provided further mechanistic insight into the hydrolase activity of the enzyme, which, when incubated with K. pneumoniae, removes the capsule and sensitizes the cells to serum-induced killing. Overall, these findings expand our understanding of how phages target the Klebsiella capsule for infection, providing a framework for the use of depolymerases as antivirulence agents against this medically important pathogen. IMPORTANCE Klebsiella pneumoniae is a medically important pathogen that produces a thick protective capsule that is essential for pathogenicity. Phages are natural predators of bacteria, and many encode diverse "capsule depolymerases" which specifically degrade the capsule of their hosts, an exploitable trait for potential therapies. We have determined the first structure of a depolymerase that targets the clinically relevant K2 capsule and have identified its putative active site, providing hints to its mechanism of action. We also show that Klebsiella cells treated with a recombinant form of the depolymerase are stripped of capsule, inhibiting their ability to grow in the presence of serum, demonstrating the anti-infective potential of these robust and readily producible enzymes against encapsulated bacterial pathogens such as K. pneumoniae.
Assuntos
Cápsulas Bacterianas/virologia , Bacteriófagos/enzimologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/virologia , Polissacarídeo-Liases/metabolismo , Proteínas Virais/metabolismo , Cápsulas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Cápsulas Bacterianas/ultraestrutura , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacteriófagos/fisiologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/metabolismo , Klebsiella pneumoniae/ultraestrutura , Polissacarídeo-Liases/genética , Proteínas Virais/genéticaRESUMO
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) regulates insulin secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, and appetite and is an important target for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Multiple GLP-1R agonists have entered into clinical trials, with some, such as semaglutide, progressing to approval. Others, including taspoglutide, failed due to the high incidence of side effects or insufficient efficacy. GLP-1R agonists have a broad spectrum of signaling profiles, but molecular understanding is limited by a lack of structural information on how different agonists engage with the GLP-1R. Here, we report cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures and cryo-EM 3D variability analysis of semaglutide- and taspoglutide-bound GLP-1R-Gs protein complexes. These reveal similar peptide interactions to GLP-1 but different motions within the receptor and bound peptides, providing insights into the molecular determinants of GLP-1R peptide engagement.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/química , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Peptídeos Semelhantes ao Glucagon/química , Peptídeos Semelhantes ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Complexos Multiproteicos/metabolismo , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of cellular function acting via heterotrimeric G proteins as their primary transducers with individual GPCRs capable of pleiotropic coupling to multiple G proteins. Structural features governing G protein selectivity and promiscuity are currently unclear. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine structures of the cholecystokinin (CCK) type 1 receptor (CCK1R) bound to the CCK peptide agonist, CCK-8 and 2 distinct transducer proteins, its primary transducer Gq, and the more weakly coupled Gs. As seen with other Gq/11-GPCR complexes, the Gq-α5 helix (αH5) bound to a relatively narrow pocket in the CCK1R core. Surprisingly, the backbone of the CCK1R and volume of the G protein binding pocket were essentially equivalent when Gs was bound, with the Gs αH5 displaying a conformation that arises from "unwinding" of the far carboxyl-terminal residues, compared to canonically Gs coupled receptors. Thus, integrated changes in the conformations of both the receptor and G protein are likely to play critical roles in the promiscuous coupling of individual GPCRs.
Assuntos
Subunidades alfa Gq-G11 de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Receptores da Colecistocinina/química , Receptores da Colecistocinina/metabolismo , Colecistocinina/metabolismo , Colesterol/metabolismo , Subunidades alfa Gq-G11 de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Subunidades alfa Gq-G11 de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/ultraestrutura , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/ultraestrutura , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Receptores da Colecistocinina/ultraestrutura , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell surface drug targets. Advances in stabilization of GPCR:transducer complexes, together with improvements in cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) have recently been applied to structure-assisted drug design for GPCR agonists. Nonetheless, limitations in the commercial application of these approaches, including the use of nanobody 35 (Nb35) to aid complex stabilization and the high cost of 300 kV imaging, have restricted broad application of cryo-EM in drug discovery. Here, using the PF 06882961-bound GLP-1R as exemplar, we validated the formation of stable complexes with a modified Gs protein in the absence of Nb35. In parallel, we compare 200 versus 300 kV image acquisition using a Falcon 4 or K3 direct electron detector. Moreover, the 200 kV Glacios-Falcon 4 yielded a 3.2 Å map with clear density for bound drug and multiple structurally ordered waters. Our work paves the way for broader commercial application of cryo-EM for GPCR drug discovery.
Assuntos
Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/química , Animais , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Humanos , Ligação Proteica , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Células Sf9 , Anticorpos de Domínio Único/química , Anticorpos de Domínio Único/farmacologia , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , SpodopteraRESUMO
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulators of information transmission between cells and organs. Despite this, we have only a limited understanding of the behavior of GPCRs in the apo state and the conformational changes upon agonist binding that lead to G protein recruitment and activation. We expressed and purified unmodified apo and peptide-bound calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors from insect cells to determine their cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures, and we complemented these with analysis of protein conformational dynamics using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and three-dimensional variance analysis of the cryo-EM data. Together with our previously published structure of the active, Gs-bound CGRP receptor complex, our work provides insight into the mechanisms of class B1 GPCR activation.
Assuntos
Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/química , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/química , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Animais , Apoproteínas/química , Apoproteínas/metabolismo , Peptídeo Relacionado com Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Proteína Semelhante a Receptor de Calcitonina/química , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massa com Troca Hidrogênio-Deutério , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Mariposas , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Proteína 1 Modificadora da Atividade de Receptores/química , Proteína 1 Modificadora da Atividade de Receptores/metabolismoRESUMO
Actinobacteria produce numerous antibiotics and other specialized metabolites that have important applications in medicine and agriculture1. Diffusible hormones frequently control the production of such metabolites by binding TetR family transcriptional repressors (TFTRs), but the molecular basis for this remains unclear2. The production of methylenomycin antibiotics in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is initiated by the binding of 2-alkyl-4-hydroxymethylfuran-3-carboxylic acid (AHFCA) hormones to the TFTR MmfR3. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of an MmfR-AHFCA complex, establishing the structural basis for hormone recognition. We also elucidate the mechanism for DNA release upon hormone binding through the single-particle cryo-electron microscopy structure of an MmfR-operator complex. DNA binding and release assays with MmfR mutants and synthetic AHFCA analogues define the role of individual amino acid residues and hormone functional groups in ligand recognition and DNA release. These findings will facilitate the exploitation of actinobacterial hormones and their associated TFTRs in synthetic biology and in the discovery of new antibiotics.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/biossíntese , Furanos/metabolismo , Streptomyces coelicolor/metabolismo , Apoproteínas/química , Apoproteínas/metabolismo , Apoproteínas/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/classificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , DNA/química , DNA/genética , DNA/metabolismo , DNA/ultraestrutura , Furanos/química , Hormônios/química , Hormônios/classificação , Hormônios/metabolismo , Ligantes , Modelos Moleculares , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/química , Proteínas Repressoras/classificação , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/ultraestrutura , Transdução de Sinais , Streptomyces coelicolor/química , Streptomyces coelicolor/genética , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
M17 leucyl aminopeptidases are metal-dependent exopeptidases that rely on oligomerization to diversify their functional roles. The M17 aminopeptidases from Plasmodium falciparum (PfA-M17) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv-M17) function as catalytically active hexamers to generate free amino acids from human hemoglobin and are drug targets for the design of novel antimalarial agents. However, the molecular basis for oligomeric assembly is not fully understood. In this study, we found that the active site metal ions essential for catalytic activity have a secondary structural role mediating the formation of active hexamers. We found that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 exist in a metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium between active hexameric species and smaller inactive species that can be controlled by manipulating the identity and concentration of metals available. Mutation of residues involved in metal ion binding impaired catalytic activity and the formation of active hexamers. Structural resolution of Pv-M17 by cryoelectron microscopy and X-ray crystallography together with solution studies revealed that PfA-M17 and Pv-M17 bind metal ions and substrates in a conserved fashion, although Pv-M17 forms the active hexamer more readily and processes substrates faster than PfA-M17. On the basis of these studies, we propose a dynamic equilibrium between monomer â dimer â tetramer â hexamer, which becomes directional toward the large oligomeric states with the addition of metal ions. This sophisticated metal-dependent dynamic equilibrium may apply to other M17 aminopeptidases and underpin the moonlighting capabilities of this enzyme family.
Assuntos
Aminopeptidases/química , Manganês/química , Plasmodium falciparum/enzimologia , Plasmodium vivax/enzimologia , Multimerização Proteica , Proteínas de Protozoários/química , Aminopeptidases/genética , Aminopeptidases/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , Cátions Bivalentes , Clonagem Molecular , Cobalto/química , Cobalto/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Dipeptídeos/química , Dipeptídeos/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Cinética , Magnésio/química , Magnésio/metabolismo , Manganês/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação , Plasmodium falciparum/genética , Plasmodium vivax/genética , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Especificidade por Substrato , Zinco/química , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Peptide drugs targeting class B1 G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can treat multiple diseases; however, there remains substantial interest in the development of orally delivered non-peptide drugs. Here, we reveal unexpected overlap between signaling and regulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor by the non-peptide agonist PF 06882961 and GLP-1 that was not observed for another compound, CHU-128. Compounds from these patent series, including PF 06882961, are currently in clinical trials for treatment of type 2 diabetes. High-resolution cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures reveal that the binding sites for PF 06882961 and GLP-1 substantially overlap, whereas CHU-128 adopts a unique binding mode with a more open receptor conformation at the extracellular face. Structural differences involving extensive water-mediated hydrogen bond networks could be correlated to functional data to understand how PF 06882961, but not CHU-128, can closely mimic the pharmacological properties of GLP-1. These findings will facilitate rational structure-based discovery of non-peptide agonists targeting class B GPCRs.
Assuntos
Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/agonistas , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação/fisiologia , Microscopia Crioeletrônica/métodos , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/química , Peptídeo 1 Semelhante ao Glucagon/metabolismo , Receptor do Peptídeo Semelhante ao Glucagon 1/química , Humanos , Peptídeos/química , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/química , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The class B secretin GPCR (SecR) has broad physiological effects, with target potential for treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Molecular understanding of SecR binding and activation is important for its therapeutic exploitation. We combined cryo-electron microscopy, molecular dynamics, and biochemical cross-linking to determine a 2.3 Å structure, and interrogate dynamics, of secretin bound to the SecR:Gs complex. SecR exhibited a unique organization of its extracellular domain (ECD) relative to its 7-transmembrane (TM) core, forming more extended interactions than other family members. Numerous polar interactions formed between secretin and the receptor extracellular loops (ECLs) and TM helices. Cysteine-cross-linking, cryo-electron microscopy multivariate analysis and molecular dynamics simulations revealed that interactions between peptide and receptor were dynamic, and suggested a model for initial peptide engagement where early interactions between the far N-terminus of the peptide and SecR ECL2 likely occur following initial binding of the peptide C-terminus to the ECD.
Assuntos
Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/química , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/química , Receptores dos Hormônios Gastrointestinais/química , Secretina/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Linhagem Celular , Cricetinae , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Cisteína/química , Cisteína/metabolismo , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/ultraestrutura , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Insetos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos/genética , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/ultraestrutura , Receptores dos Hormônios Gastrointestinais/metabolismo , Receptores dos Hormônios Gastrointestinais/ultraestrutura , Secretina/metabolismoRESUMO
Flagellotropic bacteriophages engage flagella to reach the bacterial surface as an effective means to increase the capture radius for predation. Structural details of these viruses are of great interest given the substantial drag forces and torques they face when moving down the spinning flagellum. We show that the main capsid and auxiliary proteins form two nested chainmails that ensure the integrity of the bacteriophage head. Core stabilising structures are conserved in herpesviruses suggesting their ancestral origin. The structure of the tail also reveals a robust yet pliable assembly. Hexameric rings of the tail-tube protein are braced by the N-terminus and a ß-hairpin loop, and interconnected along the tail by the splayed ß-hairpins. By contrast, we show that the ß-hairpin has an inhibitory role in the tail-tube precursor, preventing uncontrolled self-assembly. Dyads of acidic residues inside the tail-tube present regularly-spaced motifs well suited to DNA translocation into bacteria through the tail.