Reviewing the role of emerging therapies in the ADHD armamentarium.

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder that can be treated with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modalities. Effective drug treatments for ADHD have been available for more than six decades. However, initial treatments had limitations in duration of effect, need for multiple daily doses, requirement for patients to swallow intact tablets, adverse effects and risk for abuse and diversion. During the past 20 years, more than two dozen stimulant and nonstimulant drugs have been developed. Nonetheless, there remain unmet needs in the treatment of ADHD.Areas covered: New stimulant and nonstimulant formulations in development are reviewed with emphasis on drugs in phase II and III trials. Efficacy, mechanism of action and adverse effect data are described where available. Abuse liability studies are described for abuse-deterrent formulations in development.Expert opinion: The review found a robust pipeline of stimulants and nonstimulants. Medications in development are formulated to optimize onset and duration of effect, alter the time of administration, obviate the need to swallow whole capsules or tablets and to deter abuse. While each of these formulations may fill a unique niche, these incremental improvements based on new drug delivery technologies may lead to very significant clinical effects.

Evaluación de la fuerza muscular en niños: una revisión de la literatura / Evaluation of muscle strength in children: a review of literature

Introducción: la fuerza muscular es un indicador importante de la función neuromuscular y un componente de la aptitud física esencial para el desempeño en actividades cotidianas. Su alteración puede causar deficiencias funcionales, afectar la independencia y los roles que desempeña una persona. Por esto, evaluar la fuerza muscular en niños es necesario para determinar el grado de rendimiento motor e identificar riesgos asociados al crecimiento y al desarrollo. Objetivo: describir el estado del arte relacionado con la utilización de escalas de valoración de la fuerza muscular en niños entre 3 y 8 años de edad. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó una revisión de la literatura empleando la estrategia PICO, con búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Ovid, Sage, Science Direct, Proquest y Clinical Key. Resultados: en la fase inicial del proceso de cribado se identificaron 69 registros elegibles por título y resumen, de los cuales se excluyeron 56 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión. Adicionalmente se identificaron 3 libros con información relevante, razón por la cual fueron tenidas en cuenta 16 referencias que hacen parte de la síntesis cualitativa del presente estudio. Conclusiones: estrategias y pruebas como la dinamometría, la Functional Strength Measurement, el Test de Competencias Motoras de Bruininks Oseretsky, el Fitness Testing Preschool Children y FUPRECOL son herramientas que permiten evaluar la fuerza muscular en la infancia, y aportan elementos importantes en la identificación temprana de factores de riesgo para la salud de la persona..Au

Introduction: muscle strength is an important indicator of neuromuscular function and a component of physical fitness essential for performance in different activities of daily life. Its alteration may cause functional limitations and affects the independence and the roles that a person develops. That is why the evaluation of muscle strength is necessary to determine the level of motor performance and identify risks associated with growth and development. Objective: to describe the state of art related to the use of muscle strength assessment scales in children between 3 and 8 years of age. Materials and Methods: a review of the literature was performed using the PICO strategy, with bibliographic search in the Ovid, Sage, Science Direct, Proquest and Clinical Key databases. Results: in the initial phase of the screening process, 69 eligible records were identified by title and abstract, of which 56 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Additionally, 3 books with relevant information were identified, which is why 16 references that are part of the qualitative synthesis of this study were taken into account. Conclusions: srategies and tests such as dynamometry, Functional Strength Measurement, Bruininks Oseretsky's Motor Skills Test, Fitness Testing Preschool Children and FUPRECOL are tools that allow evaluating muscle strength in childhood, and provide important elements in early identification of risk factors for the person's health..Au