On a skeletally immature individual of Unaysaurus tolentinoi (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the upper Triassic of southern Brazil.

The lineage of sauropodomorph dinosaurs raised some of the most impressive animals that ever walked on Earth. However, the massive titans of the Mesozoic Era originated from far smaller dinosaurs. The Triassic beds from Brazil yielded the earliest part of this evolutionary history. Despite the diverse fossil record of early sauropodomorphs, juvenile specimens, as well as certain species are poorly sampled. This is the case for Unaysaurus tolentinoi, an unaysaurid sauropodomorph from Caturrita Formation (ca. 225 Ma; early Norian, Late Triassic). The holotype and only specimen of U. tolentinoi was excavated from the Água Negra Locality (São Martinho da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) in 1998. More than two decades later, no other fossil vertebrates have been reported from the same fossiliferous site. Here we describe a skeletally immature specimen which was found in association with the holotype of U. tolentinoi. The specimen was discovered after a first-hand examination of the holotype and comprises some isolated vertebrae and elements from the posterior autopodium. According to linear regressions, its metatarsal I is approximately 41.7 mm in length, compared to approximately 75.9 mm in the holotype. The repeated elements and reduced size indicates that it does not belong to the elements originally used to erect U. tolentinoi. Rather, the specimen is assigned to U. tolentinoi by topotypy and shared morphology. In addition to the reduced size, distinct lines of evidence (e.g., neurocentral sutures; bone texture) support its assignment to a skeletally immature individual. In sum, the new material expands the record of U. tolentinoi, and represents an additional juvenile dinosaur from the Caturrita Formation.

The elongated neck of sauropodomorph dinosaurs evolved gradually.

Discoveries from South America have increased our knowledge on the early evolutionary history of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. The dietary shift from faunivorous to herbivorous creatures and the increasing body size are both widely documented in the fossil record. Conversely, the initial evolution of the elongated neck is poorly known. It is one of the most diagnostic features of Sauropodomorpha. There is a gap between the record of short-necked sauropodomorphs from Carnian (±233 Ma) and long-necked forms from early Norian (±225 Ma). As a consequence, it is unknown if the cervical vertebrae became long gradually or abruptly. In the present study, we present a new specimen excavated from strata that belong to this time interval (±228 Ma). CAPPA/UFSM 0352 comprises a series of five cervical vertebrae unearthed from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil. The vertebrae are proportionately longer than that of older forms and proportionately shorter than that of younger ones. Therefore, our results demonstrate that the elongation of the neck of sauropodomorphs is an example of gradual evolutionary process. Except by its elongated shape, the general anatomy of the cervical elements resembles that of the earliest forms (i.e., have a conservative anatomy). Combined with previous data, it is possible to conclude that the shape of the skull and teeth, as well as the neck proportions, were the first structures to clearly differ derived sauropodomorphs from early diverging forms. Finally, some of the recovered phylogenetic scenarios favor the origins of the elongated neck in the clade Bagualosauria.