Multiplexed target detection using DNA-binding dye chemistry in droplet digital PCR.

Two years ago, we described the first droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) system aimed at empowering all researchers with a tool that removes the substantial uncertainties associated with using the analogue standard, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This system enabled TaqMan hydrolysis probe-based assays for the absolute quantification of nucleic acids. Due to significant advancements in droplet chemistry and buoyed by the multiple benefits associated with dye-based target detection, we have created a "second generation" ddPCR system compatible with both TaqMan-probe and DNA-binding dye detection chemistries. Herein, we describe the operating characteristics of DNA-binding dye based ddPCR and offer a side-by-side comparison to TaqMan probe detection. By partitioning each sample prior to thermal cycling, we demonstrate that it is now possible to use a DNA-binding dye for the quantification of multiple target species from a single reaction. The increased resolution associated with partitioning also made it possible to visualize and account for signals arising from nonspecific amplification products. We expect that the ability to combine the precision of ddPCR with both DNA-binding dye and TaqMan probe detection chemistries will further enable the research community to answer complex and diverse genetic questions.

Calcium-activated chloride currents prolongs the duration of contractions in pregnant rat myometrial tissue.

We investigated the importance of pharmacologically blocking calcium-activated chloride (I(Cl(Ca))) and L-type calcium currents on isometric contractions of strips of D21 pregnant rat myometrial tissue, while simultaneously measuring the electrical activity of the tissue strips with extracellular contact electrodes. When measured with contact electrodes, the duration of the spiking activity directly reflects the duration of the tissue-level plateau potential. We correlated the number of spikes, durations of spiking activity, and the spiking frequencies with changes of the area under the force curves as a function of exposure to low doses of anthracene-9-carboxylate (9-AC, a non-specific Cl channel blocker), chlorotoxin (a specific I(Cl(Ca)) blocker) and nifedipine (an L-type calcium channel blocker). The area under the force curve was measured only during spiking electrical activity, thereby separating pharmacological effects on tissue relaxation from those that modulate force production. Blocking chloride channels reduced impulse, shortened the duration of spiking activity, and reduced the number of spikes generated in each contraction. This was observed without a change in the frequency of spike production or a reduction of peak force. Nifedipine reduced impulse, shortened the duration of spiking activity, and reduced the number of spikes. In contrast to chloride channel blockade, nifedipine reduced maximum spike frequency and peak force. Taken together, our data suggest that blocking L-type calcium channels reduces impulse directly by reducing peak force, and indirectly by reducing activation of I(Cl(Ca)) , which shortens the duration of the contraction.