Quantifying air quality co-benefits to industrial decarbonization: the local Air Emissions Tracking Atlas.

Introduction: Many decarbonization technologies have the added co-benefit of reducing short-lived climate pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), creating a unique opportunity for identifying strategies that promote both climate change solutions and opportunities for air quality improvement. However, stakeholders and decision-makers may struggle to quantify how these co-benefits will impact public health for the communities most affected by industrial air pollution. Methods: To address this problem, the LOCal Air Emissions Tracking Atlas (LOCAETA) fills a data availability and analysis gap by providing estimated air quality benefits from industrial decarbonization options, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). These co-benefits are calculated using an algorithm that connects disparate datasets that separately report greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants at U.S. industrial facilities. Results: Version 1.0 of LOCAETA displays the estimated primary PM2.5 emission reduction co-benefits from additional pretreatment equipment for CCS on industrial and power facilities across the state of Louisiana, as well as the potential for VOC and NH3 generation. The emission reductions are presented in the tool alongside facility pollutant emissions information and relevant air quality, environmental, demographic, and public health datasets, such as air toxics cancer risk, satellite and in situ pollutant measurements, and population vulnerability metrics. Discussion: LOCAETA enables regulators, policymakers, environmental justice communities, and industrial and commercial users to compare and contrast quantifiable public health benefits due to air quality impacts from various climate change mitigation strategies using a free and publicly-available tool. Additional pollutant reductions can be calculated using the same methodology and will be available in future versions of the tool.

Autonomous nanomanufacturing of lead-free metal halide perovskite nanocrystals using a self-driving fluidic lab.

Lead-based metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanocrystals (NCs) have emerged as a promising class of semiconducting nanomaterials for a wide range of optoelectronic and photoelectronic applications. However, the intrinsic lead toxicity of MHP NCs has significantly hampered their large-scale device applications. Copper-base MHP NCs with composition-tunable optical properties have emerged as a prominent lead-free MHP NC candidate. However, comprehensive synthesis space exploration, development, and synthesis science studies of copper-based MHP NCs have been limited by the manual nature of flask-based synthesis and characterization methods. In this study, we present an autonomous approach for the development of lead-free MHP NCs via seamless integration of a modular microfluidic platform with machine learning-assisted NC synthesis modeling and experiment selection to establish a self-driving fluidic lab for accelerated NC synthesis science studies. For the first time, a successful and reproducible in-flow synthesis of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs is presented. Autonomous experimentation is then employed for rapid in-flow synthesis science studies of Cs3Cu2I5 NCs. The autonomously generated experimental NC synthesis dataset is then utilized for fast-tracked synthetic route optimization of high-performing Cs3Cu2I5 NCs.

Continuous Room-Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed-Bed Flow Reactor.

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Dr. Milad Abolhasani at North Carolina State University. The image shows an energy-efficient strategy for on-site and room-temperature hydrogen release from liquid organic hydrogen carriers. The Research Article itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202200733.

Continuous Room-Temperature Hydrogen Release from Liquid Organic Carriers in a Photocatalytic Packed-Bed Flow Reactor.

Despite the potential of hydrogen (H2 ) storage in liquid organic carriers to achieve carbon neutrality, the energy required for H2 release and the cost of catalyst recycling have hindered its large-scale adoption. In response, a photo flow reactor packed with rhodium (Rh)/titania (TiO2 ) photocatalyst was reported for the continuous and selective acceptorless dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline to H2 gas and quinoline under visible light irradiation at room temperature. The tradeoff between the reactor pressure drop and its photocatalytic surface area was resolved by selective in-situ photodeposition of Rh in the photo flow reactor post-packing on the outer surface of the TiO2 microparticles available to photon flux, thereby reducing the optimal Rh loading by 10 times compared to a batch reactor, while facilitating catalyst reuse and regeneration. An example of using quinoline as a hydrogen acceptor to lower the energy of the hydrogen production step was demonstrated via the water-gas shift reaction.

Flow Chemistry: A Sustainable Voyage Through the Chemical Universe en Route to Smart Manufacturing.

Microfluidic devices and systems have entered many areas of chemical engineering, and the rate of their adoption is only increasing. As we approach and adapt to the critical global challenges we face in the near future, it is important to consider the capabilities of flow chemistry and its applications in next-generation technologies for sustainability, energy production, and tailor-made specialty chemicals. We present the introduction of microfluidics into the fundamental unit operations of chemical engineering. We discuss the traits and advantages of microfluidic approaches to different reactive systems, both well-established and emerging, with a focus on the integration of modular microfluidic devices into high-efficiency experimental platforms for accelerated process optimization and intensified continuous manufacturing. Finally, we discuss the current state and new horizons in self-driven experimentation in flow chemistry for both intelligent exploration through the chemical universe and distributed manufacturing.

Continuous flow synthesis of phase transition-resistant titania microparticles with tunable morphologies.

Titania microspheres have attracted substantial attention for a variety of applications, including ion scavenging, catalysis, and energy generation, though most synthetic techniques are limited to a few basic morphologies and narrow size ranges. Here, an intensified microfluidic strategy for continuous synthesis of anatase titania microspheres is presented. In-flow photo crosslinking, incorporated with a flow reactor and polar aprotic solvent, enables access to precursor compositions up to an order of magnitude higher than those previously reported, with size tunability approaching two orders of magnitude. Morphological and surface area effects associated with precursor composition are explored, resulting in hollow, yolk-shell, macroporous, and dense titania microspheres containing no detectable rutile phase and possessing surface areas exceeding 350 m2 g-1 post calcination. Furthermore, effects of calcination temperature and time on the surface area, crystallinity and phase composition, and morphology of the synthesized titania microspheres are studied in detail. The synthesized microspheres are shown to remain completely in the anatase phase, even at temperatures up to 900 °C, far beyond the expected phase transition temperature. Thus, the breadth of attainable morphologies, specific surface areas, and phase compositions present a variety of intriguing substrate candidates for such applications as heterogeneous (photo) catalysis, adsorption and ion capture, electrochemistry, and photovoltaics.

Brainstem angiocentric glioma: report of 2 cases.

Angiocentric glioma is a rare tumor that was recognized by the WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System as a distinct clinicopathological entity in 2007. Since this initial description, the vast majority of cases of angiocentric glioma reported in the literature have involved tumors of the cerebral hemispheres. To date, only 1 case of angiocentric glioma arising from the posterior midbrain has been reported. The authors present the cases of 2 pediatric patients who were found to have brainstem angiocentric gliomas. The clinical course, radiological and pathological features, treatment, and follow-up are described. The first case is one of a 5-year-old girl who presented with double vision, headache, and nausea and was found to have a midbrain lesion with pathological features consistent with angiocentric glioma. She was treated with resection and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), followed by close observation and serial neuroimaging. The second case is one of a 6-year-old boy who presented with progressive mouth drooping and problems with balance. He was found to have a pontine lesion with pathological features consistent with angiocentric glioma. This patient was treated with ETV, followed by close observation and serial neuroimaging. This report includes 6 and 1.5 years of follow-up of the patients, respectively. While there are limited data regarding the prognosis or long-term management of patients with brainstem angiocentric gliomas, the cases described in this report suggest an indolent course for this tumor, similar to the course of angiocentric gliomas located in the cerebral hemispheres.

Investigating Autism-Related Symptoms in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Case Study.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare genetic disorder caused by the lack of expression of paternal genes from chromosome 15q11-13, has been investigated for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology in various studies. However, previous findings have been variable, and no studies investigating ASD symptomatology in PWS have exclusively studied children. We aimed to characterize social communication functioning and other ASD-related symptoms in children with PWS, and assessed agreement across measures and rates of ASD diagnosis. Measures included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS), and the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales-II (VABS-II). General adaptive and intellectual skills were also assessed. Clinical best estimate (CBE) diagnosis was determined by an experienced developmental pediatrician, based on history and review of all available study measures, and taking into account overall developmental level. Participants included 10 children with PWS, aged 3 to 12 years. Three of the 10 children were male and genetic subtypes were two deletion (DEL) and eight uniparental disomy (UPD) (with a total of 6 female UPD cases). Although 8 of the 10 children exceeded cut-offs on at least one of the ASD assessments, agreement between parent questionnaires (SCQ, SRS-2, SSIS-RS) and observational assessment (ADOS-2) was very poor. None of the children were assigned a CBE diagnosis of ASD, with the caveat that the risk may have been lower because of the predominance of girls in the sample. The lack of agreement between the assessments emphasizes the complexity of interpreting ASD symptom measures in children with PWS.

Early Infant Development and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to overview recent findings on early detection/diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, as well as clinical trials of early interventions for toddlers at risk for/diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. FINDINGS: Prospective studies of infants at high risk of autism spectrum disorder have yielded significant advances in understanding early development in autism spectrum disorder. Findings from prospective studies indicate that abnormalities in social communication and repetitive behaviors emerge during the second year, whereas additional "prodromal features" (motor and sensory abnormalities) emerge in the first year. Subsequently, exciting progress has been made in establishing the efficacy of autism spectrum disorder-specific interventions for toddlers as young as 15 months. Finally, efforts occur to characterize autism spectrum disorder-specific characteristics in genetic syndromes with concurrent autism spectrum disorder symptomatology. CONCLUSION: Substantial progress in characterizing early developmental trajectories as well as the identification of specific behavioral markers has aided early detection. Work remains to ensure that research findings are translated into clinical practice for uptake in the health care system.

Autism spectrum disorder in Prader-Willi syndrome: A systematic review.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder that results from lack of expression of paternally-derived genes on chromosome 15q11-13; caused by a deletion (DEL), uniparental disomy (UPD), or a rare imprinting center defect. PWS is associated with a distinct behavioral phenotype that in some respects overlaps with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by restricted or repetitive behaviors (RRBs) and social-communication impairment. The goal of this review was to (i) review published literature investigating core ASD symptoms in PWS and (ii) provide a prevalence estimate of ASD in PWS. Two independent reviewers searched Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Embase, and Web of Science to find studies that answered the research questions. Individuals with PWS demonstrate significant levels of RRBs and social-communication impairment, in some reports reaching similar levels to those of non-PWS ASD comparison groups. Individuals with UPD had more social-communication impairment than those with DEL. Of 786 PWS participants, 210 (26.7%) were reported as meeting criteria for ASD, either based on clinical diagnosis or by exceeding clinical cut-points on relevant ASD symptom measures. In studies that distinguished genetic subtypes, rates of ASD were higher in individuals with PWS with UPD (67 of 190; 35.3%) than those with DEL (47 of 254; 18.5%). Published data on the association of PWS and ASD to date are limited to sample means of 8 years of age and older. Further research is needed to identify early markers of ASD in PWS children, to support earlier diagnosis and intervention for this important comorbidity.

Relation between tag position and degree of visualized cerebrospinal fluid reflux into the lateral ventricles in time-spatial labeling inversion pulse magnetic resonance imaging at the foramen of Monro.

BACKGROUND: Time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (Time-SLIP) magnetic resonance imaging allows non-invasive visualization of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement. Our study evaluated the sensitivity of the Time-SLIP tag placement on the measurement of CSF reflux from the third ventricle into the lateral ventricles via the foramen of Monro. FINDINGS: Multiple Time-SLIP MRI scans were obtained in three healthy volunteers (23-55 years of age) evaluating the observed CSF pulsation and reflux from the third ventricle into the lateral ventricles while varying the placement of the tag. Linear regression was performed to evaluate the effects of tag position on the amount of visualized reflux and pulsation. Variation in the position of the tag relative to the plane of the free margin of the septum pellucidum produced a significant inverse variation in the observed reflux into the lateral ventricles (R(2) = 0.74). The further the distance of the top (superior edge) of the tag from the plane of the free margin of the septum pellucidum, the less reflux into the lateral ventricles was observed (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: The amount of observed CSF reflux into the lateral ventricles in Time-SLIP MR imaging is dependent on the positioning of the CSF tag with decreasing amount of visualized reflux the further caudal the CSF tag is relative to the free margin of the septum pellucidum.

Normal relationship of the cervicomedullary junction with the obex and olivary bodies: a comparison of cadaveric dissection and in vivo diffusion tensor imaging.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study is to compare cadaver dissections with in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to determine the position of the cervicomedullary junction (CMJ) relative to the readily identified anatomic landmarks, namely the obex and olivary bodies (olives), in normal subjects. The information gained from this study would allow further investigation into abnormalities of the CMJ, such as Chiari malformation, without the need for time-intensive tractography studies. METHODS: Six formalin-fixed human cadaver brains were compared with DTI studies in 15 normal controls. Measurements were made from the upper border of the crossing fibers of the pyramidal decussation to both the obex and the inferior margin of the olive. RESULTS: For the cadaver specimens, the average distance from the inferior border of the olive to the upper border of the decussation measured 3.7 mm (±1.2 mm). The average distance from the obex to the upper decussation was 6.7 mm (±2.1 mm). In the DTI subjects, the inferior olive to the upper decussation averaged 3.4 mm (±0.9 mm). The distance from the obex to the decussation averaged 6.4 mm (±1.3 mm). CONCLUSION: The CMJ reliably lies 3.4 mm (±0.9 mm) caudal to the inferior border of the olive and 6.4 mm (±1.3 mm) caudal to the obex. Awareness of this anatomic relationship readily allows recognition of abnormalities of the position of the CMJ with routine imaging.

Incidental findings of skull-base abnormalities in cone-beam computed tomography scans with consultation by maxillofacial radiologists.

INTRODUCTION: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) gives orthodontists and other dental clinicians 3-dimensional information for planning treatment in the craniofacial region. Often overlooked are incidental findings outside the treatment region of interest. METHODS: Two patients with incidental findings of skull-base abnormalities are presented. The orthodontic patient was tentatively diagnosed with a notochordal remnant in the clivus; the implant patient exhibited an empty sella turcica. RESULTS: For the clivus lesion in the orthodontic patient, an artifact was ruled out after a second CBCT image and further distinguished from a fat-containing tumor after magnetic resonance imaging. The impression after magnetic resonance imaging was a notochordal remnant, although chordoma was also included in the differential, warranting a 6-month follow-up magnetic resonance image to confirm the diagnosis. The CBCT study for the implant patient demonstrated an enlarged sella turcica. The impression after the magnetic resonance imaging was an enlarged and partially empty sella with no evidence of a pituitary mass. CONCLUSIONS: Orthodontists and implant surgeons may come across incidental findings outside their area of expertise on CBCT scans, highlighting the importance of appropriate consultation with maxillofacial radiologists. Notochordal remnants may present as nonexpansile intraosseous low-density areas. The challenge in distinguishing these lesions radiographically with chordomas warrants follow-up to confirm a diagnosis. An empty sella is a noteworthy finding because of its potential for endocrine and neuro-ophthalmological disorders despite an asymptomatic presentation.

Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy and the safe entry zones of the brainstem.

BACKGROUND: There have been no studies of the structure and safe surgical entry zones of the brainstem based on fiber dissection studies combined with 3-dimensional (3-D) photography. OBJECTIVE: To examine the 3-D internal architecture and relationships of the proposed safe entry zones into the midbrain, pons, and medulla. METHODS: Fifteen formalin and alcohol-fixed human brainstems were dissected by using fiber dissection techniques, ×6 to ×40 magnification, and 3-D photography to define the anatomy and the safe entry zones. The entry zones evaluated were the perioculomotor, lateral mesencephalic sulcus, and supra- and infracollicular areas in the midbrain; the peritrigeminal zone, supra- and infrafacial approaches, acoustic area, and median sulcus above the facial colliculus in the pons; and the anterolateral, postolivary, and dorsal medullary sulci in the medulla. RESULTS: The safest approach for lesions located below the surface is usually the shortest and most direct route. Previous studies have often focused on surface structures. In this study, the deeper structures that may be at risk in each of the proposed safe entry zones plus the borders of each entry zone were defined. This study includes an examination of the relationships of the cerebellar peduncles, long tracts, intra-axial segments of the cranial nerves, and important nuclei of the brainstem to the proposed safe entry zones. CONCLUSION: Fiber dissection technique in combination with the 3-D photography is a useful addition to the goal of making entry into the brainstem more accurate and safe.

Troubled interventions: public policy, vectors of disease, and the rhetoric of diabetes management.

This essay examines the debate surrounding New York City's controversial diabetes registry program. Exploring the tensions between public health officials and privacy advocates, the article explores how diabetes is imagined in the public sphere. Although rhetorics underscoring privacy may seem the more progressive discourse, I argue New York City's Department of Health and Mental Hygiene has the more forward-looking plan, attempting to reconstitute diabetes not as a chronic condition necessitating individual management but as a disease that requires systemic intervention.

A novel clinical and imaging based score for predicting outcome prior to endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

INTRODUCTION: Outcome after stroke intervention remains disappointing, with only 30-50% of patients having a good outcome at 90 days. We sought to identify important outcome prognosticators. METHODS: All consecutive patients that presented with an acute anterior circulation ischemic stroke, with adequate CT perfusion imaging, and that underwent emergency endovascular treatment at two centers between January 1, 2009 and November 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. Investigators estimated the percentage of the total ischemic tissue that had decreased cerebral blood volume (CBV) compared with the total area with elevated time to peak (the penumbra). Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify variables with prognostic significance and a scoring system was created. RESULTS: 163 patients underwent endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Outcome data were available in 147 patients (90.2%). A good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) occurred in 64 patients (43.5%). Age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and per cent decreased CBV scores were the only variables that predicted prognosis on multivariate analyses. A score was created (NAV score-NIHSS, age, volume) that awards points based on these three factors: 2 points for an NIHSS score of ≥ 15, 1 point for age ≥ 70 years, and 1 point for decreased CBV of ≥ 50%. The NAV score was strongly correlated with overall outcome (p<0.01): scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 were associated with 84%, 50%, 36%, 25%, and 8% chance of a good outcome at 90 days. CONCLUSIONS: We introduced a simple three factor scoring system to help predict outcome in patients deemed candidates for intra-arterial acute ischemic stroke intervention.

Prognostic significance of paraglottic space invasion in T2N0 glottic carcinoma.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of paraglottic space invasion determined with pretreatment computed tomography (CT) for patients with T2N0 glottic carcinoma treated with radiotherapy (RT). METHODS: Eighty patients with T2N0 glottic squamous cell carcinomas treated with definitive RT between 1983 and 2002 who had pretreatment CT information available regarding paraglottic space invasion were analyzed. Follow up ranged from 0.14 to 18 years (median, 7.1 years). No patient was lost to follow up. RESULTS: Five-year outcomes were: local control, 78%; local control with larynx preservation, 80%; relapse-free survival, 71%; and cause-specific survival, 91%. Multivariate analyses of various parameters (including vocal cord mobility, paraglottic space invasion, supraglottic invasion, and subglottic extension) showed that only subglottic extension significantly influenced the probability of cure. CONCLUSION: Paraglottic space invasion is likely associated with increased tumor volume and, by itself, is not necessarily associated with poorer outcome after definitive RT.