Identification of novel circulating microRNAs in advanced heart failure by next-generation sequencing.

AIMS: Risk stratification in patients with advanced chronic heart failure (HF) is an unmet need. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in several diseases including HF. The aims of the present study were to characterize HF-specific miRNA expression profiles and to identify miRNAs with prognostic value in HF patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a global miRNome analysis using next-generation sequencing in the plasma of 30 advanced chronic HF patients and of matched healthy controls. A small subset of miRNAs was validated by real-time PCR (P < 0.0008). Pearson's correlation analysis was computed between miRNA expression levels and common HF markers. Multivariate prediction models were exploited to evaluate miRNA profiles' prognostic role. Thirty-two miRNAs were found to be dysregulated between the two groups. Six miRNAs (miR-210-3p, miR-22-5p, miR-22-3p, miR-21-3p, miR-339-3p, and miR-125a-5p) significantly correlated with HF biomarkers, among which N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide. Inside the cohort of advanced HF population, we identified three miRNAs (miR-125a-5p, miR-10b-5p, and miR-9-5p) altered in HF patients experiencing the primary endpoint of cardiac death, heart transplantation, or mechanical circulatory support implantation when compared with those without clinical events. The three miRNAs added substantial prognostic power to Barcelona Bio-HF score, a multiparametric and validated risk stratification tool for HF (from area under the curve = 0.72 to area under the curve = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS: This discovery study has characterized, for the first time, the advanced chronic HF-specific miRNA expression pattern. We identified a few miRNAs able to improve the prognostic stratification of HF patients based on common clinical and laboratory values. Further studies are needed to validate our results in larger populations.

Sequential Combination of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment and Well-Being Therapy in Depressed Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Randomized Controlled Trial (TREATED-ACS Study).

INTRODUCTION: Randomized controlled trials (RCT) of psychotherapeutic interventions have addressed depression and demoralization associated with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The present trial introduces psychological well-being, an increasingly recognized factor in cardiovascular health, as a therapeutic target. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether the sequential combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and well-being therapy (WBT) may yield more favorable outcomes than an active control group (clinical management; CM) and to identify subgroups of patients at greater risk for cardiac negative outcomes. METHODS: This multicenter RCT comparedCBT/WBT sequential combination versus CM, with up to 30 months of follow-up. One hundred consecutive depressed and/or demoralized patients (out of 740 initially screened by cardiologists after a first episode of ACS) were randomized to CBT/WBT associated with lifestyle suggestions (n = 50) and CM (n = 50). The main outcome measures included: severity of depressive symptoms according to the Clinical Interview for Depression, changes in subclinical psychological distress, well-being, and biomarkers, and medical complications and events. RESULTS: CBT/WBT sequential combination was associated with a significant improvement in depressive symptoms compared to CM. In both groups, the benefits persisted at follow-up, even though the differences faded. Treatment was also related to a significant amelioration of biomarkers (platelet count, HDL, and D-dimer), whereas the 2 groups showed similar frequencies of adverse cardiac events. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing psychological well-being in the psychotherapeutic approach to ACS patients with depressive symptoms was found to entail important clinical benefits. It is argued that lifestyle changes geared toward cardiovascular health may be facilitated by a personalized approach that targets well-being.

Correction to: Spot urinary sodium in acute decompensation of advanced heart failure and dilutional hyponatremia: insights from DRAIN trial.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake.

Spot urinary sodium in acute decompensation of advanced heart failure and dilutional hyponatremia: insights from DRAIN trial.

BACKGROUND: Diuretic resistance portends a poor prognosis in acute heart failure, especially in advanced stages. Early identification of a poor response to diuretics may help to improve treatment and outcomes. Spot natriuresis (UNa+) at 2 h from the start of intravenous furosemide has been proposed as an early indicator of diuretic response. Our paper aimed to determine the role of early natriuresis in patients hospitalized with advanced chronic heart failure (ACHF) and high risk of diuretic resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS: We performed a sub-analysis of the DRAIN trial, a randomized clinical trial on 80 patients with acute decompensation of ACHF (NYHA IV, EF ≤ 30%) with low systolic blood pressure (≤ 110 mmHg) and dilutional hyponatremia (sodium ≤ 135 mMol/L) at admission. Patients were divided into two groups according to spot urinary sodium excretion (high: UNa+ > 50 or low: ≤ 50 mEq/L) at 2 h from furosemide administration. Twenty-eight patients (35%) showed a low natriuretic response. As compared to the other patients, this group showed lower daily urinary output (2275 ± 790 vs 3849 ± 2034 mL, p < 0.001), lower body weight reduction after 48 h (1.55 ± - 1.66 vs - 3.55 ± - 2.93 kg, p < 0.001), higher incidence of worsening renal function (32% vs 10%, p 0.02) and increasing rather than reducing NT-proBNP at 72 h (p 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with ACHF and dilutional hyponatremia, low natriuresis after furosemide is an early marker of poor diuretic response and correlates with higher NT-proBNP and higher incidence of worsening renal function at 72 h.

Diuretic treatment in high-risk acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure-bolus intermittent vs. continuous infusion of furosemide: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Diuretic resistance is a common issue in patients with acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure (ACHF). The aim of this trial was to compare boluses and continuous infusion of furosemide in a selected population of patients with ACHF and high risk for diuretic resistance. METHODS: In this single-centre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomized trial, we enrolled 80 patients admitted for acute decompensation of ACHF (NYHA IV, EF ≤ 30%) with criteria of high risk for diuretic resistance (SBP ≤ 110 mmHg, wet score ≥ 12/18, and sodium ≤ 135 mMol/L). Patients were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive furosemide by bolus every 12 h or by continuous infusion. Diuretic treatment and dummy treatment were prepared by a nurse unassigned to patients' care. The study treatment was continued for up to 72 h. Coprimary endpoints were total urinary output and freedom from congestion at 72 h. RESULTS: 80 patients were enrolled with 40 patients in each treatment arm. Mean daily furosemide was 216 mg in continuous-infusion arm and 195 mg in the bolus intermittent arm. Freedom from congestion (defined as jugular venous pressure of < 8 cm, with no orthopnea and with trace peripheral edema or no edema) occurred more in the continuous infusion than in the bolus arm (48% vs. 25%, p = 0.04), while total urinary output after 72 h was 8612 ± 2984 ml in the bolus arm and 10,020 ± 3032 ml in the continuous arm (p = 0.04). Treatment failure occurred less in the continuous-infusion group (15% vs. 38%, p = 0.02), while there was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of worsening of renal function. CONCLUSION: Among patients with acute decompensation of ACHF and high risk of diuretic resistance, continuous infusion of intravenous furosemide was associated with better decongestion. DRAIN TRIAL: ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03592836.

Noninvasive Assessment of Hemodynamic Status in HeartWare Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients: Validation of an Echocardiographic Approach.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this prospective study was to validate an echocardiographic protocol derived from 5 HeartWare left ventricular assist device (HVAD) patients for the noninvasive evaluation of right atrial pressure (RAP) and left atrial pressure (LAP) in HVAD patients. BACKGROUND: Echocardiography is an invaluable tool to optimize medical treatment and pump settings and also for troubleshooting residual heart failure. Little is known about the echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamic status in HVAD patients. METHODS: Right heart catheterization and Doppler echocardiography were performed in 35 HVAD patients. Echocardiography-estimated RAP (eRAP) was assessed using inferior vena cava diameter, hepatic venous flow analysis, and tricuspid E/e' ratio. Echocardiography-estimated LAP was assessed using E/A ratio, mitral E/e' ratio, and deceleration time. RESULTS: eRAP and estimated LAP significantly correlated with invasive RAP and LAP (respectively, r = 0.839, p < 0.001, and r = 0.889, p < 0.001) and accurately detected high RAP and high LAP (respectively, area under the curve 0.94, p < 0.001, and area under the curve 0.91, p < 0.001). High eRAP was associated with high LAP (area under the curve 0.92, p < 0.001) and correlated with death or hospitalization at 180 days (odds ratio: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 1.1 to 21.0; p = 0.04). According to estimated LAP and eRAP, patients were categorized into 4 hemodynamic profiles. Fifteen patients (43%) showed the optimal unloading profile (normal eRAP and normal wedge pressure). This profile showed a trend toward a lower risk for adverse cardiac events at follow-up (odds ratio: 0.2; 95% confidence interval: 0.1 to 1.0; p = 0.05) compared with other hemodynamic profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Doppler echocardiography accurately estimated hemodynamic status in HVAD patients. This algorithm reliably detected high RAP and LAP. Notably, high RAP was associated with high wedge pressure and adverse outcome. The benefit of noninvasive estimation of hemodynamic status in the clinical management of patients with left ventricular assist devices needs further evaluation.

High sensitive TROponin levels In Patients with Chest pain and kidney disease: A multicenter registry - The TROPIC study.

BACKGROUND: Accuracy of high sensitive troponin (hs-cTn) to detect coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with renal insufficiency is not established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of hs-cTn T and I in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: All consecutive patients with chest pain, renal insufficiency (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and high sensitive troponin level were included. The predictive value of baseline and interval troponin (hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI) for the presence of CAD was assessed. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen patients with troponin I and 534 with troponin T were included, with 95 (84%) and 463 (87%) diagnosis of CAD respectively. There were no differences in clinical, procedural and outcomes between the two assays. For both, baseline hs-cTn values did not differ be-tween patients with/without CAD showing low area under the curve (AUC). For interval levels, hs-cTnI was significantly higher for patients with CAD (0.2 ± 0.8 vs. 8.9 ± 4.6 ng/mL; p = 0.04) and AUC was more accurate for troponin I than hs-cTnT (AUC 0.85 vs. 0.69). Peak level was greater for hs-cTnI in patients with CAD or thrombus (0.4 ± 0.6 vs. 15 ± 20 ng/mL; p = 0.02; AUC 0.87: 0.79-0.93); no differences were found for troponin T assays (0.8 ± 1.5 vs. 2.2 ± 3.6 ng/mL; p = 1.7), with lower AUC (0.73: 0.69-0.77). Peak troponin levels (both T and I) independently predicted all cause death at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CKD presenting with altered troponin are at high risk of coronary disease. Peak level of both troponin assays predicts events at 30 days, with troponin I being more accurate than troponin T. (Cardiol J 2017; 24, 2: 139-150).

Does asymptomatic recurrent diffuse capillary C4d complement deposition impair cardiac allograft function?

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether asymptomatic recurrent (≥2) antibody-mediated rejection (pAMR 1+), defined as diffuse capillary C4d immunostaining (rAMR) on endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs), during the first year after heart transplantation impairs left ventricular (LV) function. METHODS: Fifty-four consecutive heart transplant patients who survived well (New York Heart Association ≤2 and EF≥55%) the first month after transplantation were enrolled and prospectively underwent 490 echocardiographies and EMB. Asymptomatic rAMR without histopathologic findings was evaluated as a risk factor for deterioration of graft function. Primary endpoint, assessed 1 year after transplantation, was development of LV dysfunction and/or adverse remodeling according to pre-specified echo parameters. RESULTS: During the first year from transplantation, rAMR occurred in five patients. Recurrent AMR was associated with a significant higher risk to develop LV concentric hypertrophy (OR 3.6, 95% CI: 1.8-7.0, P=.02) or reduced lateral S' peak velocity (OR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5-3.6, P=.03). Patients with rAMR showed significative adverse graft remodeling (ΔLV end-diastolic volume: +16±12.3 vs -0.2±14.4 mL; P=.02) and deterioration of graft function (Δlateral S' peak velocity: -3.3±3 vs -0.4±2.9 cm/s; P=.03). CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent asymptomatic diffuse capillary C4d immunostaining may play a role in the early development of cardiac allograft adverse remodeling and dysfunction.

Mental Fitness for patients with acute coronary syndrome: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of a manualized, cognitively oriented psychological intervention, called Mental Fitness, in improving the mental and physical health of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Mental Fitness is a small-group four-session treatment aimed at increasing awareness of one's own bodily perceptions, emotions, and thoughts and is overall tailored on participants' perception of control over their health. DESIGN: Prospective randomized controlled single-blind trial. METHODS: Patients with ACS were recruited within a week from their acute cardiac event. Patients in the intervention group underwent one of two variants of Mental Fitness, depending on their perceived (internal or external) control over their health. Patients in the control group underwent standard treatment. All the patients were submitted to a clinical and psychological follow-up for 8 months. RESULTS: The patients who underwent the Mental Fitness intervention (N = 31) showed, compared to the control patients (N = 34), increased quality of life in its physical, psychological, social and environmental domains, more functional emotional and problem-centred coping strategies, and higher emotional awareness. They also showed improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, heart rate, and left ventricular ejection fraction compared to the controls. In addition, they were more successful in maintaining physical exercise. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the efficacy of Mental Fitness in modifying specific psychological and physical variables conditioning cardiological patients' prognosis. It also confirms the importance of differentiating psychological interventions based on the psychological characteristics of the patients. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Traditional symptom-based interventions in heart disease are aimed at diagnosing and reducing psychological symptomatology (e.g., depression), but recent work has shown the usefulness of orienting psychological interventions to patients' representations of themselves and of the world and to how such representations influence their thoughts, feelings, and behaviours (e.g., Chiavarino et al., ). What does this study add? Mental Fitness, by working on awareness of bodily perceptions, emotions, and thoughts, leads to positive changes in physical and psychological health. Mental Fitness is a cost-effective psychological intervention that adds significantly to the effectiveness of standard medical care.

Prognostic incremental role of right ventricular function in acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure.

AIMS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the additional prognostic value of echocardiography in acute decompensation of advanced chronic heart failure (CHF), focusing on right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and its interaction with loading conditions. Few data are available on the prognostic role of echocardiography in acute HF and on the significance of pulmonary hypertension in patients with severe RV failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 265 NYHA IV patients admitted for acute decompensation of advanced CHF (EF 22 ± 7%, systolic blood pressure 107 ± 20 mmHg) were prospectively enrolled. Fifty-nine patients met the primary composite endpoint of cardiac death, urgent heart transplantation, and urgent mechanical circulatory support implantation at 90 days. Pulmonary hypertension failed to predict events, while patients with a low transtricuspid systolic gradient (TR gradient <20 mmHg) showed a worse outcome [hazard ratio (HR) 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-5.00, P = 0.02]. RV dysfunction [tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) ≤14 mm] in the presence of a low TR gradient identified patients at higher risk of events (HR 2.97, 95% CI 1.19-7.41, P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed as best predictors of outcome low RV contraction pressure index (RVCPI), defined as TAPSE × TR gradient, and high estimated right atrial pressure (eRAP). Adding RVCPI (<400 mm*mmHg) and eRAP (≥20 mmHg) to conventional clinical (ADHERE risk tree and NT-proBNP) and echocardiographic risk evaluation resulted in an increase in net reclassification improvement of +19.1% and +20.1%, respectively (P = 0.01) and in c-statistic from 0.59 to 0.73 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In acute decompensation of advanced CHF, pulmonary hypertension failed to predict events. The in-hospital and short-term prognosis can be better predicted by eRAP and RVCPI.

Prolonged QT interval in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: predictors and prognostic value in medium-term follow-up.

AIMS: The prognostic role of corrected QT interval in ST-elevation myocardial infarction is still unknown. This study aims to identify the prognostic value of corrected QT interval prolongation (≥480 ms) in acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-five consecutive patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were prospectively enrolled and electrocardiographic monitoring of corrected QT interval was performed during the hospitalization. RESULTS: Over a mean period of 17.6 ±â€Š11 months, 16 (8.6%) patients died because of cardiovascular diseases, 6 (3.2%) patients experienced aborted sudden cardiac death, 3 (1.6%) cerebral ischemic strokes, 11 (6%) recurrent myocardial ischemia and 6 (3.2%) acute heart failure. At univariate analysis a corrected QT interval peak of at least 480 ms relates to cardiovascular death (P < 0.001), aborted sudden cardiac death (P = 0.037), cerebral ischemic stroke (P = 0.016) and recurrences of myocardial infarction (P = 0.032). Multivariate analysis confirms its role an independent predictor of cardiovascular death [odds ratio 6.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.77-22.92, P = 0.004], together with an ejection fraction of 35% or less (odds ratio 4.20, 95% CI 1.24-14.16, P = 0.021). The presence of either corrected QT of at least 480 ms or ejection fraction of 35% or less increases the sensitivity and the accuracy to correctly predict cardiovascular death without a significant reduction in specificity (sensitivity 88%, specificity 69%, accuracy 88%, area under curve 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.94, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: A corrected QT interval peak of at least 480 ms in the acute phase of ST-elevation myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of cardiovascular death. Its association with reduced ejection fraction (≤35%) increases risk stratification accuracy.

THE STORM (acute coronary Syndrome in paTients end Of life and Risk assesMent) study.

INTRODUCTION: Elderly patients with coexisting frailty and multiple comorbidities frequently present to the emergency department (ED). Because non-cardiovascular comorbidities and declining health status may affect their life expectancy, management of these patients should start in the ED. This study evaluated the role of Gold Standards Framework (GSF) criteria for identifying patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) approaching end of life. METHODS: All consecutive patients admitted to the ED and hospitalised with a diagnosis of ACS between May 2012 and July 2012 were included. According to GSF criteria, patients were labelled as positive GSF status when they met at least one general criterion and two heart disease criteria; furthermore, traditional cardiovascular risk scores (the Global Registry for Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score and the Age, Creatinine and Ejection Fraction (ACEF) score) were calculated and WHOQOL-BREF was assessed. Mortality and repeat hospitalisation due to cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular causes were evaluated at 3-month and 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: From a total of 156 patients with ACS enrolled, 22 (14%) had a positive GSF. A positive GSF was associated with higher rate of non-cardiovascular events (22.7% vs 6.7%; p=0.03) at 3 months and higher rates of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events (36% vs 16.4%; p=0.04 and 27.3% vs 6.7%; p=0.009, respectively) at 12 months. In multivariate analysis, an in-hospital GRACE score was a predictor of cardiovascular events, while a positive GSF independently predicted non-cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS: The GSF score independently predicts non-cardiovascular events in patients presenting with ACS and may be used along with traditional cardiovascular risk scores in choosing wisely the most appropriate treatment. The present results need to be externally validated on larger samples.

Clinical and prognostic role of ammonia in advanced decompensated heart failure. The cardio-abdominal syndrome?

BACKGROUND: Advanced heart failure is associated with end-organ damage. Recent literature suggested an intriguing crosstalk between failing heart, abdomen and kidneys. Venous ammonia, as a by-product of the gut, could be a marker of abdominal injury in heart failure patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical and prognostic role of ammonia in patients with advanced decompensated heart failure (ADHF). METHODS & RESULTS: 90 patients admitted with ADHF were prospectively studied. The prognostic role of ammonia at admission was evaluated. Primary end-points were: a composite of cardiac death, urgent heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support at 3 months and need for renal replacement therapies (RRT). In the study cohort (age 59.0 ± 12.0 years, FE 21.6 ± 9.0%, INTERMACS profile 3.7 ± 0.9, creatinine 1.71 ± 0.95 mg/dl) 27 patients (30%) underwent the cardiac composite endpoint, while 9 patients (10%) needed RRT. At ROC curve analysis ammonia ≥ 130 µg/dl (abdominal damage) showed the best diagnostic accuracy. At multivariate analysis abdominal damage predicted the cardiac composite endpoint. Abdominal damage further increased risk among patient with cold profile at admission (HR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1-7.0, p = 0.046). At multivariate analysis abdominal damage also predicted need for RRT (OR 10.8, 95% CI 1.5-75.8, p = 0.017). The combined use of estimated right atrial pressure and ammonia showed the highest diagnostic accuracy and a very high specificity in prediction of need for RRT. CONCLUSION: In a selected population admitted for ADHF ammonia, as a marker of abdominal derangement, predicted adverse cardiac events and need for RRT.

Clinical assessment of hypoperfusion in acute heart failure ­ evergreen or antique?

BACKGROUND: Cold hemodynamic profile assessed on physical examination predicts survival, although it has low specificity and low reproducibility. We herein propose a new cold profile definition (Cold Modified 2014), including renal and hepatic damage. The aim of the study was to evaluate the additional prognostic value of clinical and laboratory identification of hypoperfusion over hypotension in the setting of advanced acute heart failure (AHF). METHODS AND RESULTS: After preliminary analysis on derivation cohort, we studied 223 consecutive NYHA III-IV patients admitted with AHF requiring intensive care. Cold Modified 2014 definition included non-invasive hemodynamic assessment, renal and hepatic injury. Primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death, urgent heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support at 6 months. In the validation cohort (age, 60.5 ± 12.8 years; ejection fraction 25.6 ± 8.2%, systolic blood pressure [SBP] 104.3 ± 26.1 mmHg) 77 reached the composite endpoint. Among SBP, ADHERE model, cold profile at admission and INTERMACS profile at 48 h, cold profile had the best diagnostic accuracy. On multivariate analysis only cold profile and INTERMACS predicted events, while SBP <115 mmHg and high risk on ADHERE did not. Cold Modified 2014 was more accurate than the old definition. Net reclassification improvement for Cold Modified 2014 over the old definition was 25.8%. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective study demonstrated the additional prognostic role of hypoperfusion assessment over hypotension in patients with AHF. Cold Modified 2014 improved risk stratification in advanced AHF patients.

Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular stroke work index in advanced heart failure: a new index?

BACKGROUND: Right ventricular (RV) function plays a pivotal role in advanced heart failure patients, especially for screening those who may benefit from left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We introduce RV contraction pressure index (RVCPI) as a new echo-Doppler parameter of RV function. The accuracy of RVCPI in detecting RV failure was compared with the criterion standard, the RV stroke work index (RVSWI) obtained through right heart catheterization in advanced heart failure patients referred for heart transplantation or LVAD implantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Right heart catheterization and echo-Doppler were simultaneously performed in 94 consecutive patients referred to our center for advanced heart failure (ejection fraction (EF) 24 ± 8.8%, 40% NYHA functional class IV). RV stroke volume and invasive pulmonary pressures were used to obtain RVSWI. Simplified RVCPI (sRVCPI) was derived as TAPSE × (RV - right atrial pressure gradient). Close positive correlation between sRVCPI and RVSWI was found (r = 0.68; P < .001). With logistic regression, we found that increased sRVCPI showed an independent reduced risk (odds ratio 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-0.99; P = .016) for patients to present a depressed RVSWI (<0.25 mm Hg/L·m(2)). Simplified RVCPI showed high diagnostic accuracy (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.94, 95% CI 0.89-0.99) and good sensitivity and specificity (92% and 85%, respectively) to predict depressed RVSWI with the use of a cutoff value of <400 mm·mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with advanced heart failure, the new simple bedside sRVCPI closely correlated with RVSWI, providing an independent, noninvasive, and easy tool for the evaluation of RV function.

Emotional coping is a better predictor of cardiac prognosis than depression and anxiety.

OBJECTIVE: We compared, in a prospective study on patients with acute coronary syndrome, the predictive effect of a depression or anxiety diagnosis and of emotion-focused, problem-focused and dysfunctional coping strategies, as detected early after an acute event, on patients' left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), a reliable prognostic index of disease severity, at a three-month follow up. METHODS: Ninety consecutive patients following an acute coronary syndrome event (83.3% men; mean age 56.9 ± 8.9 years) were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics, presence of depression and anxiety disorders (MINI), and active use of emotion-focused, problem-focused and dysfunctional coping strategies (Brief Cope) were assessed at the time of enrolment. LVEF at a three-month follow up was used as the outcome measure. RESULTS: The medical predictors of LVEF accounted for 10.6% of the variance of LVEF at follow up. Emotion-focused coping strategies significantly contributed for an additional 6.1%, while the presence of a depression and/or anxiety disorder was not a significant predictor of LVEF at follow up, nor were dysfunctional and problem-focused coping strategies. CONCLUSION: Emotion-focused coping strategies at the time of the cardiac event were the only reliable psychological predictor of disease severity at a three-month follow up. These findings hint to the possibility that variables such as emotional coping may be a fruitful target for psychological treatments directed at cardiac patients in primary care settings.

Telomere length variation in juvenile acute myocardial infarction.

Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) provides a potential marker of biological age, closely related to the endothelial dysfunction and consequently to the atherosclerotic process. To investigate the relationship between the LTL and the risk of premature acute myocardial infarction and to evaluate the predictive value of LTL on the onset of major cardiovascular events, 199 patients from 18 to 48 years old with first diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were enrolled and were matched with 190 controls for sex and age (± 1 year). Clinical data and coronary artery disease were evaluated at enrollment and at follow up. LTL was measured at enrollment using a quantitative PCR-based method. No significant differences were observed in LTL between cases and controls (p = 0.20) and with the presence of coronary artery disease in patients (p = 0.47). Hypercholesterolemic cases presented LTL significantly longer than cases without hypercholesterolemia (t/s: 0.82 ± 0.16 p = 0.79 and t/s norm: 0.79 ± 0.19 p = 0.01), as confirmed in multivariate regression analysis (p = 0.005, ß = 0.09). Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis showed LTL significantly shorter in hypertensive cases than in normotensive cases (p = 0.04, ß = -0.07). One hundred seventy-one cases (86%) ended the average follow up of 9 ± 5 years, 92 (54%) presented a major cardiovascular event. At multivariate regression analysis the LTL detected at enrollment did not represent a predictive factor of major cardiovascular events nor it significantly impacted with cumulative events. Based on present cohort of young Italian patients, the LTL did not represent a marker of acute myocardial infarction nor had a predictive role at medium term follow up.