The Effect of Whole-Diet Interventions on Memory and Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults - A Systematic Review.

An increasing number of cross-sectional studies suggests that diet may impact memory and cognition in healthy older adults. However, randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of whole-diet interventions on memory and cognition in healthy older adults are rather rare, and conflicting results are often reported. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to compile the current evidence regarding the potential effects of whole-diet interventions on 1) memory and 2) other cognitive outcomes in older adults. Studies that reported on randomized controlled trials with dietary interventions in healthy older adults (≥60 y) were included. Studies utilizing supplements, single food items, or trials in specific patient groups (i.e., neurodegenerative diagnoses) were excluded. For the 23 included articles, the main outcomes examined fell into 1 or more of the following categories: cognitive task-based outcomes related to memory, other cognitive task-based outcomes, and additional outcomes related to cognitive function or disease risk. Three of the studies that investigated dietary interventions alone and 2 multidomain studies showed positive effects on memory function, whereas 5 multidomain interventions and 1 intervention that focused on diet alone showed positive effects on other cognitive outcomes. The effect of randomized, controlled whole-diet interventions on memory and cognitive function in healthy older adults is modest and inconclusive, highlighting the need for more well-designed, sufficiently powered studies. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms by which diet impacts cognition in healthy aging need to be elucidated. This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022329759.

Patient-reported physical activity, pain, and fear of movement after cardiac surgery: a descriptive cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: After cardiac surgery, there may be barriers to being physically active. Patients are encouraged to gradually increase physical activity, but limited knowledge exists regarding postoperative physical activity levels. This study aimed to assess patient-reported physical activity six months after cardiac surgery, determine adherence to WHO's physical activity recommendations, and explore potential relationships between pain, dyspnea, fear of movement, and activity levels. METHODS: The study design was a cross-sectional study at Örebro University Hospital, Sweden. Preoperative and surgical data were retrieved from medical records and questionnaires concerning physical activity (Frändin-Grimby Activity Scale, the Physical activity Likert-scale Haskell, Patient-Specific Functional Scale, and Exercise Self-efficacy Scale) were completed six months after surgery. Data were collected on pain, dyspnea, general health status and kinesiophobia i.e. fear of movement, using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia Heart. RESULTS: In total, 71 patients (68 ± 11 years, males 82%) participated in this study. Most patients (76%) reported a light to moderate activity level (Frändin-Grimby levels 3-4) six months after cardiac surgery. In total, 42% of the patients adhered to the WHO's physical activity recommendations (150 min/week). Pain and dyspnea were low. Patients with lower activity levels exhibited significantly higher levels of fear of movement (p =.025). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients reported engaging in light to moderate activity levels six months after cardiac surgery. Despite this, less than half of the patients met the WHO's physical activity recommendations. Potential barriers to physical activity such as pain, dyspnea and fear of movement were reported to be low.

Pleiotropic Effects of Influenza Vaccination.

Influenza vaccines are designed to mimic natural influenza virus exposure and stimulate a long-lasting immune response to future infections. The evolving nature of the influenza virus makes vaccination an important and efficacious strategy to reduce healthcare-related complications of influenza. Several lines of evidence indicate that influenza vaccination may induce nonspecific effects, also referred to as heterologous or pleiotropic effects, that go beyond protection against infection. Different explanations are proposed, including the upregulation and downregulation of cytokines and epigenetic reprogramming in monocytes and natural killer cells, imprinting an immunological memory in the innate immune system, a phenomenon termed "trained immunity". Also, cross-reactivity between related stimuli and bystander activation, which entails activation of B and T lymphocytes without specific recognition of antigens, may play a role. In this review, we will discuss the possible nonspecific effects of influenza vaccination in cardiovascular disease, type 1 diabetes, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease, future research questions, and potential implications. A discussion of the potential effects on infections by other pathogens is beyond the scope of this review.

Eating Behavior and Satiety With Virtual Reality Meals Compared With Real Meals: Randomized Crossover Study.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders and obesity are serious health problems with poor treatment outcomes and high relapse rates despite well-established treatments. Several studies have suggested that virtual reality technology could enhance the current treatment outcomes and could be used as an adjunctive tool in their treatment. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the differences between eating virtual and real-life meals and test the hypothesis that eating a virtual meal can reduce hunger among healthy women. METHODS: The study included 20 healthy women and used a randomized crossover design. The participants were asked to eat 1 introduction meal, 2 real meals, and 2 virtual meals, all containing real or virtual meatballs and potatoes. The real meals were eaten on a plate that had been placed on a scale that communicated with analytical software on a computer. The virtual meals were eaten in a room where participants were seated on a real chair in front of a real table and fitted with the virtual reality equipment. The eating behavior for both the real and virtual meals was filmed. Hunger was measured before and after the meals using questionnaires. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in hunger from baseline to after the real meal (mean difference=61.8, P<.001) but no significant change in hunger from before to after the virtual meal (mean difference=6.9, P=.10). There was no significant difference in food intake between the virtual and real meals (mean difference=36.8, P=.07). Meal duration was significantly shorter in the virtual meal (mean difference=-5.4, P<.001), which led to a higher eating rate (mean difference=82.9, P<.001). Some participants took bites and chewed during the virtual meal, but the number of bites and chews was lower than in the real meal. The meal duration was reduced from the first virtual meal to the second virtual meal, but no significant difference was observed between the 2 real meals. CONCLUSIONS: Eating a virtual meal does not appear to significantly reduce hunger in healthy individuals. Also, this methodology does not significantly result in eating behaviors identical to real-life conditions but does evoke chewing and bite behavior in certain individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05734209, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05734209.

Potential Modulation of Inflammation by Probiotic and Omega-3 Supplementation in Elderly with Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Probiotic and omega-3 supplements have been shown to reduce inflammation, and dual supplementation may have synergistic health effects. We investigated if the novel combination of a multi-strain probiotic (containing B. lactis Bi-07, L. paracasei Lpc-37, L. acidophilus NCFM, and B. lactis Bl-04) alongside omega-3 supplements reduces low-grade inflammation as measured by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in elderly participants in a proof-of-concept, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel study (NCT04126330). In this case, 76 community-dwelling elderly participants (median: 71.0 years; IQR: 68.0-73.8) underwent an intervention with the dual supplement (n = 37) or placebo (n = 39) for eight weeks. In addition to hs-CRP, cytokine levels and intestinal permeability were also assessed at baseline and after the eight-week intervention. No significant difference was seen for hs-CRP between the dual supplement group and placebo. However, interestingly, supplementation did result in significant increases in the level of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10. In addition, dual supplementation increased levels of valeric acid, further suggesting the potential of the supplements in reducing inflammation and conferring health benefits. Together, the results suggest that probiotic and omega-3 dual supplementation exerts modest effects on inflammation and may have potential use as a non-pharmacological treatment for low-grade inflammation in the elderly.

A Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Eating Disorder Analysis and Diagnosis.

Eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and other specified eating or feeding disorders) have a combined prevalence of 13% and are associated with severe physical and psychosocial problems. Early diagnosis, which is important for effective treatment and prevention of undesirable long-term health consequences, imposes problems among non-specialist clinicians unfamiliar with these patients, such as those working in primary care. Early, accurate diagnosis, particularly in primary care, allows expert interventions early enough in the disorder to facilitate positive treatment outcomes. Computer-assisted diagnostic procedures offer a possible solution to this problem by providing expertise via an algorithm that has been developed from a large number of cases that have been diagnosed in person by expert diagnosticians and expert caregivers. A web-based system for determining an accurate diagnosis for patients suspected to suffer from an eating disorder was developed based on these data. The process is automated using an algorithm that estimates the respondent's probability of having an eating disorder and the type of eating disorder the individual has. The system provides a report that works as an aid for clinicians during the diagnostic process and serves as an educational tool for new clinicians.

Physical activity and sleep during the first week of anorexia nervosa inpatient care.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are often described as restless, hyperactive and having disturbed sleep. The result reproducibility and generalisability of these results are low due to the use of unreliable methods, different measurement methods and outcome measures. A reliable method to measure both physical activity and sleep is through accelerometry. The main purpose of the study was to quantify the physical activity and sleeping behaviour of anorexia nervosa patients. Another purpose was to increase result reproducibility and generalisability of the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Accelerometer data were collected from the first week of treatment of anorexia nervosa at an inpatient ward. Raw data from the Axivity AX3© accelerometer was used with the open-source package GGIR for analysis, in the free statistical software R. Accelerometer measurements were transformed into euclidean norm minus one with negative values rounded to zero (ENMO). Physical activity measurements of interest were 24h average ENMO, daytime average ENMO, inactivity, light activity, moderate activity, and vigorous activity. Sleep parameters of interest were sleep duration, sleep efficiency, awakenings, and wake after sleep onset. The sleep duration of different age groups was compared to recommendations by the National Sleep Foundation using a Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of 67 patients, due to data quality 58 (93% female) were included in the analysis. Average age of participants was 17.8 (±6.9) years and body mass index was 15.5 (±1.9) kg/m2. Daytime average ENMO was 17.4 (±5.1) mg. Participants spent 862.6 (±66.2) min per day inactive, 88.4 (±22.6) min with light activities, 25.8 (±16.7) min with moderate activities and 0.5 (±1.8) min with vigorous activities. Participants slept for 461.0 (±68.4) min, waking up 1.45 (±1.25) times per night for 54.6 (±35.8) min, having an average sleep quality of 0.88 (±0.10). 31% of participants met sleep recommendations, with a significantly higher number of 6-13 year old patients failing to reach recommendations compared to 14-25 year old patients. CONCLUSION: The patient group spent most of their time inactive at the beginning of treatment. Most patients failed to reach sleep recommendations. The use of raw data and opensource software should ensure result reproducibility, enable comparison across points in treatment and comparison with healthy individuals.

The Effect of Probiotics on Health Outcomes in the Elderly: A Systematic Review of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Studies.

Increasing evidence suggests that probiotic supplementation may be efficacious in counteracting age-related shifts in gut microbiota composition and diversity, thereby impacting health outcomes and promoting healthy aging. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with probiotics in healthy older adults have utilized a wide variety of strains and focused on several different outcomes with conflicting results. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to determine which outcomes have been investigated in randomized controlled trials with probiotic supplementation in healthy older adults and what has been the effect of these interventions. For inclusion, studies reporting on randomized controlled trials with probiotic and synbiotic supplements in healthy older adults (defined as minimum age of 60 years) were considered. Studies reporting clinical trials in specific patient groups or unhealthy participants were excluded. In addition to assessment of eligibility and data extraction, each study was examined for risk of bias and quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity of outcomes, strains, study design, duration, and methodology, we did not perform any meta-analyses and instead provided a narrative overview of the outcomes examined. Of 1997 potentially eligible publications, 17 studies were included in this review. The risk of bias was low, although several studies failed to adequately describe random sequence generation, allocation concealment, and blinding. The overall study quality was high; however, many studies did not include sample calculations, and the majority of studies had a small sample size. The main outcomes examined in the trials included microbiota composition, immune-related measurements, digestive health, general well-being, cognitive function, and lipid and other biomarkers. The most commonly assessed outcome with the most consistent effect was microbiota composition; all but one study with this outcome showed significant effects on gut microbiota composition in healthy older adults. Overall, probiotic supplementation had modest effects on markers of humoral immunity, immune cell population levels and activity, as well as the incidence and duration of the common cold and other infections with some conflicting results. Digestive health, general-well-being, cognitive function, and lipid and other biomarkers were investigated in a very small number of studies; therefore, the impact on these outcomes remains inconclusive. Probiotics appear to be efficacious in modifying gut microbiota composition in healthy older adults and have moderate effects on immune function. However, the effect of probiotic supplementation on other health outcomes remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for more well-designed, sufficiently-powered studies to investigate if and the mechanisms by which probiotics impact healthy aging.

Effects of Bilberry and Oat intake on lipids, inflammation and exercise capacity after Acute Myocardial Infarction (BIOAMI): study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Bilberries from Sweden, rich in polyphenols, have shown cholesterol-lowering effects in small studies, and the cholesterol-lowering properties of oats, with abundant beta-glucans and potentially bioactive phytochemicals, are well established. Both may provide cardiometabolic benefits following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but large studies of adequate statistical power and appropriate duration are needed to confirm clinically relevant treatment effects. No previous study has evaluated the potential additive or synergistic effects of bilberry combined with oats on cardiometabolic risk factors. Our primary objective is to assess cardioprotective effects of diet supplementation with dried bilberry or with bioprocessed oat bran, with a secondary explorative objective of assessing their combination, compared with a neutral isocaloric reference supplement, initiated within 5 days following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for AMI. METHODS: The effects of Bilberry and Oat intake on lipids, inflammation and exercise capacity after Acute Myocardial Infarction (BIOAMI) trial is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 900 patients will be randomized post-PCI to one of four dietary intervention arms. After randomization, subjects will receive beverages with bilberry powder (active), beverages with high-fiber bioprocessed oat bran (active), beverages with bilberry and oats combined (active), or reference beverages containing no active bilberry or active oats, for consumption twice daily during a 3-month intervention. The primary endpoint is the difference in LDL cholesterol change between the intervention groups after 3 months. The major secondary endpoint is exercise capacity at 3 months. Other secondary endpoints include plasma concentrations of biochemical markers of inflammation, metabolomics, and gut microbiota composition after 3 months. DISCUSSION: Controlling hyperlipidemia and inflammation is critical to preventing new cardiovascular events, but novel pharmacological treatments for these conditions are expensive and associated with negative side effects. If bilberry and/or oat, in addition to standard medical therapy, can lower LDL cholesterol and inflammation more than standard therapy alone, this could be a cost-effective and safe dietary strategy for secondary prevention after AMI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03620266 . Registered on August 8, 2018.

Correction: Virtual Reality App for Treating Eating Behavior in Eating Disorders: Development and Usability Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/24998.].

Virtual Reality App for Treating Eating Behavior in Eating Disorders: Development and Usability Study.

BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa is one of the more severe eating disorders, which is characterized by reduced food intake, leading to emaciation and psychological maladjustment. Treatment outcomes are often discouraging, with most interventions displaying a recovery rate below 50%, a dropout rate from 20% to 50%, and a high risk of relapse. Patients with anorexia nervosa often display anxiety and aversive behaviors toward food. Virtual reality has been successful in treating vertigo, anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress syndrome, and could potentially be used as an aid in treating eating disorders. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and usability of an immersive virtual reality technology administered through an app for use by patients with eating disorders. METHODS: Twenty-six participants, including 19 eating disorder clinic personnel and 5 information technology personnel, were recruited through emails and personal invitations. Participants handled virtual food and utensils on an app using immersive virtual reality technology comprising a headset and two hand controllers. In the app, the participants learned about the available actions through a tutorial and they were introduced to a food challenge. The challenge consisted of a meal type (meatballs, potatoes, sauce, and lingonberries) that is typically difficult for patients with anorexia nervosa to eat in real life. Participants were instructed, via visual feedback from the app, to eat at a healthy rate, which is also a challenge for patients. Participants rated the feasibility and usability of the app by responding to the mHealth Evidence Reporting and Assessment checklist, the 10-item System Usability Scale, and the 20-point heuristic evaluation questionnaire. A cognitive walkthrough was performed using video recordings of participant interactions in the virtual environment. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 37.9 (SD 9.7) years. Half of the participants had previous experience with virtual reality. Answers to the mHealth Evidence Reporting and Assessment checklist suggested that implementation of the app would face minor infrastructural, technological, interoperability, financial, and adoption problems. There was some disagreement on intervention delivery, specifically regarding frequency of use; however, most of the participants agreed that the app should be used at least once per week. The app received a mean score of 73.4 (range 55-90), earning an overall "good" rating. The mean score of single items of the heuristic evaluation questionnaire was 3.6 out of 5. The lowest score (2.6) was given to the "accuracy" item. During the cognitive walkthrough, 32% of the participants displayed difficulty in understanding what to do at the initial selection screen. However, after passing the selection screen, all participants understood how to progress through the tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Participants found the app to be usable and eating disorder personnel were positive regarding its fit with current treatment methods. Along with the food item challenges in the current app, participants considered that the app requires improvement to offer environmental and social (eg, crowded room vs eating alone) challenges.

Association between newly initiated thiazide diuretics and hospitalization due to hyponatremia.

PURPOSE: Thiazide diuretics are the most common origin of drug-induced hyponatremia. However, population-based studies on clinical outcomes are lacking. We therefore explored the time course and absolute risk of thiazide-associated hospitalization due to hyponatremia in Sweden. METHODS: Population-based case-control study including patients hospitalized with a principal diagnosis of hyponatremia (n = 11,213) compared with controls (n = 44,801). Linkage of registers was used to acquire data. Multivariable regression was applied to explore time-dependent associations between thiazide diuretics and hospitalization due to hyponatremia. Attributable risks were calculated assessing the disease burden attributable to thiazides. RESULTS: Individuals initiating thiazide treatment were exposed to an immediate increase in risk for hospitalization with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% CI) of 48 (28-89). The associations gradually declined reaching an aOR of 2.9 (2.7-3.1) for individuals treated for longer than 13 weeks. The attributable risk of hyponatremia-associated hospitalization due to thiazides of any treatment length was 27% (3095/11,213). Among 806 patients initiating treatment < 90 days before hospitalization, hyponatremia could be attributed to thiazides in 754. Based on nationwide data, 616,678 individuals were initiated on thiazides during the 8-year study period suggesting an absolute risk of 0.12% (754/661,678) for subsequent hospitalization with a main diagnosis of hyponatremia. CONCLUSIONS: Thiazide diuretics attributed to more than one in four individuals hospitalized due to hyponatremia. The risk increase was very pronounced during the first month of treatment and then gradually declined, without returning to normal. However, the absolute risk for the development of hyponatremia demanding hospitalization may for most individuals be modest.

Bilberry Supplementation after Myocardial Infarction Decreases Microvesicles in Blood and Affects Endothelial Vesiculation.

SCOPE: Diet rich in bilberries is considered cardioprotective, but the mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Cardiovascular disease is characterized by increased proatherogenic status and high levels of circulating microvesicles (MVs). In an open-label study patients with myocardial infarction receive an 8 week dietary supplementation with bilberry extract (BE). The effect of BE on patient MV levels and its influence on endothelial vesiculation in vitro is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: MVs are captured with acoustic trapping and platelet-derived MVs (PMVs), as well as endothelial-derived MVs (EMVs) are quantified with flow cytometry. The in vitro effect of BE on endothelial extracellular vesicle (EV) release is examined using endothelial cells and calcein staining. The mechanisms of BE influence on vesiculation pathways are studied by Western blot and qRT-PCR. Supplementation with BE decreased both PMVs and EMVs. Furthermore, BE reduced endothelial EV release, Akt phosphorylation, and vesiculation-related gene transcription. It also protects the cells from P2X7 -induced EV release and increase in vesiculation-related gene expression. CONCLUSION: BE supplementation improves the MV profile in patient blood and reduces endothelial vesiculation through several molecular mechanisms related to the P2X7 receptor. The findings provide new insight into the cardioprotective effects of bilberries.

Association of acute myocardial infarction with influenza: A nationwide observational study.

INTRODUCTION: Influenza may precipitate cardiovascular disease, but influenza typically peaks in winter, coinciding with other triggers of myocardial infarction (MI) such as low air temperature, high wind velocity, low atmospheric pressure, and short sunshine duration. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the relationship of week-to-week variation in influenza cases and acute MI, controlling for meteorological factors in a nationwide population. METHODS: Weekly laboratory-confirmed influenza case reports were obtained from the Public Health Agency of Sweden from 2009 to 2016 and merged with the nationwide SWEDEHEART MI registry. Weekly incidence of MI was studied with regard to number of influenza cases stratified into tertiles of 0-16, 17-164, and >164 cases/week. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated using a count regression model for each category and compared to a non-influenza period as reference, controlling for air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, and sunshine duration. RESULTS: A total of 133562 MI events was reported to the registry during the study period. Weeks with influenza cases were associated with higher incidence of MI than those without in unadjusted analysis for overall MI, ST-elevation MI and non ST-elevation MI independently. During the influenza season, weeks with 0-16 reported cases/week were not associated with MI incidence after adjusting for weather parameters, adjusted IRR for MI was 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.06, P = 0.09). However, weeks with more cases reported were associated with MI incidence: 17-163 reported cases/week, adjusted IRR = 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08, P = 0.003); and for ≥164 cases/week, the IRR = 1.06 (95% CI 1.02-1.09, P = 0.002). Results were consistent across a large range of subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In this nationwide observational study, we found an association of incidence of MI with incidence of influenza cases beyond what could be explained by meteorological factors.

A smartphone application for semi-controlled collection of objective eating behavior data from multiple subjects.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The study of eating behavior has made significant progress towards understanding the association of specific eating behavioral patterns with medical problems, such as obesity and eating disorders. Smartphones have shown promise in monitoring and modifying unhealthy eating behavior patterns, often with the help of sensors for behavior data recording. However, when it comes to semi-controlled deployment settings, smartphone apps that facilitate eating behavior data collection are missing. To fill this gap, the present work introduces ASApp, one of the first smartphone apps to support researchers in the collection of heterogeneous objective (sensor-acquired) and subjective (self-reported) eating behavior data in an integrated manner from large-scale, naturalistic human subject research (HSR) studies. METHODS: This work presents the overarching and deployment-specific requirements that have driven the design of ASApp, followed by the heterogeneous eating behavior dataset that is collected and the employed data collection protocol. The collected dataset combines objective and subjective behavior information, namely (a) dietary self-assessment information, (b) the food weight timeseries throughout an entire meal (using a portable weight scale connected wirelessly), (c) a photograph of the meal, and (d) a series of quantitative eating behavior indicators, mainly calculated from the food weight timeseries. The designed data collection protocol is quick, straightforward, robust and capable of satisfying the requirement of semi-controlled HSR deployment. RESULTS: The implemented functionalities of ASApp for research assistants and study participants are presented in detail along with the corresponding user interfaces. ASApp has been successfully deployed for data collection in an in-house testing study and the SPLENDID study, i.e., a real-life semi-controlled HSR study conducted in the cafeteria of a Swedish high-school in the context of an EC-funded research project. The two deployment studies are described and the promising results from the evaluation of the app with respect to attractiveness, usability, and technical soundness are discussed. Access details for ASApp are also provided. CONCLUSIONS: This work presents the requirement elucidation, design, implementation and evaluation of a novel smartphone application that supports researchers in the integrated collection of a concise yet rich set of heterogeneous eating behavior data for semi-controlled HSR.

Factors of importance for discontinuation of thiazides associated with hyponatremia in Sweden: A population-based register study.

PURPOSE: In a patient with clinically significant hyponatremia without other clear causes, thiazide treatment should be replaced with another drug. Data describing to which extent this is being done are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors that may be of importance for the withdrawal of thiazide diuretics in patients hospitalized due to hyponatremia. METHODS: The study population was sampled from a case-control study investigating individuals hospitalized with a main diagnosis of hyponatremia. For every case, four matched controls were included. In the present study, cases (n = 5204) and controls (n = 7425) that had been dispensed a thiazide diuretic prior to index date were identified and followed onward regarding further dispensations. To investigate the influence of socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors, multiple logistic regression was used. RESULTS: The crude prevalence of thiazide withdrawal for cases and controls was 71.9% and 10.8%, respectively. Thiazide diuretics were more often withdrawn in medium-sized towns (adjusted OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.21-1.90) and rural areas (aOR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.40-2.34) compared with metropolitan areas and less so among divorced (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.97). However, education, employment status, income, age, country of birth, and gender did not influence withdrawal of thiazides among patients with hyponatremia. CONCLUSIONS: Thiazide diuretics were discontinued in almost three out of four patients hospitalized due to hyponatremia. Educational, income, gender, and most other sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were not associated with withdrawal of thiazides.

Verifying Feighner's Hypothesis; Anorexia Nervosa Is Not a Psychiatric Disorder.

Mental causation takes explanatory priority over evolutionary biology in most accounts of eating disorders. The evolutionary threat of starvation has produced a brain that assists us in the search for food and mental change emerges as a consequence. The major mental causation hypothesis: anxiety causes eating disorders, has been extensively tested and falsified. The subsidiary hypothesis: anxiety and eating disorders are caused by the same genotype, generates inconsistent results because the phenotypes are not traits, but vary along dimensions. Challenging the mental causation hypothesis in Feighner et al. (1972) noted that anorexic patients are physically hyperactive, hoarding for food, and they are rewarded for maintaining a low body weight. In 1996, Feighner's hypothesis was formalized, relating the patients' behavioral phenotype to the brain mechanisms of reward and attention (Bergh and Södersten, 1996), and in 2002, the hypothesis was clinically verified by training patients how to eat normally, thus improving outcomes (Bergh et al., 2002). Seventeen years later we provide evidence supporting Feighner's hypothesis by demonstrating that in 2012, 20 out of 37 patients who were referred by a psychiatrist, had a psychiatric diagnosis that differed from the diagnosis indicated by the SCID-I. Out of the 174 patients who were admitted in 2012, most through self-referral, there was significant disagreement between the outcomes of the SCID-I interview and the patient's subjective experience of a psychiatric problem in 110 of the cases. In addition, 358 anorexic patients treated to remission scored high on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale, but an item response analysis indicated one (unknown) underlying dimension, rather than the three dimensions the scale can dissociate in patients with psychiatric disorders. These results indicate that psychiatric diagnoses, which are reliable and valid in patients with psychiatric disorders, are less well suited for patients with anorexia. The results are in accord with the hypothesis of the present Research Topic, that eating disorders are not always caused by disturbed psychological processes, and support the alternative, clinically relevant hypothesis that the behavioral phenotype of the patients should be addressed directly.

Shared unmeasured characteristics among siblings confound the association of Apgar score with stress resilience in adolescence.

AIM: We investigated the association between low Apgar score, other perinatal characteristics and low stress resilience in adolescence. A within-siblings analysis was used to tackle unmeasured shared familial confounding. METHODS: We used a national cohort of 527 763 males born in Sweden between 1973 and 1992 who undertook military conscription assessments at mean age of 18 years (17-20). Conscription examinations included a measure of stress resilience. Information on Apgar score and other perinatal characteristics was obtained through linkage with the Medical Birth Register. Analyses were conducted using ordinary least squares and fixed-effects linear regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Infants with a prolonged low Apgar score at five minutes had an increased risk of low stress resilience in adolescence compared with those with highest scores at one minute, with an adjusted coefficient and 95% confidence interval of -0.26 (-0.39, -0.13). The associations were no longer statistically significant when using within-siblings models. However, the associations with stress resilience and birthweight remained statistically significant in all analyses. CONCLUSION: The association with low Apgar score seems to be explained by confounding due to shared childhood circumstances among siblings from the same family, while low birthweight is independently associated with low stress resilience.

Freeze-dried bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) dietary supplement improves walking distance and lipids after myocardial infarction: an open-label randomized clinical trial.

Bilberries, Vaccinium myrtillus, have a high content of phenolic compounds including anthocyanins, which could provide cardiometabolic health benefits following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We hypothesized that standard medical therapy supplemented with freeze-dried bilberry after AMI would have a more beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk markers and exercise capacity than medical therapy alone. Patients were allocated in a 1:1 ratio within 24 hours of percutaneous coronary intervention in an 8-week trial either to V myrtillus powder (40 g/d, equivalent to 480 g fresh bilberries) and standard medical therapy or to a control group receiving standard medical therapy alone. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and exercise capacity measured with the 6-minute walk test were the primary biochemical and clinical end points, respectively. Fifty subjects completed the study. No statistically significant difference in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was detected between groups. The mean 6-minute walk test distance increased significantly more in the bilberry group compared to the control group: mean difference 38 m at follow-up (95% confidence interval 14-62, P = .003). Ex vivo oxidized low-density lipoprotein was significantly lowered in the bilberry group compared to control, geometric mean ratio 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.66-0.96, P = .017), whereas total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not differ significantly between groups. Anthocyanin-derived metabolites in blood increased significantly in the bilberry group during the intervention and were different after 8 weeks between the bilberry group and control. Findings in the present study suggest that bilberries may have clinically relevant beneficial effects following AMI; a larger, double-blind clinical trial is warranted to confirm this.

Treatment outcomes for eating disorders in Sweden: data from the national quality registry.

OBJECTIVE: To report the outcomes of eating disorders treatment in Sweden in 2012-2016. DESIGN: The number of patients treated and the number of patients not fulfilling an eating disorders diagnosis (remission) at 1 year of follow-up at the clinics listed in the National Quality Registry for Eating Disorders Treatment were analysed. The published outcomes at three clinics, which used survival analysis to estimate outcomes, were compared with their outcomes in the registry. Outcomes at the three biggest clinics were compared. SETTING: All eating disorders clinics. PARTICIPANTS: All patients treated at eating disorders clinics. INTERVENTION: Cognitive-behavioural therapy at most clinics and normalisation of eating behaviour at the three clinics with published outcomes. OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of patients in remission. RESULTS: About 2600 patients were treated annually, fewer than half were followed up and remission rates decreased from 21% in 2014 to 14% in 2016. Outcomes, which differed among clinics and within clinics over time, have been publicly overestimated by excluding patients lost to follow-up. The published estimated rate of remission at three clinics that treated 1200 patients in 1993-2011 was 27%, 28% and 40% at 1 year of follow-up. The average rate of remission over the three last years at the biggest of these clinics was 36% but decreased from 29% and 30% to 16 and 14% at the two other of the biggest clinics. CONCLUSIONS: With more than half the patients lost to follow-up and no data on relapse in the National Quality Registry, it is difficult to estimate the effects of eating disorders treatment in Sweden. Analysis of time to clinically significant events, including an extended period of follow-up, has improved the quality of the estimates at three clinics. Overestimation of remission rates has misled healthcare policies. The effect of eating disorders treatment has also been overestimated internationally.