RESUMO
Amino acid-fermenting Clostridia have undesirable effects in agricultural systems, which can be mitigated by antibiotics, but resistance necessitates alternatives. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of cannabidiol on growth and ammonia inhibition of five agriculturally relevant Clostridia: Clostridium sporogenes, Peptostreptococcus spp., Clostridioides difficile, Acetoanaerobium sticklandii, and Clostridium aminophilum.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Canabidiol , Clostridium , Canabidiol/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Clostridium/efeitos dos fármacos , Clostridium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Amônia/metabolismoRESUMO
Oxidative stress and inflammation play a key role in diverse pathological conditions such as cancer and metabolic disorders. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of crude extract (CE) and phenolic-enriched extract (PHE) obtained from the seed coats (SCs) of black bean (BB) and pinto bean (PB) varieties. Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (46 mg/g SC), malvidin-3-O-glucoside (29.9 mg/g SC), and petunidin-3-O-glucoside (7.5 mg/g SC) were found in major concentrations in the PHE-BB. Pelargonidin (0.53 mg/g SC) was only identified in the PHE-PB. PHE from both varieties showed antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities, with strong correlations associated with total phenolic content (TPC). Polyphenolics, including catechin, myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin glucosides, were identified in the extracts. In terms of the anti-inflammatory potentials, PHE-PB had an IC50 of 10.5 µg dry extract/mL (µg DE/mL) for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. The inhibition values for cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) ranged from 118.1 to 162.7 µg DE/mL. Regarding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition, PHE-BB had an IC50 of 62.6 µg DE/mL. As determined via in silico analysis, pelargonidin showed binding affinities of -7.8 and -8.5 kcal/mol for COX-1 and iNOS, respectively, and catechin had a value of -8.3 kcal/mol for COX-2. Phenolic-enriched extracts from seed coats of black and pinto beans showed good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential that warrants in vitro and in vivo studies.
Assuntos
Catequina , Phaseolus , Phaseolus/química , Antioxidantes/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Catequina/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/metabolismo , Fenóis/análise , Glucosídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
Strategic, sustainable, and ecofriendly alternatives to chemical pesticides are needed to effectively control mosquitoes and reduce the incidence of their vectored diseases. We evaluated several Brassicaceae (mustard family) seed meals as sources of plant derived isothiocyanates produced from the enzymatic hydrolysis of biologically inactive glucosinolates for the control of Aedes aegypti (L., 1762). Five defatted seed meals (Brassica juncea (L) Czern., 1859, Lepidium sativum L., 1753, Sinapis alba L., 1753, Thlaspi arvense L., 1753, and Thlaspi arvense-heat inactivated and three major chemical products of enzymatic degradation (allyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate and 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate) were assayed to determine toxicity (LC50) to Ae. aegypti larvae. All seed meals except the heat inactivated T. arvense were toxic to mosquito larvae. L. sativum seed meal was the most toxic treatment to larvae (LC50 = 0.04 g/120 mL dH2O) at the 24-h exposure. At the 72-h evaluation, the LC50 values for B. juncea, S. alba and T. arvense seed meals were 0.05, 0.08 and 0.1 g/120 mL dH2O, respectively. Synthetic benzyl isothiocyanate was more toxic to larvae 24-h post treatment (LC50 = 5.29 ppm) compared with allyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 19.35 ppm) and 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (LC50 = 55.41 ppm). These results were consistent with the higher performance of the benzyl isothiocyanate producing L. sativum seed meal. Isothiocyanates produced from seed meals were more effective than the pure chemical compounds, based on calculated LC50 rates. Using seed meal may provide an effective method of delivery for mosquito control. This is the first report evaluating the efficacy of five Brassicaceae seed meals and their major chemical constituent against mosquito larvae and demonstrates how natural compounds from Brassicaceae seed meals can serve as a promising ecofriendly larvicides to control mosquitoes.
Assuntos
Aedes , Culicidae , Inseticidas , Animais , Larva , Mostardeira , Isotiocianatos/farmacologia , Sementes/química , Inseticidas/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
The nutritional integrity of wheat is jeopardized by rapidly rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and the associated emergence and enhanced virulence of plant pathogens. To evaluate how disease resistance traits may impact wheat climate resilience, 15 wheat cultivars with varying levels of resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) were grown at ambient and elevated CO2. Although all wheat cultivars had increased yield when grown at elevated CO2, the nutritional contents of FHB moderately resistant (MR) cultivars were impacted more than susceptible cultivars. At elevated CO2, the MR cultivars had more significant differences in plant growth, grain protein, starch, fructan, and macro and micro-nutrient content compared with susceptible wheat. Furthermore, changes in protein, starch, phosphorus, and magnesium content were correlated with the cultivar FHB resistance rating, with more FHB resistant cultivars having greater changes in nutrient content. This is the first report of a correlation between the degree of plant pathogen resistance and grain nutritional content loss in response to elevated CO2. Our results demonstrate the importance of identifying wheat cultivars that can maintain nutritional integrity and FHB resistance in future atmospheric CO2 conditions.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Ecossistema , Fusarium/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Triticum/química , Triticum/imunologia , Resistência à Doença , Magnésio/análise , Magnésio/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Fósforo/análise , Fósforo/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sementes/química , Sementes/classificação , Sementes/imunologia , Sementes/metabolismo , Triticum/classificação , Triticum/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Canola meal has limited utilization in feed and food applications because of the presence of antinutritional factors and a high fiber content. Thus, the present study used 3-day canola seed sprouting followed by hull removal to improve the nutritional quality of canola as a feed and food ingredient to further enhance and diversify the canola market. RESULTS: Seed sprouting and the hull removal process resulted in 63.2% sprouts, 29.3% mix fractions (MF) (hulls, ungerminated seed, and delayed sprouts) and 8.1% mass loss during sprouting. Fresh sprouts and MF were dried, ground and defatted to compare the obtained meals and oils with their counterparts of raw seed. Defatted sprouts (DFSP) resulted in a 46.2% reduction in crude fiber, a 34.3% reduction in acid detergent fiber and a 43.4% reduction in neutral detergent fiber compared to defatted raw seed (DFSE). DFSP provided a 10.1% higher protein content and a 5.9% increase in total amino acid content with higher essential amino acids compared to DFSE. Total carbohydrate was lowered by 5.5%, phytic acid content was lowered by 25.9%, and ash content was lowered by 5.5% in DFSP, whereas total glucosinolate content was higher in DFSP (13.1 µmol g-1 ) than in DFSE (8.8 µmol g-1 ). Sprouts and MF showed an oil content of 38.4% and 9.6%, respectively, compared to raw seed (34.5%). CONCLUSION: Sprouting and hull removal of canola seed can potentially provide nutritive meal for food and feed applications. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Brassica napus , Detergentes , Ração Animal/análise , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Carboidratos da Dieta , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismo , Refeições , Óleos , SolventesRESUMO
Phenolic sucrose esters (PSEs) are a diverse group of specialized metabolites that are present in several angiosperm lineages. Phylogenetic reconstruction and structural variation suggest that these metabolites may have evolved independently in monocots and dicots. Constitutive variation in PSE abundance across plant organs and developmental stages is correlated with transcriptional regulation of the upstream phenylpropanoid pathway, whereas pathogen induction is regulated by stress-related phytohormones such as ethylene. Shared structural features of PSEs indicate that their biosynthesis may involve one or more hydroxycinnamoyl transferases and BAHD acetyltransferases, which could be identified by correlative analyses of multi-omics datasets. Elucidation of the core biosynthetic pathway of PSEs will be essential for more detailed studies of the biological function of these compounds and their potential medicinal and agricultural applications.
Assuntos
Ésteres , Sacarose , Vias Biossintéticas , Ésteres/metabolismo , Filogenia , Plantas/genética , Plantas/metabolismo , Sacarose/metabolismoRESUMO
Amaranthus hypochondriacus is a source of molecules with reported health benefits such as antioxidant activity and cancer prevention. The objective of this research was to optimize the conditions for preparing a liposome formulation using amaranth unsaponifiable matter as a source of squalene in order to minimize the particle size and to maximize the encapsulation efficiency of liposomes for carrying and delivering soybean lunasin into melanoma cell lines. Amaranth oil was extracted using supercritical dioxide carbon extraction (55.2 MPa pressure, 80 °C temperature, solvent (CO2)-to-feed (oil) ratio of 20). The extracted oil from amaranth was used to obtain the unsaponifiable enriched content of squalene, which was incorporated into liposomes. A Box-Behnken response surface methodology design was used to optimize the liposome formulation containing the unsaponifiable matter, once liposomes were optimized. Soybean lunasin was loaded into the liposomes and tested on A-375 and B16-F10 melanoma cells. The squalene concentration in the extracted oil was 36.64 ± 0.64 g/ 100 g of oil. The particle size in liposomes was between 115.8 and 163.1 nm; the squalene encapsulation efficiency ranged from 33.14% to 76.08%. The optimized liposome formulation contained 15.27 mg of phospholipids and 1.1 mg of unsaponifiable matter. Cell viability was affected by the liposome formulation with a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) equivalent to 225 µM in B16-F10 and 215 µM in A-375. The liposomes formulated with lunasin achieved 82.14 ± 3.34% lunasin encapsulation efficiency and improved efficacy by decreasing lunasin IC50 by 31.81% in B16-F10 and by 41.89% in A-375 compared with unencapsulated lunasin.
RESUMO
Rising atmospheric [CO2] has been shown to impact plant primary metabolism and the severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat. In this study, we evaluated how changes in grain nutritional content due to growth at elevated [CO2] affected Fusarium graminearum growth and mycotoxin production. Susceptible (Norm) and moderately resistant (Alsen) hard spring wheat grains that had been grown at ambient (400 ppm) or elevated [CO2] (800 ppm) were independently inoculated with two F. graminearum fungal strains, which produce the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol. Under higher [CO2], FHB-susceptible and moderately resistant wheat had disproportionate losses in protein and mineral contents, with Alsen being more severely impacted. Furthermore, the F. graminearum strain 9F1 had increased mycotoxin biosynthesis in response to the loss of wheat nutritional content in Alsen. Our results demonstrate that future [CO2] conditions may provide a strain-specific pathogenic advantage on hosts, with greater losses in nutritional content.
Assuntos
Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Fusarium/metabolismo , Micotoxinas/análise , Triticum/química , Triticum/microbiologia , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Fusarium/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micotoxinas/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/metabolismoRESUMO
Four crop plants known to be hosts for the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni (soybean, green bean, cotton, and cabbage) were treated with the biopesticide AfMNPV baculovirus in a dosage response assay. Treated soybean had, on average, a 6-fold increase in virus activity compared with the other crops. Leaf trichomes on soybeans were not found to be responsible for the observed increase of insecticidal activity. Three flavonoid compounds (daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol) were uniquely found only in the soybean crop, and were not detected in cotton, cabbage, or green bean plant matter. The individual flavonoid compounds did not cause T ni. mortality in no-virus assays when incorporated into artificial insect diet. The combination of the three flavonoid compounds at leaf level concentrations significantly increased baculovirus activity in diet incorporation assays. When the daidzein, genistein, and kaempferol were added to artificial diet, at 3.5-6.5 × leaf level concentrations, virus activity increased 1.5, 2.3, and 4.2-fold for each respective flavonoid. The soybean flavonoid compounds were found to synergistically improve baculovirus activity against T. ni.
Assuntos
Baculoviridae/fisiologia , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Lepidópteros/virologia , Controle Biológico de Vetores , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Plantas/parasitologia , Animais , Lepidópteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Over 3200 discrete soybean samples were obtained from production locations around the United States during the years 2012-2016. Ground samples were scanned on near infrared spectrometers (NIRS) and analyzed by HPLC for total isoflavone and total saponin composition, as well as total carbohydrate composition. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis of preprocessed spectral data was used to develop optimized models to predict isoflavone content. The selection of a suitable calibration model was based on a high regression coefficient (R2), and lower standard error of calibration (SEC) values. Robust validated predictions were obtained for isoflavones, however less than robust calibrations were obtained for the total saponins. The correlations were not as robust for predicting the carbohydrate composition. NIRS is a suitable, rapid, nondestructive method to determine isoflavone composition in ground soybeans. Useful isoflavone composition predictions for large numbers of soybean samples can be obtained from quickly obtained NIRS scans.
Assuntos
Glycine max/química , Isoflavonas/análise , Saponinas/análise , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho/métodos , Carboidratos/análise , Modelos Lineares , Alimentos de Soja/análise , Glycine max/metabolismoRESUMO
The objective was to compare the impact of black lentil (BL) water and delphinidin 3-O-(2-O-ß-d-glucopyranosyl-α-l-arabinopyranoside) (D3G)-rich lentil extracts on tumor development, inflammation and immune response in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model. C57BL/6 mice were randomly separated into four groups: healthy control (n = 6), AOM/DSS control (n = 14), AOM/DSS + BL (600 mg/kg body wt, n = 12) and AOM/DSS + D3G (41 mg/kg body wt, equivalent to D3G concentration in BL, n = 12). Mice were given treatments for 11 weeks using a voluntary jelly administration. AOM/DSS + BL presented a lower (P < 0.05) disease activity index, throughout and at the end (2.4) compared with AOM/DSS (6.3). AOM/DSS + BL mice had an average of 7.8 neoplasms versus 12.8 for the AOM/DSS (P < 0.05). Proinflammatory cytokines were downregulated in the colon mucosa: interleukin (IL)-1ß (-77.5%, -70.7%) and IL-6 (-44.4%, -44.9%) by AOM/DSS + BL and AOM/DSS + D3G, respectively, compared with AOM/DSS. IL-6 protein expression was decreased by BL in plasma (-72.6%) and gene expression in colon polyps (fold change: -4.0) compared with AOM/DSS. AOM/DSS + D3G non-polyp tissue gene expression clustered with the healthy control tissue with only four genes modified (secreted phosphoprotein 1 and CXC motif chemokine ligands 2, 5 and 10). AOM/DSS + BL downregulated programmed death-ligand 1 protein expression in colon tissue (-54.7%) and gene expression by 2.8-fold compared with the AOM/DSS control. In fecal samples, gallic and protocatechuic acids and epicatechin were found, and concentration of most amino acids was lower and unsaturated fatty acids were higher for AOM/DSS + BL and AOM/DSS + D3G. BL and D3G-rich extracts showed anti-inflammatory and proimmune response effects while BL additionally prevented growth of neoplasia.
Assuntos
Colite/complicações , Neoplasias do Colo/prevenção & controle , Citocinas/farmacologia , Fabaceae/química , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Azoximetano/toxicidade , Carcinogênese , Carcinógenos/toxicidade , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/etiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/toxicidade , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Água/químicaRESUMO
The house cricket, Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) is one of the most important species of industrialized insects in the United States. Within the past five years the market of cricket powder as a food ingredient has been growing with increasing consumer interest on more sustainable sources of food. However, high labor costs of cricket production and high prices of cricket feed formulations result in cricket powder market prices much higher than other protein-rich food ingredients, making cricket powder only competitive within the novelty food market. In this study new diets formulated using by-products were developed using dietary self-selection followed by regression analysis. Crickets selected among seven different combinations of ingredients. Consumption ratios of food ingredients and by-products were used to determine macro and micro-nutrient intake. Regression analysis was used to determine the individual nutrient intake effect on cricket biomass production. Intake of vitamin C, sterol, manganese, and vitamins B1 and B5 had the most significant impact on live biomass production. Four diets were formulated based on this information and compared with a reference (Patton's 13) and a commercial diet. Although, crickets reared on Patton's diet 13 produced the most dry-weight biomass and developed the fastest, diet 4 (consisting of 92% by-products) generated the most profit (with a cost of $0.39 USD per kg) after an economic analysis that did not include the commercial formulation. Dry-weight biomass production was not significantly different among the four new diets and the commercial diet. This study demonstrated the value of dietary self-selection studies in developing oligidic insect diets and in studies of insect nutrition. This is the first such study involving farmed edible crickets and agricultural by-products. Four new cricket diet formulations contain between 62 and 92% agricultural by-products are included.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/economia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal/fisiologia , Ingredientes de Alimentos/economia , Gryllidae/fisiologia , Agricultura , Ciências da Nutrição Animal , AnimaisRESUMO
Although flavonoid sophorosides are common glycosides in brassica vegetables, red raspberries and other food plants, there is a lack of studies of absorption and metabolism of any sophoroside. The aim of this study was to characterize the absorption, phase II metabolism and microbial catabolism of quercetin-3-O-sophoroside, compared to that of quercetin aglycone. Quercetin-3-O-sophoroside was purified from Apocynum venetum and characterized by MS2, 1H and 13C NMR. Using an in situ rat gut model, we found intact, methylated, sulfated and both methylated and sulfated quercetin sophoroside in the plasma following jejunal introduction of the sophoroside; we found derivatives of benzoic acid, phenylacetic acid, and phenyl propionic acid in the cecal contents following cecal introduction. This novel finding, that quercetin sophoroside was absorbed intact, without deglycosylation, points to a possible role for the terminal sugar and/or the type of linkage among glycosidic moieties in the mechanism of absorption of flavonoid glycosides.
Assuntos
Brassica/química , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Quercetina/metabolismo , Animais , Brassica/metabolismo , Ceco/microbiologia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Flavonoides/sangue , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/metabolismo , Masculino , Espectrometria de Massas , Microbiota , Quercetina/sangue , Quercetina/química , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Some plant essential oils have insecticidal properties against mosquitoes and can be harnessed as ecofriendly tools for mosquito control. We conducted bioassays to determine the toxicity of Italian honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium) essential oil and its fractions against larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. RESULTS: Sixteen constituents were identified in honeysuckle essential oil compared to 15, 15, 15, and 11 constituents in fractions A, B, C, and E, respectively. The chemical constituents for fraction D were not determined due to lack of enough fraction sample. The two major constituents identified were patchouli alcohol (29.3%) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (20.6%) in whole essential oil, alpha-bulnesene (27.6%) and 6-acetyl-1,1,2,4,4,7-hexamethyltetralin (23.2%) in fraction A, unknown chemical (47.3%) and diethyl phthalate (19.5%) in fraction B, unknown chemical (38.3%) and diethyl phthalate (23.2%) in fraction C, and patchouli alcohol (58.7%) and diethyl phthalate (20.5%) in fraction E. The LC50 for whole essential oil was 34.4 ppm and significantly higher than 20.6, 19.7, 18.6, and 17.7 ppm for fractions B, C, D, and E, respectively. In contrast, fraction A was inactive. At 50 ppm, all individual constituents tested were less toxic than the whole essential oil with exception of patchouli alcohol, which caused 100% mortality. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that patchouli alcohol is one of the chemical constituents responsible for bioactivity of honeysuckle essential oil and some of its fractions. The findings also demonstrate that honey suckle essential oil and its fractions can be exploited as a source of ecofriendly larvicides for mosquito control. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Assuntos
Aedes/efeitos dos fármacos , Lonicera/química , Óleos Voláteis/farmacologia , Animais , Inseticidas/farmacologia , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Controle de Mosquitos , Óleos Voláteis/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Anthocyanin pigments from purple corn are being explored as a potential alternative to artificial colorants and for their health-promoting properties. However, all pericarp-pigmented corn varieties examined to date primarily contain cyanidin-derived anthocyanins, which produce bluish-red or pink extracts. Here we describe the first pelargonidin-dominant pericarp-pigmented corn lines from the landrace Apache Red (AR). Anthocyanins were characterized from six AR families using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). From this, we identified two new flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms in corn: catechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside and afzelechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, which were subsequently confirmed with NMR. Additionally, several apigenin-derived C-glycosyl flavones were identified in abundance. With a diverse flavonoid profile containing an array of different anthocyanin species and flavones, Apache Red will be an important line in which to study control of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/química , Fenol/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Zea mays/química , Vias Biossintéticas , Catequina/química , Cor , Flavonas/biossíntese , Estrutura Molecular , Pigmentos Biológicos/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Seeds of tropical pioneer trees have chemical and physical characteristics that determine their capacity to persist in the soil seed bank. These traits allow seeds to survive in the soil despite diverse predators and pathogens, and to germinate and recruit even decades after dispersal. Defenses in seedlings and adult plants often are described in terms of tradeoffs between chemical and physical defense, but the interplay of defensive strategies has been evaluated only rarely for seeds. Here we evaluated whether classes of seed defenses were negatively correlated across species (consistent with tradeoffs in defense strategies), or whether groups of traits formed associations across species (consistent with seed defense syndromes). Using 16 of the most common pioneer tree species in a neotropical lowland forest in Panama we investigated relationships among four physical traits (seed fracture resistance, seed coat thickness, seed permeability, and seed mass) and two chemical traits (number of phenolic compounds and phenolic peak area), and their association with seed persistence. In addition, seed toxicity was assessed with bioassays in which we evaluated the activity of seed extracts against representative fungal pathogens and a model invertebrate. We did not find univariate tradeoffs between chemical and physical defenses. Instead, we found that seed permeability - a trait that distinguishes physical dormancy from other dormancy types - was positively associated with chemical defense traits and negatively associated with physical defense traits. Using a linear discriminant analysis and a hierarchical cluster analysis we found evidence to distinguish three distinct seed defense syndromes that correspond directly with seed dormancy classes (i.e., quiescent, physical, and physiological). Our data suggest that short and long-term persistence of seeds can be achieved via two strategies: having permeable seeds that are well defended chemically, corresponding to the physiologically dormant defense syndrome; or having impermeable seeds that are well defended physically, corresponding to the physically dormant defense syndrome. In turn, transient seeds appear to have a lower degree of chemical and physical defenses, corresponding to the quiescent defense syndrome. Overall, we find that seed defense and seed dormancy are linked, suggesting that environmental pressures on seed persistence and for delayed germination can select for trait combinations defining distinct dormancy-defense syndromes.
Assuntos
Dormência de Plantas , Sementes , Germinação , Humanos , Panamá , Solo , SíndromeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The discovery of natural products to improve the reproductive performance of mass-reared predators is an important aim for successful augmentative biological control. We tested the hypothesis that quercetin (a bioflavonoid) stimulates oviposition by the ladybird beetle Coleomegillamaculata in the presence of conspecifics and a tissue substrate. METHODS: We conducted bioassays in solitary cages (housing one female) and communal cages (housing 10 females) to estimate daily oviposition site preferences, egg production in response to quercetin in the presence or absence of a tissue paper substrate, and female “resting” positions. RESULTS: Females preferentially oviposited within 1â»2 cm of quercetin powder, held in a tiny dish, at the base of cages. When given a choice, females oviposited in the dish with quercetin over a tissue paper substrate. In one of two experiments, they produced more egg clutches, regardless of oviposition site, when the quercetin and tissue were in close juxtaposition. Females “rested” on the tissue in the presence or absence of quercetin. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that quercetin can be utilized as an oviposition stimulant by C. maculata in a rearing system. Future research should determine if quercetin stimulates oviposition in other ladybird beetle species.
RESUMO
Maximizing the reproductive potential of ladybird beetles fed factitious foods or artificial diets, in lieu of natural prey, is a major challenge to cost-effective mass rearing for augmentative biological control. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that compounds in redcedar, Juniperus virginiana, stimulate oviposition in the ladybird Coleomegilla maculata. We also tested the prediction that several bioflavonoids, identified in heartwood fractions, elicited this behavioral response. Phenolic compounds were extracted from J. virginiana heartwood sawdust, separated into several fractions, then presented to adult beetles, in a powdered, pure form, in the laboratory. Females preferentially oviposited within 1 to 2 cm of fractions B, C, D, and E, but not A or the unfractionated extract, at the base of test cages. Chemical analysis identified bioflavonoids in heartwood fractions and subsequent bioassays using several identified in fractions C, D, and E confirmed that quercetin, taxifolin, and naringenin (to a lesser extent) stimulated oviposition. All tested fractions and bioflavonoids readily adhered to the chorion of freshly laid eggs but did not reduce egg hatch. This study demonstrates that several bioflavonoids stimulate oviposition by C. maculata and could be useful for mass rearing programs.
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Black beans contain anthocyanins that could be used as colorants in foods with associated health benefits. The objective was to optimize anthocyanins extraction from black bean coats and evaluate their physicochemical stability and antidiabetes potential. Optimal extraction conditions were 24% ethanol, 1:40 solid-to-liquid ratio and 29°C (P<0.0001). Three anthocyanins were identified by MS ions, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (465.1m/z), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (479.1m/z) and malvidin-3-O-glucoside (493.1m/z). A total of 32mg of anthocyanins were quantified per gram of dry extract. Bean anthocyanins were stable at pH 2.5 and low-temperature 4°C (89.6%), with an extrapolated half-life of 277days. Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibited α-glucosidase (37.8%), α-amylase (35.6%), dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (34.4%), reactive oxygen species (81.6%), and decreased glucose uptake. Black bean coats are a good source of anthocyanins and other phenolics with the potential to be used as natural-source food colorants with exceptional antidiabetes potential.
Assuntos
Antocianinas/química , Corantes de Alimentos/química , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Phaseolus/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Fenômenos QuímicosRESUMO
Anthocyanin-rich powders and aqueous extracts, with high antioxidant activities, were obtained from black bean seed coats and applied to colour a sport beverage. Idaho and Otomi bean coats were extracted in water-citric acid 2% (1/50, w/v), stirring for 4h at 40°C. Anthocyanins from Idaho and Otomi extracts (1.83mg and 1.02mg C3G/g, respectively) were applied to a commercially available sport beverage, with and without 2% ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) under light and darkness conditions for 10days, and stored at 4°C and 25°C for 6weeks. At different light and storage conditions, anthocyanin degradation fitted a first-order reaction model. All bean coat anthocyanins combined with ßCD showed extended half-life (up to 13months), higher D-values (up to 43months) and fewer differences in colourimetric properties (lightness, chroma and hue angle) under darkness and 4°C conditions. These black bean coat aqueous extracts and powders might represent natural alternatives to synthetic colorants, ecologically extracted, and with a high antioxidant potential.