Clinical Characterization of Veterans With Alzheimer Disease by Disease Severity in the United States.

PURPOSE: We aimed to examine the clinical characteristics of US veterans who underwent neurocognitive test score-based assessments of Alzheimer disease (AD) stage in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHS). METHODS: Test dates for specific stages of AD were referenced as index dates to study behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and other patient characteristics related to utilization/work-up and time to death. PATIENTS: We identified veterans with AD and neurocognitive evaluations using the VAHS Electronic Health Record (EHR). RESULTS: Anxiety and sleep disorders/disturbances were the most documented BPSDs across all AD severity stages. Magnetic resonance imaging, neurology and psychiatry consultations, and neuropsychiatric evaluations were slightly higher in veterans with mild AD than in those at later stages. The overall average time to death from the first AD severity record was 5 years for mild and 4 years for moderate/severe AD. CONCLUSION: We found differences in clinical symptoms, healthcare utilization, and survival among the mild, moderate, and severe stages of AD. These differences are limited by the low documentation of BPSDs among veterans with test score-based AD stages. These data support the hypothesis that our cohorts represent coherent subgroups of patients with AD based on disease severity.

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Identified in Veterans in the United States.

Background: Diagnostic codes can be instrumental for case identification in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research; however, this method has known limitations and cannot distinguish between disease stages. Clinical notes may offer more detailed information including AD severity and can complement diagnostic codes for case identification. Objective: To estimate prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD using diagnostics codes and clinical notes available in the electronic healthcare record (EHR). Methods: This was a retrospective study in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHS). Health records from Veterans aged 65 years or older were reviewed during Fiscal Years (FY) 2010-2019. Overall, 274,736 and 469,569 Veterans were identified based on a rule-based algorithm as having at least one clinical note for MCI and AD, respectively; 201,211 and 149,779 Veterans had a diagnostic code for MCI and AD, respectively. During FY 2011-2018, likely MCI or AD diagnosis was defined by≥2 qualifiers (i.e., notes and/or codes)≥30 days apart. Veterans with only 1 qualifier were considered as suspected MCI/AD. Results: Over the 8-year study, 147,106 and 207,225 Veterans had likely MCI and AD, respectively. From 2011 to 2018, yearly MCI prevalence increased from 0.9% to 2.2%; yearly AD prevalence slightly decreased from 2.4% to 2.1%; mild AD changed from 22.9% to 26.8%, moderate AD changed from 26.5% to 29.1%, and severe AD changed from 24.6% to 30.7. Conclusions: The relative distribution of AD severities was stable over time. Accurate prevalence estimation is critical for healthcare resource allocation and facilitating patients receiving innovative medicines.

The Role of Mental Health Conditions in Early Detection and Treatment of Veterans With Alzheimer's Dementia.

INTRODUCTION: The benefits of early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have become increasingly recognized. Veterans with mental health conditions (MHCs) may be less likely to receive a specific AD diagnosis compared to veterans without MHCs. We investigated whether rates of MHCs differed between veterans diagnosed with unspecified dementia (UD) vs. AD to better understand the role MHCs might play in establishing a diagnosis of AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis (2015-2022) identified UD and AD with diagnostic code-based criteria. We determined the proportion of veterans with MHCs in UD vs. AD cohorts. Secondarily, we assessed the distribution of UD/AD diagnoses in veterans with and without MHCs. RESULTS: We identified 145,309 veterans with UD and 33,996 with AD. The proportion of each MHC was consistently higher in UD vs. AD cohorts: 41.4% vs. 33.2% (depression), 26.9% vs. 20.3% (post-traumatic stress disorder), 23.4% vs. 18.2% (anxiety), 4.3% vs. 2.1% (bipolar disorder), and 3.9% vs. 1.5% (schizophrenia). The UD diagnostic code was used in 84% of veterans with MHCs vs. 78% without MHCs (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Mental health conditions were more likely in veterans with UD vs. AD diagnoses; comorbid MHC may contribute to delayed AD diagnosis.

Quality Improvement Efforts in VA Community Living Centers Following Public Reporting of Performance.

For two decades, the U.S. government has publicly reported performance measures for most nursing homes, spurring some improvements in quality. Public reporting is new, however, to Department of Veterans Affairs nursing homes (Community Living Centers [CLCs]). As part of a large, public integrated healthcare system, CLCs operate with unique financial and market incentives. Thus, their responses to public reporting may differ from private sector nursing homes. In three CLCs with varied public ratings, we used an exploratory, qualitative case study approach involving semi-structured interviews to compare how CLC leaders (n = 12) perceived public reporting and its influence on quality improvement. Across CLCs, respondents said public reporting was helpful for transparency and to provide an "outside perspective" on CLC performance. Respondents described employing similar strategies to improve their public ratings: using data, engaging staff, and clearly defining staff roles vis-à-vis quality improvement, although more effort was required to implement change in lower performing CLCs. Our findings augment those from prior studies and offer new insights into the potential for public reporting to spur quality improvement in public nursing homes and those that are part of integrated healthcare systems.

Protocol for the Development of the Fourth Edition of the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline Using GRADE Methods.

ABSTRACT: The National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, and the Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance are commencing a new (fourth) edition of the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline . The fourth edition of the International Pressure Injury (PI) Guideline will be developed using GRADE methods to ensure a rigorous process consistent with evolving international standards. Clinical questions will address prevention and treatment of PIs, identification of individuals at risk of PIs, assessment of skin and tissues, and PI assessment. Implementation considerations supporting application of the guidance in clinical practice will be developed. The guideline development process will be overseen by a guideline governance group and methodologist; the guideline development team will include health professionals, educators, researchers, individuals with or at risk of PIs, and informal carers.This article presents the project structure and processes to be used to undertake a systematic literature search, appraise risk of bias of the evidence, and aggregate research findings. The methods detail how certainty of evidence will be evaluated; presentation of relative benefits, risks, feasibility, acceptability, and resource requirements; and how recommendations will be made and graded. The methods outline transparent processes of development that combine scientific research with best clinical practice. Strong involvement from health professionals, educators, individuals with PIs, and informal carers will enhance the guideline's relevance and facilitate uptake. This update builds on previous editions to ensure consistency and comparability, with methodology changes improving the guideline's quality and clarity.

Alzheimer's Disease Stage Transitions Among United States Veterans.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias are progressive neurological disorders with stage-specific clinical features and challenges. An important knowledge gap is the "window of time" within which patients transition from mild cognitive impairment or mild AD to moderate or severe AD. Better characterization/establishment of transition times would help clinicians initiating treatments, including anti-amyloid therapy. OBJECTIVE: To describe cognitive test score-based AD stage transitions in Veterans with AD in the US Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHS). METHODS: This retrospective analysis (2010-2019) identified Veterans with AD from the VAHS Electronic Health Record (EHR) notes. AD stage was based on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), or Saint Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) Examination scores in the EHR. RESULTS: We identified 296,519 Veterans with cognitive test-based AD staging. Over the 10-year study, the proportion of veterans with MMSE scores declined from 24.9% to 9.5% while those with SLUMS rose from 9.0% to 17.8%; and MoCA rose from 5.0% to 25.4%. The average forward transition times between each stage were approximately 2-4 years, whether assessed by MMSE, MoCA, or SLUMS. CONCLUSION: The average transition time for cognitive test-based assessments of initial cognitive decline, early-stage AD, and moderate/severe AD in the VAHS is 2-4 years. In view of the short window for introducing disease-modifying therapy and the significant benefits of early treatment of AD, our data suggest a critical need for treatment guidelines in the management of AD.

TransformEHR: transformer-based encoder-decoder generative model to enhance prediction of disease outcomes using electronic health records.

Deep learning transformer-based models using longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs) have shown a great success in prediction of clinical diseases or outcomes. Pretraining on a large dataset can help such models map the input space better and boost their performance on relevant tasks through finetuning with limited data. In this study, we present TransformEHR, a generative encoder-decoder model with transformer that is pretrained using a new pretraining objective-predicting all diseases and outcomes of a patient at a future visit from previous visits. TransformEHR's encoder-decoder framework, paired with the novel pretraining objective, helps it achieve the new state-of-the-art performance on multiple clinical prediction tasks. Comparing with the previous model, TransformEHR improves area under the precision-recall curve by 2% (p < 0.001) for pancreatic cancer onset and by 24% (p = 0.007) for intentional self-harm in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. The high performance in predicting intentional self-harm shows the potential of TransformEHR in building effective clinical intervention systems. TransformEHR is also generalizable and can be easily finetuned for clinical prediction tasks with limited data.

Variation in telehealth use for endocrine care: Patterns and predictors under the "new normal".

INTRODUCTION: Use of telehealth for outpatient endocrine care remains common since onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, though the context for its use has matured. We aimed to describe the variation in telehealth use for outpatient endocrine visits under these "new normal" conditions and examine the patient, clinician-, and organization-level factors predicting use. METHODS: Retrospective cross-sectional study using data from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse on 167,017 endocrine visits conducted between 3/9/21 and 3/8/22. We used mixed effects logistic regression models to examine 1) use of telehealth vs. in-person care among all visits and 2) use of telephone vs. video among the subsample of telehealth visits. RESULTS: Visits were in person (58%), by telephone (29%), or by video (13%). Unique variability in telehealth use at each level of the analysis was 56% patient visit, 24% clinician, 18% facility. The strongest predictors were visit type (first vs. follow up) and clinician and facility characteristics. Among telehealth visits, unique variability in telephone (vs. video) use at each level was 44% patient visit, 24% clinician, 26% facility. The strongest predictors of telephone vs. video were visit type, patient age, and percent of the facility's population that was rural. CONCLUSIONS: We found wide variation in use of telehealth for endocrinology under the "new normal". Future research should examine clinician and facility factors driving variation, as many may be amenable to influence by clinical leaders and leveraged to enhance the availability of telehealth for all clinically appropriate patients.

Rule-Based Identification of Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's Disease Using Clinical Notes from the United States Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a clinical and research imperative. Use of diagnostic codes for MCI and AD identification has limitations. We used clinical notes to supplement diagnostic codes in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System (VAHS) electronic health records (EHR) to identify and establish cohorts of Veterans recorded with MCI or AD. METHODS: Targeted keyword searches for MCI ("Mild cognitive impairment;" "MCI") and AD ("Alz*") were used to extract clinical notes from the VAHS EHR from fiscal year (FY) 2010 through FY 2019. Iterative steps of inclusion and exclusion were applied until searches achieved a positive predictive value ≥ 80%. MCI and AD cohorts were identified via clinical notes and/or diagnostic codes (i.e., including Veterans recorded by "Notes Only," "Notes + Code," or "Codes Only"). RESULTS: A total of 2,134,661 clinical notes from 339,007 Veterans met the iterative search criteria for MCI due to any cause and 4,231,933 notes from 572,063 Veterans met the iterative search criteria for AD. Over the 10-year study period, the number of clinical notes recording AD was generally stable, whereas the number for MCI more than doubled. More Veterans were identified for the MCI or AD cohorts via clinical notes than by diagnostic codes, particularly in the AD cohort. Among Veterans identified by having "Notes + Code" for MCI, the number first recorded by a code was lower than the number first recorded by a note until FY 2015 and then gradually became comparable after FY 2015. Among Veterans identified by having "Notes + Code" for AD, the number first recorded by a note was more than double the number first recorded by a code AD in each of the FYs. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical note-based identification captured more Veterans recorded with MCI and AD than diagnostic code-based identification.

The 2022 Update on Pressure Injuries: A Review of the Literature.

GENERAL PURPOSE: To review six articles published in 2022 that provide important new data or change how clinicians may think about pressure injuries. TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Identify evidence-based risk factors for the development of pressure injuries (PIs).2. Distinguish the predictors for PI development that prompted intervention.3. Identify inconsistencies in documented stages of PIs.4. Explain the impact of staffing on PI development rates.

The pressure injury literature is rapidly growing, challenging busy clinicians who are trying to stay current. In this article, the authors summarize six articles published in 2022 that provide important new data or change how we may think about pressure injuries. The articles cover a range of topics including epidemiology, prevention, prediction, and nurse staffing. For each article, the authors provide a description of the study results along with a comment on why the results are important. This information will help clinicians remain current with the field and highlight new findings to incorporate into their clinical practice.

Intentional Self-Harm Among US Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Retrospective Cohort Study From 2008 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Veterans with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be at increased risk of suicide attempts and other forms of intentional self-harm as compared to veterans without TBI or PTSD. OBJECTIVE: Using administrative data from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA), we studied associations between TBI and PTSD diagnoses, and subsequent diagnoses of intentional self-harm among US veterans who used VHA health care between 2008 and 2017. METHODS: All veterans with encounters or hospitalizations for intentional self-harm were assigned "index dates" corresponding to the date of the first related visit; among those without intentional self-harm, we randomly selected a date from among the veteran's health care encounters to match the distribution of case index dates over the 10-year period. We then examined the prevalence of TBI and PTSD diagnoses within the 5-year period prior to veterans' index dates. TBI, PTSD, and intentional self-harm were identified using International Classification of Diseases diagnosis and external cause of injury codes from inpatient and outpatient VHA encounters. We stratified analyses by veterans' average yearly VHA utilization in the 5-year period before their index date (low, medium, or high). Variations in prevalence and odds of intentional self-harm diagnoses were compared by veterans' prior TBI and PTSD diagnosis status (TBI only, PTSD only, and comorbid TBI/PTSD) for each VHA utilization stratum. Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, Department of Veterans Affairs service-connection status, and Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. RESULTS: About 6.7 million veterans with at least two VHA visits in the 5-year period before their index dates were included in the analyses; 86,644 had at least one intentional self-harm diagnosis during the study period. During the periods prior to veterans' index dates, 93,866 were diagnosed with TBI only; 892,420 with PTSD only; and 102,549 with comorbid TBI/PTSD. Across all three VHA utilization strata, the prevalence of intentional self-harm diagnoses was higher among veterans diagnosed with TBI, PTSD, or TBI/PTSD than among veterans with neither diagnosis. The observed difference was most pronounced among veterans in the high VHA utilization stratum. The prevalence of intentional self-harm was six times higher among those with comorbid TBI/PTSD (6778/58,295, 11.63%) than among veterans with neither TBI nor PTSD (21,979/1,144,991, 1.92%). Adjusted odds ratios suggested that, after accounting for potential confounders, veterans with TBI, PTSD, or comorbid TBI/PTSD had higher odds of self-harm compared to veterans without these diagnoses. Among veterans with high VHA utilization, those with comorbid TBI/PTSD were 4.26 (95% CI 4.15-4.38) times more likely to receive diagnoses for intentional self-harm than veterans with neither diagnosis. This pattern was similar for veterans with low and medium VHA utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Veterans with TBI and/or PTSD diagnoses, compared to those with neither diagnosis, were substantially more likely to be subsequently diagnosed with intentional self-harm between 2008 and 2017. These associations were most pronounced among veterans who used VHA health care most frequently. These findings suggest a need for suicide prevention efforts targeted at veterans with these diagnoses.

Evidence for Age Bias Contributing to Therapeutic Inertia in Blood Pressure Management: A Secondary Analysis of SPRINT.

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence supporting the cardiovascular and cognitive benefits of intensive blood pressure management, older adults have the lowest rates of blood pressure control. We determined the association between age and therapeutic inertia (TI) in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial), and whether frailty, cognitive function, or gait speed moderate or mediate these associations. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of SPRINT of participant visits with blood pressure above randomized treatment goal. We categorized baseline age as <60, 60 to <70, 70 to <80, and ≥80 years and TI as no antihypertensive medication intensification per participant visit. Generalized estimating equations generated odds ratios for TI associated with age, stratified by treatment group based on nested models adjusted for baseline frailty index score (fit [frailty index, ≤0.10], less fit [0.100.10). CONCLUSIONS: Older age is associated with greater TI independent of physical or cognitive function, implying age bias in hypertension management.

The 2021 Update on Pressure Injuries: A Review of the Literature.

GENERAL PURPOSE: To provide a review of the recent literature on the epidemiology and treatment of pressure injuries (PIs). TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Identify risk factors for developing PIs.2. Differentiate factors that could affect the healing of PIs.3. Select strategies that have an impact on the development of PIs. ABSTRACT: Keeping up with the literature on pressure injuries is always a challenge for busy clinicians. In this article, the authors summarize six important articles published in 2021. Articles cover a range of topics including epidemiology, treatment, precision medicine, nurse staffing, and patient preferences for care. For each article, a description of the study results is provided along with a comment on why the results are important. This information is intended to help clinicians incorporate new data into their clinical practice.

Clinical Staging of Alzheimer's Disease: Concordance of Subjective and Objective Assessments in the Veteran's Affairs Healthcare System.

INTRODUCTION: Uncertainty surrounding the accurate assessment of the early-stage Alzheimer's disease (AD) may cause delayed care and inappropriate patient access to new AD therapies. METHODS: To analyze clinical assessments of patients with AD in the Veteran's Affairs (VA) Healthcare System and evaluate concordance between subjective and objective assessments, we processed clinical notes extracted by text integration utilities between April 1, 2008 and October 14, 2021. Veterans who had mild, moderate, or severe AD with clinical notes documenting both clinician's judgement of AD severity and objective test scores from the Mini-Mental State Examination or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment were included. Using clinician-defined severity cohorts, we determined concordance between the clinician's (subjective) assessments and the test-derived (objective) assessments of AD severity. Concordance was assessed over time and by selected symptoms and comorbidities, as well as healthcare system factors. RESULTS: A total of 8888 notes were initially extracted; the final analysis sample included 7514 notes corresponding to 4469 unique patients (mean [standard deviation] age of 78 [9] years; 96.5% male; 77.8% White). Subjective and objective assessments were concordant in approximately half (53%) of overall notes. In the mild Alzheimer's cohort, patients were assessed to have more severe disease by objective test scores in 40% of notes. Concordance varied about 21-73%, 47-58%, and 40-64% across symptoms/comorbidities, clinician types, and Veteran's Integrated Service Networks, respectively. The proportion of concordant notes was higher in visits to dementia (61%) instead of non-dementia clinics (53%). CONCLUSIONS: We found higher concordance between clinician's assessment and test-based assessment of Alzheimer's disease severity in dementia specialty clinics. Discordance is especially high for the subjectively assessed mild AD cohort where objective assessments showed a higher severity level in 40% of notes. These data indicate a critical need for improved understanding of clinical assessments and decision-making to identify appropriate patients for anti-amyloid therapy.

Analysis of Therapeutic Inertia and Race and Ethnicity in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Therapeutic inertia may contribute to racial and ethnic differences in blood pressure (BP) control. Objective: To determine the association between race and ethnicity and therapeutic inertia in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis of data from SPRINT, a randomized clinical trial comparing intensive (<120 mm Hg) vs standard (<140 mm Hg) systolic BP treatment goals. Participants were enrolled between November 8, 2010, and March 15, 2013, with a median follow-up 3.26 years. Participants included adults aged 50 years or older at high risk for cardiovascular disease but without diabetes, previous stroke, or heart failure. The present analysis was restricted to participant visits with measured BP above the target goal. Analyses for the present study were performed in from October 2020 through March 2021. Exposures: Self-reported race and ethnicity, mutually exclusively categorized into groups of Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, or non-Hispanic White participants. Main Outcomes and Measures: Therapeutic inertia, defined as no antihypertensive medication intensification at each study visit where the BP was above target goal. The association between self-reported race and ethnicity and therapeutic inertia was estimated using generalized estimating equations and stratified by treatment group. Antihypertensive medication use was assessed with pill bottle inventories at each visit. Blood pressure was measured using an automated device. Results: A total of 8556 participants, including 4141 in the standard group (22 844 participant-visits; median age, 67.0 years [IQR, 61.0-76.0 years]; 1467 women [35.4%]) and 4415 in the intensive group (35 453 participant-visits; median age, 67.0 years [IQR, 61.0-76.0 years]; 1584 women [35.9%]) with at least 1 eligible study visit were included in the present analysis. Among non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic participants, the overall prevalence of therapeutic inertia in the standard vs intensive groups was 59.8% (95% CI, 58.9%-60.7%) vs 56.0% (95% CI, 55.2%-56.7%), 56.8% (95% CI, 54.4%-59.2%) vs 54.5% (95% CI, 52.4%-56.6%), and 59.7% (95% CI, 56.5%-63.0%) vs 51.0% (95% CI, 47.4%-54.5%), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios in the standard and intensive groups for therapeutic inertia associated with non-Hispanic Black vs non-Hispanic White participants were 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.88-1.01), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for therapeutic inertia comparing Hispanic vs non-Hispanic White participants were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.90-1.13) and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79-1.00) in the standard and intensive groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among SPRINT participants above BP target goal, this cross-sectional study found that therapeutic inertia prevalence was similar or lower for non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic participants compared with non-Hispanic White participants. These findings suggest that a standardized approach to BP management, as used in SPRINT, may help ensure equitable care and could reduce the contribution of therapeutic inertia to disparities in hypertension. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01206062.

An exploration of the perspectives of individuals and their caregivers on pressure ulcer/injury prevention and management to inform the development of a clinical guideline.

BACKGROUND: Consumer engagement is a requirement of high quality clinical guidelines. Developing strategies to engage consumers and incorporate the perspectives of individuals with or at risk of pressure ulcers/injuries and their informal caregivers was one priority in the recent update of the EPUAP/NPIAP/PPPIA's Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline. AIMS: The aims were to determine the goals of individuals and caregivers for pressure ulcer/injury care, priorities for pressure ulcer/injury education and biggest problems related to pressure ulcers/injuries. METHODS: An online, anonymous, international 10-item survey, accessible in nine languages was provided to individuals and their caregivers from April to October 2018. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data and a thematic analysis approach was used to analyse qualitative data. RESULTS: There were 1233 individuals from 27 countries who completed the survey. Overall, individuals and caregivers had similar goals of care. Reducing the size of pressure ulcer/injury was selected more often as a care goal than complete healing. Individuals, compared to caregivers, considered managing pain more important. Qualitative data analysis identified five themes including knowledge, attitudes, and skills; risk factors for pressure ulcer/injury; accessing pressure ulcer/injury care; quality of life for patients and caregivers; and the pressure ulcer/injury. CONCLUSIONS: The consumer survey provided consumer engagement and perspective that was incorporated into guideline development, including consideration during evaluation of the relevance and acceptability of recommendations, and assignment of recommendation strength ratings.

The 2020 Update on Pressure Injuries: A Review of the Literature.

GENERAL PURPOSE: To provide an update on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and patient preferences for care of pressure injuries (PIs). TARGET AUDIENCE: This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care. LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES: After participating in this continuing education activity, the participant will:1. Recognize the risks to ICU patients regarding PIs.2. Select evidence-based strategies that can help prevent PIs.3. Identify factors that can contribute to the development of PIs.4. Choose collaborative approaches when working with a patient who has a PI. ABSTRACT: The literature on pressure injuries continues to expand at a rapid rate such that keeping current is a challenge for busy clinicians. In this article, the authors summarize six important articles related to pressure injuries published in 2020. The articles cover a range of topics including epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention, and patient preferences for care. For each article, a description of the study results is provided along with a comment on why the results are important. This information should help clinicians incorporate these new data into their clinical practice.

Guideline-discordant dosing of direct-acting oral anticoagulants in the veterans health administration.

BACKGROUND: Clear guidelines exist to guide the dosing of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs). It is not known how consistently these guidelines are followed in practice. METHODS: We studied patients from the Veterans Health Administration (VA) with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who received DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) between 2010 and 2016. We used patient characteristics (age, creatinine, body mass) to identify which patients met guideline recommendations for low-dose therapy and which for full-dose therapy. We examined how often patient dosing was concordant with these recommendations. We examined variation in guideline-concordant dosing by site of care and over time. We examined patient-level predictors of guideline-concordant dosing using multivariable logistic models. RESULTS: A total of 73,672 patients who were prescribed DOACS were included. Of 5837 patients who were recommended to receive low-dose therapy, 1331 (23%) received full-dose therapy instead. Of 67,935 patients recommended to receive full-dose therapy, 4079 (6%) received low-dose therapy instead. Sites varied widely on guideline discordant dosing; on inappropriate low-dose therapy, sites varied from 0 to 15%, while on inappropriate high-dose therapy, from 0 to 41%. Guideline discordant therapy decreased by about 20% in a relative sense over time, but its absolute numbers grew as DOAC therapy became more common. The most important patient-level predictors of receiving guideline-discordant therapy were older age and creatinine function being near the cutoff value. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial portion of DOAC prescriptions in the VA system are dosed contrary to clinical guidelines. This phenomenon varies widely across sites of care and has persisted over time.

Validating Data-Driven Methods for Identifying Transgender Individuals in the Veterans Health Administration of the US Department of Veterans Affairs.

We sought to operationalize and validate data-driven approaches for identifying transgender individuals in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) of the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) through a retrospective analysis using VA administrative data from 2006-2018. Besides diagnoses of gender identity disorder (GID), a combination of non-GID data elements was used to identify potentially transgender veterans, including 1) an International Classification of Diseases (Ninth or Tenth Revision) code of endocrine disorder, unspecified or not otherwise specified; 2) receipt of sex hormones not associated with the sex documented in the veteran's records (gender-affirming hormone therapy); and 3) a change in the veteran's administratively recorded sex. Both GID and non-GID data elements were applied to a sample of 13,233,529 veterans utilizing the VHA of the VA between January 2006 and December 2018. We identified 10,769 potentially transgender veterans. Based on a high positive predictive value for GID-coded veterans (83%, 95% confidence interval: 77, 89) versus non-GID-coded veterans (2%, 95% confidence interval: 1, 11) from chart review validation, the final analytical sample comprised only veterans with a GID diagnosis code (n = 9,608). In the absence of self-identified gender identity, findings suggest that relying entirely on GID diagnosis codes is the most reliable approach for identifying transgender individuals in the VHA of the VA.