Healthcare-associated Legionnaires' disease: Limitations of surveillance definitions and importance of epidemiologic investigation.

Healthcare-associated Legionnaires' disease (HCA LD) causes significant morbidity and mortality, with varying guidance on prevention. We describe the evaluation of a case of possible HCA LD and note the pitfalls of relying solely on an epidemiologic definition for association of a case with a facility. Our detailed investigation led to the identification of a new Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 sequence type, confirmed a healthcare association and helped build the framework for our ongoing preventive efforts. Our experience highlights the role of routine environmental cultures in the assessment of risk for a given facility. As clinicians increasingly rely on urinary antigen testing for the detection of L. pneumophila, our investigation emphasises the importance of clinical cultures in an epidemiologic investigation.

Sepsis and pericarditis caused by Campylobacter fetus: case report and literature review.

Heretofore, Campylobacter infections have been predominantly associated with gastrointestinal manifestations. Over the past two decades, an increasing number of case reports have suggested that the spectrum of disease is much broader. To date, only 10 cases of myocarditis/pericarditis in patients with C. fetus have been reported in the English literature out of which at least 4 patients have died. We describe here a further case to include as we review the literature.

Chronic wound infection: facts and controversies.

Chronic wound infections are responsible for considerable morbidity and significantly contribute to the escalation in the cost of health care. Wound infection may initially be manifest as bacterial colonization, and it is only when colonization is combined with other factors, such as decreased vascular supply, intrinsic virulence of specific bacteria (eg, Staphylococcus aureus), and host immune factors, that true infection occurs. The microbiology of chronic wounds is complex, and it is difficult to discern which bacteria are culpable. Deep cultures or quantitative biopsies of wound tissue may be necessary. In some instances, such as in the presence of certain mycobacteria, isolation of specific organisms confirms causation. In many instances, it is appropriate to treat these wounds empirically with a combination of topical antiseptics and systemic antibiotics, especially in the presence of invasive infections.

Getting to the heart of the matter.

A 60-year-old woman returned from visiting a cousin in Texas. For the past 6 weeks, she had not been feeling well and had lost almost 30 lb. She had frequent night sweats, although she did not recall having taken her temperature. Upon evaluation in the emergency department, results of physical examination were notable for cachexia and poor dentition. She was noted to have pyuria, and therapy was initiated for a urinary tract infection. Results of blood cultures performed the same day were positive for gram-positive cocci, and vancomycin therapy was initiated. She developed difficulty in seeing to her, left and a computed tomographic scan of the brain was performed; results were interpreted as negative. A transesophageal echocardiogram showed a 3-cm mass attached the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve. Initial interpretation was of an atrial myxoma. One of the authors was asked to consult on the case and noted bilateral conjunctival hemorrhages (Figure 1). Subsequently, the blood culture isolate was identified as Streptococcus mitis. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed multiple cerebral infarcts consistent with embolic origin. The patient underwent emergent cardiac surgery, and her mitral valve was replaced with a bioprosthetic valve. She successfully completed a 4-week course of antibiotic therapy for her endocarditis.

A rose by any other name.

A 40-year-old man visited Haiti in the winter. His visit was uneventful, and he went swimming in the ocean. A week after his return he developed a small "pimple" on his right fifth finger. This condition progressed for several weeks, with new lesions developing over the extensor surface of his forearm and in the antecubital fossa. He had tender axillary adenopathy. The patient started a new job when he returned from Haiti, working 4 days per week in a greenhouse. He denied any fever, chills, or night sweats. He was in good health without any underlying chronic health problems. Physical examination revealed a small eschar over the distal phalanx of the patient's right fifth finger (Figure 1). There were 2 erythematous nodules over the extensor surface of his right forearm (Figure 2) as well as over the antecubital fossa (Figure 3). A punch biopsy was performed and results showed suppurative granulomatous dermatitis. Sporothrix schenckii was grown from the specimen.

Bite the hand that sprays you.

A 56-year-old man presented with a cutaneous lesion on his right hand (Figure 1). Approximately 6 weeks previously, he had traveled to Costa Rica for missionary work. During his travel he used a diethyltoluamide-containing insect repellant, but spent one night in the jungle without a mosquito net. Four weeks after his return, he noted a 3 x 2.5-cm ulcer with raised edges and surrounding erythema on the dorsum of his right hand. The patient recalled applying insect repellant with his right hand to other exposed areas of his body but was remiss in applying it to the right hand itself. On examination, the patient was noted to have an ulcerated nodule near his right earlobe (Figure 2) and a second 2 x 1-cm ulcer on the volar aspect of his right wrist (Figure 3). There were no mucocutaneous lesions noted. During the next several weeks, numerous nodules developed in a sporotrichoid pattern on the extensor surface of his right arm (Figure 4). Skin biopsy was performed at the time of initial evaluation and revealed cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania panamensis. After discussing the different treatment options, miltefosine was administered orally for 28 days. The patient experienced an excellent response to therapy.

Daptomycin versus standard therapy for bacteremia and endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

BACKGROUND: Alternative therapies for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis are needed. METHODS: We randomly assigned 124 patients with S. aureus bacteremia with or without endocarditis to receive 6 mg of daptomycin intravenously per kilogram of body weight daily and 122 to receive initial low-dose gentamicin plus either an antistaphylococcal penicillin or vancomycin. The primary efficacy end point was treatment success 42 days after the end of therapy. RESULTS: Forty-two days after the end of therapy in the modified intention-to-treat analysis, a successful outcome was documented for 53 of 120 patients who received daptomycin as compared with 48 of 115 patients who received standard therapy (44.2 percent vs. 41.7 percent; absolute difference, 2.4 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -10.2 to 15.1 percent). Our results met prespecified criteria for the noninferiority of daptomycin. The success rates were similar in subgroups of patients with complicated bacteremia, right-sided endocarditis, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Daptomycin therapy was associated with a higher rate of microbiologic failure than was standard therapy (19 vs. 11 patients, P=0.17). In 6 of the 19 patients with microbiologic failure in the daptomycin group, isolates with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin emerged; similarly, a reduced susceptibility to vancomycin was noted in isolates from patients treated with vancomycin. As compared with daptomycin therapy, standard therapy was associated with a nonsignificantly higher rate of adverse events that led to treatment failure due to the discontinuation of therapy (17 vs. 8, P=0.06). Clinically significant renal dysfunction occurred in 11.0 percent of patients who received daptomycin and in 26.3 percent of patients who received standard therapy (P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Daptomycin (6 mg per kilogram daily) is not inferior to standard therapy for S. aureus bacteremia and right-sided endocarditis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00093067 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).

It's on the tip of my tongue.

A 48-year-old white woman was admitted to the hospital with low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue, nonproductive cough with dyspnea, bilateral knee pain, and swelling that progressed slowly over 6 weeks. She was a 30-pack-year smoker, and had received outpatient antibiotic therapy with clarithromycin and then cephalexin without improvement. The admission chest radiograph showed bilateral interstitial infiltrates, and an effusion was seen on knee radiographs. She was treated with levofloxacin, cefepime, and methylprednisolone with some improvement, but fevers persisted up to 104 degrees F/40 degrees C. She also developed multiple painful skin nodules (Figure 1) and an enlarging painful tongue ulcer (Figure 2). Her bilateral knee swelling and pain also worsened, and a bone scan showed increased activity. Skin biopsy showed acute and chronic inflammation with an abscess that contained "yeast" (Figure 3). Fungal culture from the skin lesion and joint fluid aspirate grew Blastomyces dermatitidis. Urine antigen and blood antigen enzyme-linked immunoassays for B. dermatitidis were positive. The patient was started on a 6-month course of itraconazole oral solution with slow resolution of her joint inflammation and skin lesions over the next several weeks.

The gift that keeps on giving.

Case 1: A 39-year-old man with chronic lower extremity lymphedema was admitted to the hospital with acute fever, chills, and left lower extremity pain, swelling, and erythema for the third time in as many months. Examination revealed a temperature of 39 degrees C (102.2 degrees F), and erythmatous induration on the left leg (Figure). The patient was treated with IV clindamycin and cefazolin, with clinical improvement. He was discharged with azithromycin, 500 mg daily for 3 days, done twice monthly. Case 2: A 52-year-old morbidly obese man with stasis dermatitis presented with acute lower extremity pain, swelling, and associated fever. He had been taking prophylactic antibiotics for his recurrent cellulitis for more than a decade and had significantly decreased his number of reoccurrences while on this therapy. He was admitted to the hospital, treated with IV cefazolin, and had a rapid improvement over 48 hours. He was subsequently discharged with continued suppressive antibiotic therapy.

With this eruption, there is not a second to lues.

A 28-year-old white man presented to the Emergency Department with a 24-hour history of an eruption on his extremities, trunk, and face. The patient was known to be HIV positive with a CD4 count of 527 and a viral load of 20,300. He denied fever, chills, malaise, and headache. His social history was significant for the fact that he was in a monogamous homosexual relationship. He had no recent travel, pet exposures, or sick contacts. Physical examination revealed stable vital signs and no documented fever. A maculopapular eruption was present on his face, trunk, and extremities (Figures 1 and 2). There was no palmar or plantar involvement. He was treated with diphenhydramine and topical 2.5% hydrocortisone and advised to return if his condition did not improve. Twelve days after the initial evaluation, the patient consulted us again due to progression of his dermatitis. He had no additional complaints other than an eruption on both palms but neither sole. (Figure 3). The eruption now demonstrated erythematous pink-red oval macules and papules 1-2 cm in size distributed on his scalp, face, trunk, and arms. A few papules contained fine collarettes of scale. Further questioning revealed that the patient had experienced a tender rectal ulcer 2 months previously. A punch biopsy and rapid plasma reagin were performed. The histopathologic examination revealed interface dermatitis with lymphocytes, plasma cells, occasional neutrophils, and a prominent lymphoplasmacytic perivascular dermatitis with infiltration of the vessel walls. Warthrin-Starry and Steiner methods demonstrated spirochetes at the dermal-epidermal junction and in vessel walls, consistent with Treponema pallidum (Figure 4). Rapid plasma reagin and fluorescent Treponema antibody were both reactive with a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) of 1:16. The patient was diagnosed as having secondary syphilis and treated with 2.4 million units of IM benzathine penicillin for 3 weeks. His eruption resolved after the initial treatment and he did not experience a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction.

Infectious disease capsules: a pox on your house.

A 31-year-old, previously healthy white man presented to the emergency department with complaints of malaise, fevers, shortness of breath, a non-productive cough, and a "rash." His physical exam revealed a temperature of 100.2F, a pulse of 129 bpm, respiratory rate of 14 BPM, and blood pressure of 140/74 mm Hg. He was alert, oriented, and in no distress. His oropharynx was dry, his neck was supple, and cervical lymphadenopathy was absent. He had tachycardia, bilateral wheezes, and rhonchi with prolonged expirations. There was a diffuse vesicular eruption enveloping his entire body with involvement sparing his palms and soles (Figures 1 and 2). Laboratory values showed a hemoglobin of 16.0 g/dL and a white blood cell count of 7100 cells/pL, with 39%neutrophils, 23% bands, and 35% lymphocytes. His platelet count was mildly decreased to 86,000 x 103/pL. Chest radiograph revealed bilateral diffuse interstitial infiltrates. A diagnosis of acute varicella-zoster virus pneumonia (varicella pneumonia) was made, and the patient was started on IV acyclovir (10 mg/kg every 8 hours). Upon further questioning, the patient stated that his daughter had been diagnosed with "chickenpox" 7 days ago. The patient had numerous exposures to chickenpox in the past but had never developed clinical expressions of varicella. He was not at risk for HIV infection, not having multiple sexual partners, IV drug abuse, or blood transfusions. During the 1 day of in-hospitalization, his fever abated and the pulmonary signs diminished. Following discharge, IV acyclovir was replaced by valacyclovir to complete a 7-day course of therapy.

Sweet's syndrome associated with sargramostim (granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor) treatment.

Sweet's syndrome is an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis that is a known complication of the administration of filgrastim, a drug that causes increased neutrophil proliferation and differentiation. This complication has not previously been reported during treatment with sargramostim, a hematopoietic cytokine with activity that overlaps filgrastim. We report a case of Sweet's syndrome in association with sargramostim treatment following chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. A suspected second episode occurred after subsequent chemotherapy and sargramostim treatment. Physicians should be aware of this possible association because the signs and symptoms of Sweet's syndrome are easily mistaken as being due to infection.