Predictors of Occult Atrial Fibrillation in One Hundred Seventy-One Patients with Cryptogenic Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recent randomized studies have shown the potential of prolonged cardiac rhythm monitoring to detect silent paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Our aim was to identify clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) factors that predict the detection of PAF during long-duration rhythm cardiac Holter (LDRCH) monitoring. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from 171 patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack who underwent LDRCH monitoring (i.e., 21 days) from 2009 to 2013. Clinical, echocardiographic, and imaging predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) were determined by multivariable analysis. RESULTS: PAF lasting more than or equal to 30 seconds was diagnosed in 26 of 171 (15%) patients. Median delay to first detected AF episode was 7 (interquartile range: 2-13) days. Four factors were independently predictive of PAF detection on LDRCH: age more than 70 years (odds ratio [OR], 4.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-13.8); premature atrial complex on electrocardiogram (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-19.6); left ventricular hypertrophy on transthoracic echocardiography (OR, 6.4, 95% CI, 1.6-26.4); and previous white matter lesions on brain MRI (OR, 4.2; 95% CI, 1.2-15.6). Recent brain infarction pattern on diffusion-weighted imaging was not associated with PAF detection on LDRCH. CONCLUSION: LDRCH is a noninvasive and inexpensive test with a high rate of AF detection in patients with cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Occult PAF was more commonly diagnosed in older patients with premature atrial complex on the baseline electrocardiogram, left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography, and with previous white matter lesions on brain MRI.

Evaluation of time course and predicting factors of progression of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation to permanent atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate time course and predictors of progression of paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) to permanent AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 460 patients referred for paroxysmal (n = 337) or persistent (n = 123) AF between 1994 and 2012. Mean follow-up was 13.2 ± 6.5 years. AF progression rate was 3.7% per year, 19.7% at 5 years, and 38.1% at 10 years. Lone AF was diagnosed in 217 patients (47%). Predictors of permanent AF were: age, persistent AF, left atrial (LA) size, left ventricular-fractional shortening (LV-FS), lack of antiarrhythmic (AA) drugs, VVI pacing (P < 0.001 for all), and valvular disease (P < 0.02). Independent predictors were age (P < 0.001), persistent AF (P < 0.001), LA diameter (P < 0.005), lack of AA drugs (P < 0.005), and VVI pacing (P < 0.01). When adjusted at means of covariates, persistent AF and age >75 years remained highly significant (P < 0.01). LA dimension >50 mm was highly significant at univariate model (P < 0.001) but to a lesser extent when adjusted (P < 0.05). In patients with paroxysmal AF-with age <75 years-on AA drugs, progression rate to permanent AF was 6.5% at 5 years and 23.7% at 10 years. Among four predictors (age, LA size, LV-FS, and VVI pacing), only age (P < 0.01) and LA size (P < 0.005) remained independently significant, but LA size was not significant when adjusted. CONCLUSIONS: Progression to permanent AF is a slow process. Aging, LA size, VVI pacing, lack of AA therapy, and a persistent form of AF independently increased the progression to permanent AF.

Service patterns of adult survivors of childhood versus adult sexual assault/abuse.

This analysis compared the characteristics and service patterns of adult survivors of childhood sexual assault/abuse and adult survivors of adult sexual assault/abuse. Utilizing data from sexual assault crisis centers serving survivors in a Midwestern state over a six year period and controlling for revictimization, we describe and compare the demographic characteristics, referral sources, and service patterns of the two groups. Results indicate that paths into service differ for the two groups. Furthermore, adult survivors of childhood sexual assault/abuse obtain significantly more hours of service and service contacts on average than adult survivors of adult sexual assault/abuse. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.

Electrocardiographic predictors of Brugada type response during Na channel blockade challenge.

AIM: To identify ECG predictors of Brugada type response during Na channel blockade challenge. METHODS: We studied prospectively 103 patients (M = 76, 45 +/- 13 years) in whom ECGs were collected during ajmaline challenge. ECG recordings included the high right precordial leads (-2V(1) and -2V(2)). A positive response was defined by a >0.2 mV J point or ST segment elevation and a down-sloping pattern of the ST segment in at least one right precordial lead. RESULTS: Ajmaline challenge was positive in 48 (47%) of the 103 cases. Baseline J wave elevation was greater in -2V(1) (0.077 +/- 0.078 mV vs. 0.038 +/- 0.046 mV, P = 0.003) and -2V(2) (0.149 +/- 0.103 mV vs. 0.043 +/- 0.088 mV, P < 0.001) in cases with a subsequent positive response. In contrast, ST segment elevation and T wave amplitudes were reduced in V(1), V(2) and V(3). Logistic regression showed that J wave elevation in -2V(2) and decreased T wave amplitude in V(3) at baseline were independent predictors of a positive response. Baseline J wave elevation >0.16 mV in -2V(2) had a specificity of 100%, a sensitivity of 40%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 28%. CONCLUSION: J wave elevation >0.16 mV in -2V(2) was the strongest predictor of a Brugada type response to Na channel blockade challenge when Brugada syndrome was suspected on a baseline ECG.

Prevalence of drug-induced electrocardiographic pattern of the Brugada syndrome in a healthy population.

To determine the prevalence of drug-induced Brugada's syndrome (BrS) electrocardiograms (ECGs) in a healthy population, a sodium channel blockade challenge was performed in previously identified subjects with BrS-compatible (BrC) ECGs. These subjects were detected in 1,000 normal patients in whom first ECGs were systematically recorded. Because of the intermittent nature of electrocardiographic modifications in BrS, second ECGs were also recorded in a representative sample of the population presenting with first ECGs with normal results. The prevalence of typical drug-induced BrS ECGs was 5 of the 1,000 patients. This value was fivefold greater than the reported prevalence of spontaneous BrS ECGs in the healthy population.