Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Appraisal of Antimicrobial Susceptibility for Urinary Tract Infections at an Outpatient Setting of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi.

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to understand the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on urine culture and sensitivity results in an outpatient setting. There are plenty of data from inpatient and ICU settings but there is a paucity of data in outpatient or community settings. Thus, this study primarily targeted change in antibiotic resistance of urinary tract infection (UTI) agents in the pre- and post-COVID-19 period. METHODS: In the study, urine samples received in the Department of Laboratory Medicine (microbiology laboratory) with a preliminary diagnosis of UTI between April 2019 and March 2021 were analyzed. Urine cultures and antibiotic susceptibility tests of the patients included in the study were examined in two periods (pre-pandemic and post-pandemic). RESULTS: A total of 22,372 urine samples were received in the pre-pandemic period (April 2019 to March 2020) and 4885 samples in the post-pandemic period (April 2020 to March 2021). The positivity rate obtained from urine cultures sent post-COVID-19 pandemic (16%) was significantly higher than those sent before the COVID-19 pandemic (8%). According to cultures and antibiogram results, resistance to ampicillin, amikacin, ceftazidime (p < 0.05), co-trimoxazole, levofloxacin, gentamicin (p < 0.05), nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, and tetracycline decreased compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found that the frequency of significant bacteriuria increased significantly in the post-pandemic period. However, resistance to antibiotics decreased significantly in the post-COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. There was no significant change in the etiology of UTI during the two time periods.

Cold agglutinin disease in childhood: a case series with review of literature.

Cold agglutinins are autoantibodies that target RBC antigens at temperatures below average core body temperature. They produce RBC agglutination and cold agglutinin disease (CAD), a rare form of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Due to it's under recognition, there is a delay between the start of symptoms and the diagnosis. With an emphasis on the laboratory approach, we provide the clinical and analytical findings from five cases of childhood CAD.