Universal Capacitance Boost-Smart Surface Nanoengineering by Zwitterionic Molecules for 2D MXene Supercapacitor.

Two-dimensional nanomaterials, as one of the most widely used substrates for energy storage devices, have achieved great success in terms of the overall capacity. Despite the extensive research effort dedicated to this field, there are still major challenges concerning capacitance modulation and stability of the 2D materials that need to be overcome. Doping of the crystal structures, pillaring methods and 3D structuring of electrodes have been proposed to improve the material properties. However, these strategies are usually accompanied by a significant increase in the cost of the entire material preparation process and also a lack of the versatility for modification of the various types of the chemical structures. Hence in this work, versatile, cheap, and environmentally friendly method for the enhancement of the electrochemical parameter of various MXene-based supercapacitors (Ti3 C2 , Nb2 C, and V2 C), coated with functional and charged organic molecules (zwitterions-ZW) is introduced. The MXene-organic hybrid strategy significantly increases the ionic absorption (capacitance boost) and also forms a passivation layer on the oxidation-prone surface of the MXene through the covalent bonds. Therefore, this work demonstrates a new, cost-effective, and versatile approach (MXene-organic hybrid strategy) for the design and fabrication of hybrid MXene-base electrode materials for energy storage/conversion systems.

Inequalities in healthcare access: how a man with exstrophy in rural India coped.

We report a case of a 22-year-old man with adult exstrophy. The patient made a self-made urine collection device, which helped him to lead a normal life, carrying out his routine as well as occupational activities smoothly. This patient is a prime example of inequalities in healthcare distribution in low-income and middle-income countries. He was never taken to a proper medical centre to correct his condition nor was his mother ever given proper antenatal healthcare access. His background of being a poor person from rural India highlights the problems of inequalities in healthcare access.

Grading complications after transurethral resection of prostate using modified Clavien classification system and predicting complications using the Charlson comorbidity index.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively report and grade the peri-operative complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) using the modified Clavien classification system (MCCS) and validate whether Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) predicts the complications after TURP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 2006 and 2012, data of 722 patients who underwent TURP were analyzed after excluding patients with incomplete data (n = 40). Data recorded included the age, prostate volume, operative time, mean prostatic tissue removed and duration of hospitalization while complications were recorded using the MCCS. Preexisting comorbidities were evaluated using the CCI, and patients were classified into 3 CCI score categories (0, 1, ≥ 2). RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-four complications were seen in 145 (20 %) patients. CCI score was "0" for 480 patients (66.5 %), "1" for 184 patients (25.5 %) and "≥ 2" for 58 patients (8 %). Significant difference was observed between patient groups with CCI score 0, 1 and ≥ 2 for mean age, prostatic weight, operative time, weight of prostatic chips and duration of hospitalization. Similarly, a significant difference in occurrence of various MCCS grades of complication among patients groups with different CCI score was observed. CONCLUSION: Grades I, II and III complications constituted the main bulk (90 %) while grade IV were less common (<8 %) and grade V was rare (1 %) after TURP. Men with higher CCI score had a significantly higher rate of morbidity than those with a lower score. The present study is the first to validate that CCI can predict complications of TURP recorded according to the MCCS.