Redox profile of silver catfish challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and treated with hexane extract of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling through immersion bath.

The growing increase in the fish farming sector has favored the establishment of bacterial outbreaks caused by Aeromonas hydrophila in several species. The hexane extract of Hesperozygis ringens (HEHR) (Lamiaceae) leaves increased the survival rate of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) experimentally infected by A. hydrophila. However, it is noteworthy that no reports have been found on the possible mechanisms of action of this extract in infected fish. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the HEHR, administered through single immersion bath, on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses in muscle and liver tissue of silver catfish challenged with A. hydrophila. The results showed that the oxidative status of silver catfish was altered, although oxidative stress was not triggered during the experiment. HEHR at 30 mg/L (HEHR30) was not characterized as a pro-oxidant agent in the presence of infection, unlike florfenicol and HEHR at 15 mg/L treatments in some cases. In short, HEHR30 provided an important increase in hepatic catalase activity, characterizing one of the possible mechanisms involved in the greater survival of fish experimentally infected by A. hydrophila. Additionally, HEHR30 did not induce lipid peroxidation, nor reduced antioxidant defenses of silver catfish infected or not by A. hydrophila.

Essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Paláu and citral: sedative and anesthetic efficacy and safety in Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the efficacy of citral in inducing sedation and anesthesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and to assess the safety of essential oil (EO) of Aloysia citriodora and citral in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study, randomized, parallel, multi-arm with control group in target species. ANIMALS: A total of 96 juvenile and 72 adult silver catfish and 80 juvenile grass carp were used. METHODS: Silver catfish and grass carp were exposed to different concentrations of citral, 15-675 and 15-600 µL L-1, respectively, during the maximum period of 30 minutes to verify sedation and anesthesia induction and recovery times. In addition, for anesthetic induction, silver catfish were exposed to the EO of A. citriodora and citral at 225 µL L-1 for 3.5 minutes. Then, fish were transferred to an anesthesia maintenance solution at 50 µL L-1 for 10 minutes to assess hematologic and biochemical variables at 60 minutes, 2 and 6 days after treatment. RESULTS: Citral only induced sedation from 15, 25 and 40 µLL-1 in both species. Anesthesia without mortality was induced in silver catfish at 50-600 µL L-1 and grass carp at 75-450 µL L-1. At 675 and 600 µL L-1, mortality was recorded in silver catfish and grass carp, respectively. The EO of A. citriodora and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish, with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration being the only variable that varied in relation to time and treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Citral was effective in inducing sedation and anesthesia in both species. In addition, A. citriodora EO and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. Both agents are promising substances for the development of new drugs for fish.

Linalool induces relaxation of the mantle of golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relaxing effect of essential oils (EOs) (Aloysia triphylla and Lippia alba) and phytochemicals (citral and linalool) in the gastropod Pomacea canaliculata. Animals were exposed to compounds at the concentrations range of 25-750 µL L-1. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2, 10-50 g L-1) and control group (ethanol 6.75 mL L-1, highest concentration used for treatment dilution) were also tested. The EOs, citral and MgCl2 had no relaxing effect at the concentrations range tested, and citral caused aversive behavior (closure of the operculum) from 90 µL L-1. Exposure to linalool at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µL L-1 relaxed 28, 76, 88, 96 and 100% of the animals, respectively. The concentrations of 25, 50 and 400 µL L-1 differed statistically from each other, while 100 and 200 µL L-1 were equal to 50 and 400 µL L-1. All animals recovered up to 40 min, except at of 400 µL L-1. Linalool is effective for relaxing P. canaliculata and can be useful in management techniques that require relaxation. However, further studies are needed to certify whether linalool is appropriate for maintaining animal welfare in invasive procedures that require total insensitivity.

Essential oils of Cunila galioides and Origanum majorana as anesthetics for Rhamdia quelen: efficacy and effects on ventilation and ionoregulation

This study evaluated anesthetic efficacy and possible effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Cunila galioides (EOC) and Origanum majorana (EOO) on ventilatory rate (VR) and ionoregulation in Rhamdia quelen. In the anesthesia assessments, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μL L-1 EOC and 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μL L-1 EOO were tested, and time for induction to sedation and anesthesia stages, as well as recovery, were taken. A second trial employed lower concentrations of both EOs, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μL L-1, in order to verify VR and Na+, K+ and Cl- whole body net fluxes. Sedation was achieved with both oils at 100 µL L-1, and anesthesia at ≥ 200 µL L-1. There was no significant difference between control and EO-treated groups regarding VR, but all fish subjected to 100 µL L-1 EOC died within 2 h of exposure. Overall, ionic loss declined in the presence of the EOs. The EOC at 200 - 300 μL L-1 and EOO at 400 - 500 μL L-1 present the potential to promote fast anesthesia in R. quelen.(AU)

No presente estudo foi avaliada a eficácia da anestesia e possíveis efeitos dos óleos essenciais (EOs) de Cunila galioides (EOC) e Origanum majorana (EOO) sobre a taxa ventilatória (VR) e regulação iônica em Rhamdia quelen. Nas avaliações de anestesia, as concentrações de 50, 100, 200 e 300 μL L-1 EOC e 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 μL L-1 EOO foram testadas, e os tempos para a indução às fases de sedação e de anestesia, assim como recuperação, foram mensurados. Um segundo ensaio empregou concentrações mais baixas de ambos EOs: 10, 25, 50 e 100 μL L-1 a fim de verificar a VR e o fluxo líquido corporal dos íons Na+, K+ and Cl- . A sedação foi alcançada para ambos os óleos em 100 μL L-1, e a anestesia em concentrações ≥ 200 µL L-1. Não houve diferença significativa entre o controle e grupos tratados com EOs em relação a VR, mas todos os peixes submetidos a 100 µL L-1 do EOC morreram dentro de 2 h de exposição. No geral, a perda iônica declinou na presença dos EOs. O EOC em 200 - 300 μL L-1 e o EOO em 400 - 500 μL L-1 apresentam potencial para anestesia rápida em R. quelen.(AU)