Positive mental imagery and mental health amongst university students in Pakistan.

Mental health problems amongst university students pose a major public health challenge, and this is particularly the case in Pakistan. Alongside broader societal and cultural pressures, cognitive factors likely also play a role in the development of and resilience to mental health problems and may provide a feasible target for interventions. The current study built on previous research in primarily European samples investigating the relationship between one cognitive factor, positive future-oriented mental imagery, and mental health, extending this to a sample of university students in Pakistan (N = 1838). In a cross-sectional design, higher vividness of positive future-oriented mental imagery was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and higher levels of positive mental health amongst participants completing questionnaire measures on paper (N = 1430) or online (N = 408). In the sample completing the measures on paper, these relationships remained statistically significant even when controlling for socio-demographic and mental health-related variables. The results provide a foundation for further investigating positive mental imagery as a potential mechanism of mental health and intervention target amongst university students in Pakistan.

Mental health, suicidal ideation, and experience of bullying among university students in Pakistan.

This study investigates mental health, access to treatment, suicidality, and bullying among Pakistani university students. Data were collected from a sample of 355 university students in Pakistan. For reference, we compared these data to a sample previously collected from German and Chinese students. Results indicated relatively poorer mental health and access to mental health treatments among the Pakistani sample, including a higher rate of recent suicidal ideation and bullying. Acknowledgment of these issues in Pakistani culture would be a good starting point to work on developing solutions to enhance the overall mental health of Pakistani students.

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) across cultures.

Cross-culturally measurement invariant instruments are useful for the assessment of mental symptoms across cultures. The current study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) (DASS) across Pakistan and Germany. German participants were recruited through an online survey (N = 1323), while Pakistani participants were recruited through online survey or paper-and-pencil survey (N = 1841). The DASS-21 showed good reliability, construct and structure validity in both countries. The DASS-21 indicated partial weak (stress subscale) and partial strong measurement invariance (depression and anxiety subscales) between both countries. Latent mean comparison of depression and anxiety symptoms between Pakistani and German students indicated that Pakistani university students experience more symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results suggest that the DASS-21 could be used in Pakistan and Germany, but caution should be taken when making direct comparisons between the two countries.

Salutogenic constructs across Pakistan and Germany: A cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Protective factors are relevant for mental health in general, however, universality of the instruments has been rarely tested. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine psychometric properties and cross-cultural measurement invariance of salutogenic constructs. METHOD: Data was collected from university students of Pakistan (n = 1,841) and Germany (n = 7,890). Single-group confirmatory analysis (CFA) and multiple-group CFA was tested to examine the proposed factor structure and measurement invariance of Positive Mental Health Scale, Resilience Scale, Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, and Life Satisfaction Scale across student samples from Pakistan and Germany respectively. RESULTS: We found strong measurement invariance for the Positive Mental Health Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale, and partial strong measurement for the Resilience Scale, and Perceived Social Support Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that these scales could be recommended for the meaningful comparison of latent means across cultures. Understanding these differences would further advance our knowledge about the mechanism underlying positive mental health.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Los factores de protección son relevantes para la salud mental en general. Sin embargo, la universalidad de los instrumentos ha sido raramente probada. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar las propiedades psicométricas y la invariabilidad de las mediciones interculturales de constructos salutogénicos. MÉTODO: Se recogieron datos de estudiantes universitarios de Pakistán (n = 1.841) y Alemania (n = 7.890). El análisis confirmatorio de un solo grupo (CFA) y el CFA de múltiples grupos fueron probados para examinar la estructura de factores propuesta y la invariabilidad de la medición de la Escala de Salud Mental Positiva, la Escala de Resiliencia, el Cuestionario de Apoyo Social Percibido y la Escala de Satisfacción de Vida a través de muestras de estudiantes de Pakistán y Alemania, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Encontramos una fuerte invariancia en las mediciones de la Positive Mental Health Scale, la Life Satisfaction Scale, y una medición parcial fuerte en la Resilience Scale y el Perceived Social Support Questionnaire. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican que estas escalas podrían recomendarse para la comparación significativa de los medios latentes entre culturas. La comprensión de estas diferencias aumentaría aún más nuestro conocimiento sobre el mecanismo que subyace a la salud mental positiva.

Death anxiety, perceived social support, and demographic correlates of patients with breast cancer in Pakistan.

Among several forms of miseries experienced by cancer patients, one of the significant experiential problems is the inevitable fear of death. The present study aimed at exploring the relationship between death anxiety, perceived social support, and different demographic variables. A sample of 80 breast cancer patients was recruited from different departments of oncology in Pakistan. Research findings revealed that death anxiety was negatively associated with social support. Moreover, it was found that education and marital status were associated with death anxiety among patients with breast cancer. Results suggest that social support assist in reducing death anxiety and enhance their recovery course.

Post-traumatic stress disorder and resilience among adult burn patients in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the major psychological disorders developed after burn injuries, though this subject of burn injuries and their destructive chronic psychological impact are not considered as thoughtfully in developing countries like Pakistan. Hence, the current study investigated the relationship between PTSD symptoms and resilience among burn patients in Pakistan, exploring the variance occurrence of the two variables concerning male burn patients and female burn patients. METHODS: Seventy burn patients from three burn units of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, during January 2015 to September 2015 were recruited. Patients with psychiatric disorder which would restrict the study procedures were excluded from the study. PTSD symptoms of burn patients were measured by PTSD CheckList-Civilian Version (PCL-C) and resilience was measured by Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Spearman's Rank-Order correlation was used to analyze the relationship between symptoms of PTSD and resilience in burn patients, and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to analyze the gender difference in symptoms of PTSD and level of resilience. RESULTS: Negative correlation between PTSD and resilience among burn patients was found (r = - 0.72, p < 0.001). Moreover, significant gender differences were observed on PTSD symptoms and resilience between male and female burn patients when demographic variables such as age, socioeconomic status, marital status, and educational background were controlled. Female burn patients showed more PTSD symptoms (η2 = 0.18, p < 0.001) and less resilience (η2 = 0.25, p < 0.001) when compared to male burn patients. CONCLUSIONS: PTSD and resilience were negatively correlated in burn patients. Female burn patients have more PTSD symptoms and lower resilience compared to male burn patients.