Amivantamab: A New Hope in Targeting Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Amivantamab was approved on May 21st, 2021, by United States food and drug administration with the brand name Rybervant, used particularly for adult patients with exon20 insertion of epithelial growth factor receptor with locally advanced metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we explain the non-small cell lung cancer and molecular distinctions between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. We also conclude numerous components of non-small cell lung cancer, which include signs and symptoms of Amivantamab in inhibiting the cancer cell growth, various clinical trials on Amivantamab, adverse effects, and the contraindications of Amivantamab. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the relevant databases like ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar to identify studies. CONCLUSION: Amivantamab is a new bispecific antibody that targets non-small cell lung cancer through two different pathways, i.e., by binding to epithelial growth factor receptor and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor. Amivantamab gets tightly bound to Fcγ3R, and thus, mediates the macrophage and NK-cell for the killing of cancer cells. Biological treatment of Amivantamab shows effectiveness against the epithelial growth factor receptor Exon20 insertions according to the preclinical data of the animal model.

Tivozanib: A New Hope for Treating Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a diverse collection of malignancies with varying histological characteristics, molecular changes, prognosis, and therapeutic response. Tivozanib was first approved in March 2021 by USFDA with the brand name Fotivda. Tivozanib hydrochloride monohydrate is an oral medication that is used to treat relapsed or refractory renal cell carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we explain renal cell carcinoma and its different types of treatment by the anti-renal carcinoma drugs. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the relevant databases, like ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar, to identify the studies. CONCLUSION: Tivozanib is an oral VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is extremely selective and powerful. It has much less affinity for other receptor tyrosine kinases than multi-targeted TKIs now in clinical use. Because of its long half-life in circulation, it may be able to block VEGFRs more consistently. Doserelated controllable hypertension is its most commonly seen drug-related side event. Fatigue, hoarseness, and diarrhea, which are all common side effects, are not dose-related. Because of its target specificity, tivozanib can work well with other medications that have low side effects. Blocking both the VEGF and mTOR signaling pathways at the same time provides the benefit of synergistic antitumor efficacy while also preventing treatment resistance. Thus, overall we can say that the drug tivozanib is suitable for treatment in patients with renal cell carcinoma and can be investigated in multi-center clinical trials.

Topical Advances in Mucoadhesive Ocular Drug Delivery System.

The current article mainly highlights mucoadhesive drug delivery with merits like the prolonged holding time at the action site and also provides a controlled rate of drug release for improved therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, mucosal delivery can eliminate problems of the conventional oral route, such as first pass metabolism as well as acid degradation. However, the eye has unique anatomy and physiology that can cause hindrance and challenges in comparison to the other organs of the body. Additionally, conventional delivery vehicles like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have many demerits such as rapid precorneal clearance, subject variability, drainage, and uncontrolled release from the dosage form. Therefore, novel pharmaceutical ophthalmic formulations like gels, nanosuspensions, nano-particles, liposomes, microemulsions, iontophoretic dosage forms, and ocuserts were tried and tested in the past few years for ophthalmic delivery. These novel delivery products provide enhanced solubility and bioavailability in a controlled manner to overcome conventional demerits. Here in this review, we have summarized the improvement of drug studies that are currently underway for eye drug carriers, along with stages and important aspects of novel drug delivery to the eye.

Bioactive Flavonoids: A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacokinetics and Analytical Aspects.

Flavonoids are a diversified group of natural substances which were discovered to provide a variety of health benefits in human beings. Vegetables, fruits, wine and tea are the primary flavonoid dietary sources for humans and as the flavonoids are so closely connected to human dietary items and health, it is vital to explore the structural-activity connection. The arrangement, replacement of functional groups, and total number of hydroxyl groups around flavonoid's nucleus structure affect their biological activity, metabolism, and bioavailability. Various flavonoids have been proven to have hepatoprotective properties, that help in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Similarly, these flavonoids also possess anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids have been found to have a functional and structural link with their enzyme inhibitory action, that appears to have antiviral effect through acting as antioxidants, damaging cell membranes, blocking enzymes, activating mechanisms of host self-defense, and limiting virus penetration and attaching to cells. Identification, characterization, isolation, and biological role of flavonoids, as well as their uses on health advantages, are all major topics in research and development currently. This review represents a summary of various sources of flavonoids, class, subclass, their chemical structures, biological activities, the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids and various analytical, bioanalytical and electrochemical methods for determination of flavonoids from different matrices.