Epidemiological study of human intestinal parasites in Sarawak, East Malaysia: A review.

Intestinal parasitic infections are endemic in rural settings and may account for asymptomatic infections to various health complications. These infections are a cause of concern for communities of lower economic status, especially in developing countries. In Sarawak, indigenous populations residing in geographically inaccessible areas are socially and economically disadvantaged. Through close association with nature, these populations are prone to intestinal parasitism. Currently, scattered information has led to a continual state of neglect at each level of parasitic infection control. This urges for a review of their distribution and transmission based on previous reports to understand the pattern of the diseases in the state which can further address the improvement of mass controlling programs. A literature search was conducted to collect previous reports on human intestinal parasites in Sarawak, East Malaysia from PubMed (Medline), SCOPUS, ScienceDirect and Web of Science from January 2019 to March 2021. Extrapolating the current data in Sarawak which is still considered limited, further interdisciplinary strategies are demanded to give insights in the epidemiology and true prevalence of intestinal parasites in Sarawak. This review addresses for redirection of attitude towards intestinal parasitic infections where it should be given with ample attention by rural populations. In tandem to that, improvement of rural livelihood such as standard of living and sanitation in Sarawak should be accredited as part of the efforts to reduce the number of intestinal parasitic infections in the state. As a control measure, mass deworming should be reconsidered especially to the rural populations.

Spatially varying correlation between environmental conditions and human leptospirosis in Sarawak, Malaysia.

The spatial distribution of environmental conditions may influence the dynamics of vectorborne diseases like leptospirosis. This study aims to investigate the global and localised relationships between leptospirosis with selected environmental variables. The association between environmental variables and the spatial density of geocoded leptospirosis cases was determined using global Poisson regression (GPR) and geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR). A higher prevalence of leptospirosis was detected in areas with higher water vapour pressure (exp(â): 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.25) and annual precipitation (exp(â): 1.15; 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.31), with lower precipitation in the driest month (exp(â): 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75 - 0.96) and the wettest quarter (exp(â): 0.88; 95% CI: 0.77 - 1.00). Water vapor pressure (WVP) varied the most in the hotspot regions with a standard deviation of 0.62 (LQ: 0.15; UQ; 0.99) while the least variation was observed in annual precipitation (ANNP) with a standard deviation of 0.14 (LQ: 0.11; UQ; 0.30). The reduction in AICc value from 519.73 to 443.49 indicates that the GWPR model is able to identify the spatially varying correlation between leptospirosis and selected environmental variables. The results of the localised relationships in this study could be used to formulate spatially targeted interventions. This would be particularly useful in localities with a strong environmental or socio-demographical determinants for the transmission of leptospirosis.

Investigation of the antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs conjugated with a specific antibody against Staphylococcus aureus after photoactivation.

AIM: This work reports a new method for the use of lasers for the selective killing of bacteria targeted using light-absorbing Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) conjugated with a specific antibody against the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). METHODS AND RESULTS: Ag-NPs were synthesized using a chemical reduction method and characterized with respect to their surface plasmon resonance, surface morphology via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The bacterial surface was targeted using 20 nm Ag-NPs conjugated with an anti-protein A antibody. Labelled bacteria were irradiated with blue visible laser at 2·04 W/cm2 . The antibacterial activity of functionalized Ag-NPs was investigated by fluorescence microscopy after irradiation, and morphological changes in S. aureus after laser treatment were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The laser-irradiated, functionalized Ag-NPs exhibited significant bactericidal activity, and laser-induced bacterial damage was observed after 10 min of laser irradiation against S. aureus. The fluorescence microscopic analysis results supported that bacterial cell death occurred in the presence of the functionalized Ag-NPs. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that a novel method for the preparation of functionalized nanoparticles has potential as a potent antibacterial agent for the selective killing of resistant disease-causing bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study shows that Ag-NPs functionalized with a specific antibody, could be used in combination with laser radiation as a novel treatment to target resistant bacterial and fungal pathogens with minimal impact on normal microflora.