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1.
S D Med ; 75(7): 304-310, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36542570

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Paternal behaviors and attitudes during pregnancy are not known. A health survey for fathers of recently born infants was developed to be administered concurrently with a maternal survey to assess parental behaviors and attitudes before, during and after pregnancy. METHODS: Participants were parents of 149 American Indian infants born from April 1 and Dec. 31, 2015 who were recruited prospectively from data of all births in prespecified reservation counties representing Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation. Data collection was via hard-copy or online survey. RESULTS: Response rate among mothers was 62 percent (n=92). Of 149 births, 126 listed a father on the birth certificate and 51 percent (n=64) of these completed surveys on average 4.7 months post-birth. Healthwise, 90 percent of fathers reported being overweight or obese, but a small percent visited a health care worker in the previous year to be checked for diabetes (11 percent) or hypertension (14 percent). Among fathers who smoked in the last two years (73 percent), 77 percent of the mothers also smoked compared to 20 percent of mothers smoking if the father did not smoke. Nearly three-fourths of fathers were supportive of breastfeeding (70 percent), and mothers whose partners were supportive were more likely to breastfeed than those with unsupportive partners (91 percent vs. 50 percent, respectively. The majority of fathers attended prenatal visits (57 percent), the delivery (88 percent), and some or all well-baby checks (73 percent) with the main barrier stated as not being able to take time off work. CONCLUSION: Conducting a health survey with both fathers and mothers in a reservation setting is feasible and the father's attitudes and behaviors related to breastfeeding and smoking were associated with maternal health behaviors. Most fathers attended health care visits with the mother, but they were not being screened for health conditions despite a large proportion being overweight and smokers. Prenatal and antenatal visits may provide an opportune time to engage fathers and address paternal health issues.


Assuntos
Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Masculino , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Lactente , South Dakota/epidemiologia , Sobrepeso , Mães
2.
Med Sci Sports Exerc ; 52(2): 441-448, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31939912

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Study objective was to determine feasibility and compliance with a 3-month exercise intervention in older adults, and if peripheral quantitative computed tomography muscle measures and jumping mechanography could detect changes in muscle mass and function. METHODS: A parallel group, nonblinded, pilot trial with individuals 70 yr or older randomized to control group of walking-only (WALK) or an intervention group of walking combined with exercises to improve balance and strength (W + EX). Both groups attended similar weekly nutrition education sessions. Body composition, muscle density, intramuscular adipose tissue area, and muscle function were assessed before and after the intervention using dual-energy x-ray, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, functional tests, and mechanography. RESULTS: Eighty-five (90%) of 94 individuals enrolled completed (41WALK, 44W + EX). Eighty-six percent of participants attended seven or more nutrition sessions, and log sheets, used to assess exercise compliance, were returned by 66% of participants, and of those, 88% logged activity on 50%+ days. Sixty-seven percent of participants stated that they increased activity levels, and 82% stated that they felt better overall. Both groups increased lean and lost fat mass, resulting in decreases in fat percentage (all, P < 0.05). Intramuscular adipose tissue area decreased and muscle density increased among WALK (P < 0.05 and P = 0.056, respectively) but were not different between groups. Improvement in force efficiency and chair-rise power were greater among W + EX group than WALK (5.9% ± 1.8% vs -1.2% ± 2.0% [P = 0.01] and 0.25 ± 0.19 W·kg and -0.37 ± 0.23 W·kg [P = 0.04], respectively). Differences in mechanography results became greater in a per-protocol analysis. CONCLUSIONS: A larger trial is feasible, and the program was well accepted. Both groups showed improvements, the program that included strength and balance lead to greater jump force efficiency and power than walking only. Whether these differences lead to differences in fall rates need to be determined in a larger trial.


Assuntos
Idoso/fisiologia , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/fisiologia , Treinamento Resistido , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Composição Corporal , Dieta Saudável , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Força Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/anatomia & histologia , Músculo Esquelético/diagnóstico por imagem , Projetos Piloto , Equilíbrio Postural/fisiologia , Sarcopenia/prevenção & controle , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Caminhada/fisiologia
3.
Nutrients ; 10(12)2018 Dec 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30513871

RESUMO

This study sought to evaluate the associations between changes in glycemic status and changes in total body (TB), trunk, and appendicular fat (FM) and lean mass (LM) in men. A population-based study of men aged 20⁻66 years at baseline were included in cross-sectional (n = 430) and three-year longitudinal (n = 411) analyses. Prediabetes was defined as fasting glucose 100⁻125 mg/dL. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined by: self-reported diabetes, current anti-diabetic drug use (insulin/oral hypoglycemic agents), fasting glucose (≥126 mg/dL), or non-fasting glucose (≥200 mg/dL). Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Longitudinal analyses showed that changes in TB FM and LM, and appendicular LM differed among glycemic groups. Normoglycemic men who converted to prediabetes lost more TB and appendicular LM than men who remained normoglycemic (all, p < 0.05). Normoglycemic or prediabetic men who developed T2D had a greater loss of TB and appendicular LM than men who remained normoglycemic (both, p < 0.05). T2D men had greater gains in TB FM and greater losses in TB and appendicular LM than men who remained normoglycemic (all, p < 0.05). Dysglycemia is associated with adverse changes in TB and appendicular LM.


Assuntos
Glicemia , Composição Corporal , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Ligamentos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem
4.
Clin Orthop Relat Res ; 476(5): 1093-1103, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29432264

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. Several genes are associated with the development of OA, and previous studies have shown adult children of individuals with OA have higher areal bone mineral density (BMD). Because childhood is an important period of growth and bone development, and body composition is known to be associated with BMD, we speculated that there may be differences in growth and bone measures among young children with a genetic predisposition to OA. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Do differences exist at baseline in anthropometric and peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) measurements between children and grandchildren of individuals with OA and controls? (2) Do children and grandchildren of individuals with OA accrue bone longitudinally at a different rate than controls? METHODS: Longitudinal anthropometric (height, weight) and bone (cortical and trabecular volumetric BMD and cross-sectional area) measurements by pQCT were obtained at baseline and 18 and 36 months on children (n = 178) and grandchildren (n = 230) of 23 individuals with hip or knee arthroplasty resulting from OA and 23 sex-matched controls (16 females each). Grandchildren (age, 8-30 years) were further categorized as growing (premenarcheal or male < 14 years, n = 99) or mature (≥ 2 years postmenarchal or males ≥ 18 years, n = 96). The remaining 35 grandchildren could not be categorized and were excluded. RESULTS: Mature granddaughters and grandsons of individuals with OA had greater trabecular volumetric BMD than controls (236 ± 24 and 222 ± 26 mg/cm, respectively, for granddaughters, difference of 14 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1-28] mg/cm, p = 0.041 and 270 ± 22 and 248 ± 30 mg/cm, respectively, for grandsons, difference of 22 [95% CI, 1-42] mg/cm, p = 0.040). Greater trabecular volumetric BMD was observed in daughters of individuals with OA compared with daughters of controls (228 ± 28 and 212 ± 33 mg/cm, respectively, difference of 18 [95% CI, 3-30] mg/cm, respectively [p = 0.021]). Growing granddaughters and grandsons of controls had greater decreases in cortical volumetric BMD than grandchildren of individuals with OA (time-by-group [TG] based on mixed model [± standard error] -9.7 ± 4.3 versus -0.8 ± 4.4 mg/cm/year, respectively, for granddaughters, difference of 9.0 [95% CI, 2.4-15.5] mg/cm/year, p = 0.007 and -6.8 ± 3.3 versus 4.5 ± 3.4 mg/cm/year, respectively, for grandsons, difference of 11.3 [95% CI, 4.3-18.3] mg/cm/year, p = 0.002). Cortical volumetric BMD was maintained in sons of individuals with OA, but decreased in sons of controls (-0.0 ± 1.5 versus -4.3 ± 1.0 mg/cm/year, respectively, difference of 4.3 [95% CI, 0.7-7.8] mg/cm/year, p = 0.019 [TG]). There was a greater apparent decrease in cross-sectional area among daughters of individuals with OA than in controls (-4.6 ± 0.9 versus -1.7 ± 0.9 mm/year, respectively, difference of -2.9 [95% CI, -5.3 to -0.6] mm/year, p = 0.015 [TG]). CONCLUSIONS: Several anthropometric and bone differences exist between children and grandchildren of individuals with OA and controls. If these differences are confirmed in additional studies, it would be important to identify the mechanism so that preventive measures could be developed and implemented to slow or reduce OA development. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Differences in growth and bone development may lead to increased loads on cartilage that may predispose offspring to the development of OA. If these differences are confirmed in additional studies, it would be important to identify the mechanism so that preventive measures could be developed and implemented to slow or reduce OA development.


Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril , Artroplastia do Joelho , Desenvolvimento Ósseo , Avós , Osteoartrite do Quadril/cirurgia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Pais , Rádio (Anatomia)/diagnóstico por imagem , Rádio (Anatomia)/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adolescente , Desenvolvimento do Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Hereditariedade , Humanos , Incidência , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Osteoartrite do Quadril/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite do Quadril/epidemiologia , Osteoartrite do Quadril/genética , Osteoartrite do Joelho/diagnóstico por imagem , Osteoartrite do Joelho/epidemiologia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/genética , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Religião , Fatores de Risco , Saúde da População Rural , South Dakota/epidemiologia , Adulto Jovem
5.
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab ; 28(6): 619-628, 2018 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29485324

RESUMO

We examined the effect of a protein supplement on muscular strength and body composition during 6 months of a 5 days/week concurrent strength and endurance training program. Sedentary males (n = 26) and females (n = 25), 18-25 years, were randomly assigned to receive a protein (PRO, 42 g/serving) or carbohydrate (CON) supplement twice daily. Strength and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline, 3 (3M), and 6 (6M) months. Protein intake was higher in PRO (PRO: 2.2 g/kg; CON: 1.1 g/kg; p < .001). Females in both groups gained similar strength at 3M and 6M in bench press and hip sled. Males in PRO gained more bench press strength at 3M (PRO: 24.6 ± 3.2 kg; CON: 14.3 ± 3.8 kg; p = .06) and 6M (PRO: 34.4 ± 4.3 kg; CON: 18.7 ± 5.1 kg; p = .03) and hip sled strength at 3M (PRO: 67.7 ± 9.2 kg; CON: 40.8 ± 10.8 kg, p = .07) and 6M (PRO: 94.0 ± 10.6 kg; CON: 65.1 ± 12.4 kg; p = .09) compared with CON. Females in PRO experienced a greater reduction in fat mass over the course of the study (6M) than CON (PRO: -1.7 ± 0.5 kg; CON: 0.1 ± 0.5 kg; p = .06). Changes in lean mass were similar for females in PRO and CON. Loss in fat mass was similar for males in PRO and CON at 3M and 6M. Males in PRO gained more lean mass at 3M compared with CON (PRO: 3.2 ± 0.3 kg; CON: 2.2 ± 0.4 kg; p = .1) but similar gains at 6M (PRO: 2.6 ± 0.4 kg; CON: 2.2 ± 0.5 kg; p = .6). The results of this study demonstrate that PRO used during a concurrent training program may augment positive changes in body composition in young sedentary males and females, and strength gains in males.


Assuntos
Composição Corporal , Proteínas Alimentares/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Força Muscular , Treinamento Resistido , Absorciometria de Fóton , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
6.
Calcif Tissue Int ; 103(1): 5-15, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29302709

RESUMO

Estimated lifetime risk of an osteoporotic fracture in men over the age of 50 years is substantial and lifestyle factors such as physical activity may explain variation in bone mass and bone loss associated with aging. Men (n = 253) aged 20-66 years were followed for 7.5 years and factors that influence changes in means and rates of change in bone mass, density, and size using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) were investigated; in particular, seasons of sports participation during high school and college. Men with greater sports participation had higher total hip bone mineral content (BMC) (48.4 ± 0.9 and 48.6 ± 0.9 g for 7-12 and 13+ seasons vs. 45.6 ± 0.8 and 45.4 ± 0.7 g for 0 and 1-6 seasons, respectively p < 0.05) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (1.082 ± 0.015 and 1.087 ± 0.015 g/cm2 for 7-12 and 13+ seasons vs. 1.011 ± 0.015 and 1.029 ± 0.013 g/cm2 for 0 and 1-6 seasons, respectively p < 0.05) than men who participated in less sport-seasons. However, men with higher sports participation also had greater rates of bone loss in their mid-twenties at the hip (BMC - 0.8 and - 1.2% and aBMD - 0.8 and - 0.9% for 7-12 and 13+ seasons of sport participation, respectively) compared to those with 0 seasons of sport participation (BMC - 0.6% and aBMD - 0.6%) (all p < 0.05). Similar results were observed for femoral neck aBMD. Men with 7+ seasons of sport participation had higher cross-sectional area at the 20% distal radius site than those with no sports participation (all p < 0.05). These findings support significant effects of high school and/or college sports participation on bone mass and geometry in men throughout adulthood.


Assuntos
Atletas , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/fisiologia , Esportes/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Instituições Acadêmicas , Adulto Jovem
7.
Matern Child Health J ; 21(2): 335-342, 2017 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27461019

RESUMO

Objectives Increasing response rates for research surveys is challenging, especially in minority populations. A unique minority group in South Dakota is the American Indian (AI) representing about 9 % of the state's population and 15 % of the births. The purpose of this study was to determine race differences among White, AI, and Other Races (OR) in contact, participation, and response rates in the South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (SDPRAMS). We determined response rates of an online version and evaluated demographic characteristics associated with online response. Methods The SDPRAMS was sent to 1814 mothers randomly sampled from 2014 birth certificate files. Results The weighted response rate was 71.3 %, and varied significantly among the three races: 79.1 % for White race, 48.6 % for AI race, and 60.6 % for OR (p < 0.01). A higher percent of White mothers responded online than AI and OR (35, 25 and 26 %, respectively; p = 0.001); no difference between AI and OR. Online responders were more likely to be married, educated beyond high school and having annual incomes ≥$25,000 (p ≤ 0.01 for all), but only education (p < 0.001) and income (p = 0.05) remained significant in the logistic models. 26 % of White, 43 % of AI, and 46 % of OR online respondents used a smartphone to respond (p = 0.01). Conclusions Response rates differed among races. An online version of the PRAMS is a viable method of response to offer participants. Response to the online version via smartphone may increase response from minority populations, emphasizing the importance of mobile friendly formats.


Assuntos
Indígenas Norte-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Seleção de Pacientes , Inquéritos e Questionários/estatística & dados numéricos , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/etnologia , Indígenas Norte-Americanos/psicologia , Vigilância da População/métodos , South Dakota/etnologia , População Branca/etnologia , População Branca/psicologia
8.
J Clin Densitom ; 19(3): 368-74, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27131888

RESUMO

Negative health outcomes are associated with excess body fat, low levels of physical activity (PA), and high sedentary time (ST). Relationships between PA, ST, and body fat distribution, including android and gynoid fat, assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have not been measured in children. The purpose of this study was to test associations between levels of activity and body composition in children and to evaluate if levels of activity predict body composition by DXA and by body mass index percentile in a similar manner. PA, ST, and body composition from 87 children (8.8-11.8 yr, grades 3-5, 44 boys) were used to test the association among study variables. Accelerometers measured PA and ST. Body composition measured by DXA included bone mineral content (BMC) and fat and lean mass of the total body (TB, less head), android, and gynoid regions. ST (range: 409-685 min/wk) was positively associated with TB percent fat (0.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.00-0.05) and android fat mass (1.5 g, 95% CI: 0.4-3.0), and inversely associated with the lean mass of the TB (-10.7 g, 95% CI: -20.8 to -0.63) and gynoid regions (-2.2 g, 95% CI: -4.3 to -0.2), and with BMC (-0.43 g, 95% CI: 0.77-0.09). Moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with lower TB (-53 g, 95% CI: -87 to -18), android (-5 g, 95% CI: -8 to -2]), and gynoid fat (-6 g, 95% CI: -11 to -0.5). Vigorous activity results were similar. Light PA was associated with increased TB (17.1 g, 95% CI: 3.0-31.3) and gynoid lean mass (3.9 g, 95% CI: 1.0-6.8) and BMC (0.59 g, 95% CI: 0.10-1.07). In boys, there were significant associations between activity and DXA percent body fat measures that were not found with the body mass index percentile. Objective measures of PA were inversely associated with TB, android, and gynoid fat, whereas ST was directly associated with TB percent fat and, in particular, android fat. Activity levels predict body composition measures by DXA and, in particular, android fat distribution.


Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Distribuição da Gordura Corporal , Exercício Físico , Comportamento Sedentário , Absorciometria de Fóton , Acelerometria , Composição Corporal , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores de Tempo
9.
Pediatr Pulmonol ; 51(1): 28-33, 2016 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26551628

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have low bone density and increased fracture risk. METHODS: Cross-sectional study investigating whole body bone mineral content (WBBMC), bone geometry and strength in 12 children with CF compared to 23 age- and sex-matched controls with and without adjusting for age, height, and body composition. RESULTS: CF group had lower WBBMC than controls (P = 0.007) with larger differences at older ages (age-by-group, P = 0.08). CF group had decreased height (P = 0.006), a trend of lower lean mass per height (P = 0.08), and no difference in relationship between WBBMC and lean mass compared to controls (P = 0.65). Periosteal and endosteal circumferences were smaller in CF (each, P = 0.02). Positive relationships of cortical area and bone strength with age were attenuated with CF (group-by-age; each, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Children with CF have similar WBBMC relative to lean mass as controls. Cortical bone area and bone strength were less in CF group compared to controls, with greater differences in older children.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , Fibrose Cística/diagnóstico por imagem , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino
10.
J Strength Cond Res ; 29(9): 2503-12, 2015 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26313574

RESUMO

This study investigated changes in body composition over 1 competitive football season in D-I collegiate football players (N = 53; by position, 21 linemen vs. 32 nonline; or by seniority, 30 upperclassmen vs. 23 underclassmen) and additional changes by the following spring season (N = 46; 20 linemen vs. 26 nonline; 27 upperclassmen vs. 19 underclassmen). Body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was completed pre- and post-season and the following spring. For the team as a whole, player weight decreased 1.3 kg (1.2%) and lean mass decreased 1.4 kg (1.6%) over the season. Absolute fat mass showed no change; however, percent body fat showed a 0.5% increase. There was an interaction between player position and seniority for changes in lean mass (p < 0.01). In nonline positions upperclassmen lost more lean mass than underclassmen, whereas in line positions underclassmen lost more lean mass than upperclassmen. Spring measures indicate that weight did not increase during the off-season, but improvement in body composition was noted. Lean mass increased by 2.2 kg (2.6%), whereas absolute fat mass decreased by 1.4 kg (6.7%). Although weight and lean mass losses during the competitive season were recovered in the off-season, changes in collegiate football programs that include nutrition counseling, dietary recommendations, monitoring of weight, and skin-fold testing as an estimate of body fat change would be beneficial to players. Strength and conditioning coaches and staff need to consider strategies to incorporate these practices into their programs.


Assuntos
Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Futebol Americano/fisiologia , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adiposidade/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Estações do Ano , Adulto Jovem
11.
Bone ; 79: 79-87, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25957824

RESUMO

The purpose of this research was to determine whether there were differences in estimated means and rates of change in BMC, bone area, BMD and measures of bone geometry among men (n=544) from three distinct populations (Hutterite [rural], rural non-Hutterite, non-rural), and whether activity levels or calcium intake explain these population differences. Men were enrolled in the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study and followed for 7.5 years to estimate means and rates of change in bone mass, density, size and geometry. Femoral neck (FN) and spine measurements were obtained every 18 months by DXA and distal radius (4% and 20%) measurements by pQCT. Activity measurements and calcium intake were obtained quarterly for the first 3 years and at 54, 72, and 90 months. Rural men had greater percent time in moderate plus vigorous activity (mean ± SD: 22 ± 10 vs. 15 ± 8%, p<0.001) and greater lean mass (69 ± 9 vs. 66 ± 10 kg, p=0.05) than non-rural men. Both rural populations (Hutterite and rural men) had larger femoral neck (FN) bone area and greater 20% radius cross-sectional area than non-rural men ([least square means ± SE] FN area: 5.90 ± 0.02 and 5.86 ± 0.02 vs. 5.76 ± 0.03 cm(2), p<0.001 and p=0.03 respectively and cross-sectional area: 171.0 ±1.3 and 165.5 ± 1.5 vs. 150.3 ± 1.6mm(2), both p<0.001). Despite lower cortical vBMD in Hutterite and rural men compared to non-rural men (1182 ± 2 and 1187 ± 2 vs. 1192 ± 2 mm(2), p<0.001 and p=0.06 respectively), bone strength (pSSI) was greater (429 ± 5 and 422 ± 5 vs. 376 ± 6 mm(3), both p<0.001). The rates of change in femoral neck BMC and aBMD and trabecular vBMD also differed by rural lifestyle, with greater losses among non-rural men in their 20s and 60s compared to both Hutterite and rural populations (time-by-age-by-group interactions, both p<0.01). Physical activity was not found to be a potential mediator of population differences. Baseline calcium intake was associated with FN aBMD (p=0.04), and increases in calcium intake were associated with spine BMC (p=0.04) and inversely associated with cortical area (p=0.02). There was some evidence for mediation by either baseline calcium intake or changes in calcium intake over the study period, but the influence on population differences were negligible. We speculate that rural-non-rural differences in bone occur earlier in life or are a result of factors that have not yet been identified.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Osso e Ossos/diagnóstico por imagem , População Rural , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adulto , Idoso , Agricultura , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , South Dakota , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Adulto Jovem
12.
Clin Orthop Relat Res ; 473(8): 2514-20, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25762018

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Falls and fractures are a major public health concern with an economic impact of more than USD 19 billion per year. Extensive research into the risk of falls and fractures in elderly populations has been performed; however, little is known about fall or fracture risk in younger populations. Additionally, sex- and population-specific (rural versus nonrural) fall and fracture risk may be important in identifying groups most at risk in an effort to develop preventive measures. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex and population (rural versus nonrural) differences exist in fall and fracture rates. METHODS: Data from 1256 (538 men) participants of the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study, a population-based cohort study, including those living a rural lifestyle (n=349 non-Hutterites and 572 Hutterites) and a nonrural lifestyle (n=335), were used to address our a priori hypotheses. Health histories, physical activity recall, anthropometric measurements, and dual-energy xray absorptiometry measurements of body composition were obtained longitudinally from participants every 18 months for 7.5 years. Falls and fractures were self-reported and fractures were confirmed through medical record review. Incidence rates were calculated as the number of falls or fractures per 1000 person-years and generalized estimating equations determined the association of sex and population group with fall and fractures rates while accounting for the repeated longitudinal measurements on the same person. All models adjusted for age group, percent time in moderate and vigorous physical activity, lean and fat mass, grip strength, and previous diagnosis of osteoarthritis. RESULTS: Males aged 39 years and younger had a 135% greater fall risk than females in the same age category (p=0.03), but there was no differences between males and females 40 years of age or older (p=0.26; age-by-sex interaction, p=0.05). No sex differences were observed for fracture risk. After controlling for covariates, rural and nonrural individuals fell at higher rates than Hutterites (84% and 50%, respectively, p<0.001). Additionally, rural individuals fractured at a 72% greater rate than Hutterites after controlling for covariates (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Sex differences in fall risk among younger individuals along with population differences in fall and fracture rates suggest that sex and lifestyle factors may have an impact on fall and fracture risk. Future studies focusing on sex- and population-specific risk factors are necessary to develop prevention strategies tailored to specific populations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, prospective study.


Assuntos
Acidentes por Quedas/estatística & dados numéricos , Etnicidade/estatística & dados numéricos , Fraturas Ósseas/etnologia , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Saúde da População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Feminino , Fraturas Ósseas/diagnóstico , Humanos , Incidência , Estilo de Vida , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , South Dakota/epidemiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto Jovem
13.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol ; 25(3): 303-7, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25027449

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to provide evidence to evaluate the proposed National Children's Study (NCS) protocol for household water sampling in rural study areas. Day-to-day variability in total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentrations in community water supplies (CWS) in rural areas was determined, and the correlation between TTHM concentrations from household taps and CWS monitoring reports was evaluated. Daily water samples were collected from 7 households serviced by 7 different CWS for 15 days. Coefficients of variation for TTHM concentration over 15 days ranged from 8% to 20% depending on the household. Correlations were tested between TTHM household concentrations and the closest date- and location-matched CWS monitoring reports for the 15-day mean (R=0.85, P<0.01). To simulate the NCS-proposed protocol, correlations were tested for 30 additional NCS household samples (polynomial fit: R=0.74, P=0.04). CWS reported TTHM concentrations >50 µg/l corresponded to measured NCS household concentrations ranging from 2 to 60 µg/l. TTHM concentrations were higher in CWS than NCS samples (11.2±3.2 µg/l, mean difference±SE, P<0.01). These results show that in rural areas there is high variability within households and poor correlation at higher concentrations, suggesting that TTHM concentrations from CWS monitoring reports are not an accurate measure of exposure in the household.


Assuntos
Desinfecção , Água Potável/química , População Rural , Trialometanos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Qualidade da Água , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estados Unidos
14.
Eur J Appl Physiol ; 114(7): 1429-38, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24664495

RESUMO

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate tibial changes in volumetric bone mineral density and geometry that take place in athletes from pre- to post-season. METHODS: Female college athletes (n = 36) and ten controls recruited from the student population were included in the study. Participants had their left tibia scanned by pQCT at 4, 20, and 66 % of the overall length from the distal end before and after their competitive seasons. Subjects were divided into four groups: non-athlete (controls, n = 10), moderate-impact (cross-country runners, n = 13), high-impact (volleyball and basketball, n = 11), and odd-impact (soccer, n = 12). RESULTS: Anterior-posterior and medial-lateral diameter increased at the 4 % site in control subjects. In the moderate-impact group, medial-lateral moment of inertia (MOI) increased by 1.2 ± 1.8 (mean ± SD) percent at the 20 % site. In high-impact group, anterior-posterior MOI increased by 1.6 ± 2.0 percent at the 66 % site. In odd-impact group, cortical area (1.4 ± 2.3 %) and cortical thickness (1.8 ± 2.8 %) increased at the 20 % site increased, as did the polar MOI (1.8 ± 2.2 %) at the 66 % site. CONCLUSIONS: Load-specific changes resulting in improved measures of bone strength take place in athletes during a competitive season. These changes may result in improved resistance to fractures and stress fractures.


Assuntos
Atletas , Densidade Óssea , Estudantes , Tíbia/fisiologia , Adaptação Fisiológica , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Comportamento Competitivo , Feminino , Humanos , Tíbia/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Suporte de Carga
15.
Orthop J Sports Med ; 2(7): 2325967114541411, 2014 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26535343

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Several previous investigations have determined potential risk factors for stress fractures in athletes and military personnel. PURPOSE: To determine factors associated with the development of stress fractures in female athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 88 female athletes (cross-country, n = 29; soccer, n = 15; swimming, n = 9; track and field, n = 14; volleyball, n = 12; and basketball, n = 9) aged 18 to 24 years were recruited to participate in a longitudinal bone study and had their left distal tibia at the 4%, 20%, and 66% sites scanned by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Patients included 23 athletes who developed stress fractures during the following year (cases). Whole body, hip, and spine scans were obtained using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Analysis of covariance was used to determine differences in bone parameters between cases and controls after adjusting for height, lower leg length, lean mass, fat mass, and sport. RESULTS: No differences were observed between cases and controls in any of the DXA measurements. Cases had significantly greater unadjusted trabecular bone mineral content (BMC), greater polar moment of inertia (PMI) at the 20% site, and greater cortical BMC at the 66% site; however, after adjusting for covariates, the differences became nonsignificant. When analyses were repeated using all individuals who had ever had a stress fracture as cases (n = 31) and after controlling for covariates, periosteal circumference was greater in the cases than the controls (71.1 ± 0.7 vs 69.4 ± 0.5 mm, respectively; P = .04). CONCLUSION: A history of stress fractures is associated with larger bones. These findings are important because larger bones were previously reported to be protective against fractures and stress fractures, but study findings indicate that may not always be true. One explanation could be that individuals who sustain stress fractures have greater loading that results in greater periosteal circumference but also results in the development of stress fractures.

16.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab ; 96(1): 106-14, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20926531

RESUMO

CONTEXT: Cross-sectional associations for lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) with bone may not reflect longitudinal associations. OBJECTIVE: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of LM and FM with radial bone measurements in children were compared. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted a longitudinal study on 370 (232 females) children, 8-18 yr of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: LM and FM were measured by dual-energy absorptiometry. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography at the 4% radius (4R) and 20% radius (20R) measured bone mineral content (BMC), volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), area, and strength [polar stress strain index (pSSI)]. RESULTS: Males at 20R had negative FM cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with cortical area and BMC and pSSI (P < 0.02); negative cross-sectional association with total area (P < 0.001); and negative longitudinal association with cortical thickness (P < 0.001). Females at 20R had FM cross-sectional association with total area, cortical BMC, and pSSI and longitudinal associations with cortical BMC and area, vBMD, and pSSI that went from positive to negative with age and, in some cases, varied with menarche. Both sexes at 4R had a negative FM cross-sectional association with BMC and area (P < 0.001) but negative longitudinal association with vBMD (P < 0.05). LM associations with bone outcomes were generally positive, except for negative longitudinal associations with cortical BMC and vBMD in young females (P < 0.01). LM associations were greater magnitude than FM associations and often depended on age. CONCLUSIONS: For males and older females, cross-sectional associations indicated a reduced bone size with higher FM, whereas longitudinal associations showed a decrease in cortical area without changes in bone size. LM was positively associated with BMC and area.


Assuntos
Tecido Adiposo/diagnóstico por imagem , Composição Corporal/fisiologia , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Rádio (Anatomia)/diagnóstico por imagem , Absorciometria de Fóton , Adolescente , Análise de Variância , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Fatores Sexuais , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X
17.
Bone ; 46(4): 1000-5, 2010 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20056177

RESUMO

The relationship between aBMD and osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. We compared aBMD, BMC and bone size among children and grandchildren of Hutterites with hip or knee replacement (n=23 each) to children and grandchildren of age- and sex-matched controls (178 children and 267 grandchildren). There were no differences in anthropometric measures or activity levels between case and control probands, but femoral neck (FN) and spine (LS) aBMD and Z-scores were greater in cases than controls (0.89 vs. 0.80 g/cm2; 1.15 vs. 1.03 g/cm2; 1.5 vs. 0.8; 2.4 vs. 1.2: all p<0.05). Hip, FN and LS aBMD (1.05 vs. 0.97, 0.92 vs. 0.84, 1.15 vs. 1.03 g/cm2), BMC (34.1 vs. 32.0, 4.58 vs. 4.27, 69.5 vs. 62.4 g) and Z-scores (1.0 vs. 0.4; 0.9 vs. 0.2; 1.3 vs. 0.2) were greater in daughters of cases than controls (hip BMC p=0.06, others p<0.05); there were no differences between sons. Grandchildren (aged 8-39 years) were categorized as growing (premenarcheal or male<14 years) or not growing (> or =2 years post-menarcheal or males> or =18 years): 33 were not classified. Post-menarcheal, but not premenarcheal, granddaughters of cases had greater hip, FN and LS aBMD Z-scores (0.7 vs. -0.1; 0.6 vs. -0.1; 0.8 vs. -0.3); greater hip and spine aBMD (1.03 vs. 0.95, 1.10 vs. 0.98 g/cm2); greater femoral neck and spine BMC (4.77 vs. 4.21, 66.7 vs. 55.4 g); and greater spine bone area (60.7 vs. 56.6 cm2) compared to granddaughters of controls (all, p<0.05), which remained significant when height, weight, and age were included as covariates. Growing grandsons of cases were taller and heavier than control grandsons, and a greater hip aBMD among grandsons of cases (0.88 vs. 0.76 g/cm2) was the only bone difference that remained significant after taking into account body size differences. Grandsons who were not growing had greater spine bone area (1.19 vs. 1.08 cm2) if their grandparent had OA compared to grandsons whose grandparents did not have OA. We speculate that there is a genetic basis for OA that leads to early differences in growth patterns among boys and greater peak bone mass and aBMD among girls.


Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril , Artroplastia do Joelho , Densidade Óssea/fisiologia , Família , Colo do Fêmur/fisiologia , Osteoartrite do Quadril/cirurgia , Osteoartrite do Joelho/cirurgia , Coluna Vertebral/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Antropometria , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Atividade Motora , Protestantismo , Fatores Sexuais , South Dakota
18.
Bone ; 44(3): 454-60, 2009 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19095089

RESUMO

We previously reported greater than average aBMD in adult Hutterites; however, it is unknown whether higher aBMD occurs at younger ages. We examined Hutterite children to test the hypotheses that aBMD Z-scores in younger (<15 years) Hutterite children would be similar to reference data; but greater in older children after they enter the adult workforce at age 15. A secondary aim was to determine lifestyle factors associated with bone measures among Hutterite children. Hip, femoral neck, and spine BMC and aBMD were measured in 323 Hutterite children aged 8 through 19 years: 186 (108 girls) were <15 years (younger) and 137 (87 girls) were >or=15 years (older). Anthropometric measurements and activity and dietary recalls were obtained. Overall, children were lighter (Z=-0.29+/-0.72 [mean+/-SD]), shorter (Z=-0.15+/-0.86, and had lower BMI's (Z=-0.27+/-0.70) than other South Dakota children residing in the same counties (all, p

Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Estilo de Vida , Protestantismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Antropometria , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur/anatomia & histologia , Quadril/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Masculino , Atividade Motora , Coluna Vertebral/anatomia & histologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Trabalho , Adulto Jovem
19.
J Clin Densitom ; 11(4): 575-80, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18715808

RESUMO

Researchers conducting longitudinal studies face challenges as technology evolves and data collection equipment is upgraded from older to newer models. In this study, we report precision error and associations from correlation, regression equations, and Bland-Altman plots that compare results of distal radius images from the XCT 2000 and XCT 3000 peripheral quantitative computed tomography densitometers at the 4% and 20% distal radius site. The mean difference expressed as a percent of the measurement's mean was approximately 5% for cortical thickness, periosteal and endosteal circumferences, and total bone size at the 20% site, and less than 2% for all other measures. There were strong associations between bone parameter measures from the XCT 3000 and XCT 2000 with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.92 to 1.0. Strong associations between the 2 machines allow for the comparison of results with minor adjustments.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Rádio (Anatomia)/diagnóstico por imagem , Tomógrafos Computadorizados , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Radiografia , Análise de Regressão
20.
Am J Hum Biol ; 20(6): 693-9, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18491408

RESUMO

The age women reach menarche may affect bone length and mass. Some studies show an earlier menarcheal age (MA) results in a shorter stature and increased body fat. We hypothesized that Hutterite women have a shorter height and limb length, but greater bone mass and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) than non-Hutterites. Results are from a secondary analysis of 344 (198 Hutterite) healthy, pre-menopausal women aged 20-40 years who participated in the South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study. Bone measures were obtained by DXA (spine, hip and total body) and pQCT (4 and 20% distal radius). MA correlated with year of birth (r = -0.10, P = 0.08) indicating a trend toward a younger MA for women born in more recent years. MA was inversely associated with current weight (r = -0.11, P < 0.05), percent body fat (r = -0.16, P < 0.01), femoral neck BMC (r = -0.18, P = 0.003), femoral neck aBMD (r = -0.21, P < 0.001), hip aBMD (r = -0.22, P < 0.001) and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) (r = -0.14, P = 0.03). Hutterite women had a younger MA than non-Hutterite women (12.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 13.0 +/- 1.3 yr, P < 0.001). In final regression models controlling for diet and activity patterns, Hutterite compared to non-Hutterite women had shorter standing height (162 +/- 0.4 vs. 166 +/- 0.4 cm, P < 0.001), forearm length (258 +/- 0.8 vs. 261 +/- 0.9 mm, P = 0.04); and leg length (76 +/- 0.2 vs. 77 +/- 0.3 cm, P < 0.01) as hypothesized, but MA did not predict these outcomes. In conclusion, younger MA in Hutterite women did not explain their shorter standing height and limb lengths, but total hip aBMD was inversely associated with MA and greater in Hutterite than non-Hutterite women.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/genética , Desenvolvimento Ósseo/genética , Menarca/genética , População Branca/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Pesos e Medidas Corporais , Desenvolvimento Ósseo/fisiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Feminino , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Menarca/fisiologia , População Rural , South Dakota , Adulto Jovem
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