Design-rules for stapled peptides with in vivo activity and their application to Mdm2/X antagonists.

Although stapled α-helical peptides can address challenging targets, their advancement is impeded by poor understandings for making them cell permeable while avoiding off-target toxicities. By synthesizing >350 molecules, we present workflows for identifying stapled peptides against Mdm2(X) with in vivo activity and no off-target effects. Key insights include a clear correlation between lipophilicity and permeability, removal of positive charge to avoid off-target toxicities, judicious anionic residue placement to enhance solubility/behavior, optimization of C-terminal length/helicity to enhance potency, and optimization of staple type/number to avoid polypharmacology. Workflow application gives peptides with >292x improved cell proliferation potencies and no off-target cell proliferation effects ( > 3800x on-target index). Application of these 'design rules' to a distinct Mdm2(X) peptide series improves ( > 150x) cellular potencies and removes off-target toxicities. The outlined workflow should facilitate therapeutic impacts, especially for those targets such as Mdm2(X) that have hydrophobic interfaces and are targetable with a helical motif.

Establishment of a 96-well transwell system using primary human gut organoids to capture multiple quantitative pathway readouts.

Disruptions in the gut epithelial barrier can lead to the development of chronic indications such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Historically, barrier function has been assessed in cancer cell lines, which do not contain all human intestinal cell types, leading to poor translatability. To bridge this gap, we adapted human primary gut organoids grown as monolayers to quantify transcription factor phosphorylation, gene expression, cytokine production, and barrier function. In this work we describe and characterize a novel 96-well human gut organoid-derived monolayer system that enables quantitative assessment of candidate therapeutics. Normal human intestine differentiation patterns and barrier function were characterized and confirmed to recapitulate key aspects of in vivo biology. Next, cellular response to TNF-α (a central driver of IBD) was determined using a diverse cadre of quantitative readouts. We showed that TNF-α pathway antagonists rescued damage caused by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that this system is suitable for quantitative assessment of barrier modulating factors. Taken together, we have established a robust primary cell-based 96-well system capable of interrogating questions around mucosal response. This system is well suited to provide pivotal functional data to support translational target and drug discovery efforts.

Rapid label-free cell-based Approach Membrane Permeability Assay using MALDI-hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry for peptides.

Peptide therapeutics are a growing modality in the pharmaceutical industry and expanding these therapeutics to hit intracellular targets would require establishing cell permeability. Rapid measurement target-agnostic cell permeability of peptides is still analytically challenging. In this study, we demonstrate the development of a rapid high-throughput label-free methodology based on a MALDI-hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (MALDI-HDX-MS) approach to rank-order peptide cell membrane permeability using live THP-1 and AsPc-1 cells. Peptides were incubated in the presence of live cells and their permeability into the cells over time was measured by MALDI-HDX-MS. A differential hydrogen-deuterium exchange approach was used to distinguish the peptides outside of the cells from those inside. The peptides on the outside of the cells were labeled using sufficiently short exposure to deuterium oxide, while the peptides inside of the cells were protected from labeling as a result of permeation into the cells. The deuterium labeled and peak area ratios of unlabeled peptides were compared and plotted over time. The developed methodology, referred to as Cell-based Approach Membrane Permeability Assay (CAMPA), was applied to study an array of 24 diverse peptides including cell-penetrating peptides, stapled and macrocyclic peptides. The cell membrane permeability results observed by CAMPA were corroborated by previously reported in literature data. The CAMPA MALDI-MS analysis was fully automated including MS data processing using internally developed Python scripts. Moreover, CAMPA was demonstrated to be useful for differentiating passive and active cell transportation by using an endocytosis inhibitor in cell incubation media for selected peptides.

Accelerated Identification of Cell Active KRAS Inhibitory Macrocyclic Peptides using Mixture Libraries and Automated Ligand Identification System (ALIS) Technology.

Macrocyclic peptides can disrupt previously intractable protein-protein interactions (PPIs) relevant to oncology targets such as KRAS. Early hits often lack cellular activity and require meticulous improvement of affinity, permeability, and metabolic stability to become viable leads. We have validated the use of the Automated Ligand Identification System (ALIS) to screen oncogenic KRASG12D (GDP) against mass-encoded mini-libraries of macrocyclic peptides and accelerate our structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration. These mixture libraries were generated by premixing various unnatural amino acids without the need for the laborious purification of individual peptides. The affinity ranking of the peptide sequences provided SAR-rich data sets that led to the selection of novel potency-enhancing substitutions in our subsequent designs. Additional stability and permeability optimization resulted in the identification of peptide 7 that inhibited pERK activity in a pancreatic cancer cell line. More broadly, this methodology offers an efficient alternative to accelerate the fastidious hit-to-lead optimization of PPI peptide inhibitors.

NanoClick: A High Throughput, Target-Agnostic Peptide Cell Permeability Assay.

Macrocyclic peptides open new opportunities to target intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) that are often considered nondruggable by traditional small molecules. However, engineering sufficient membrane permeability into these molecules is a central challenge for identifying clinical candidates. Currently, there is a lack of high-throughput assays to assess peptide permeability, which limits our capacity to engineer this property into macrocyclic peptides for advancement through drug discovery pipelines. Accordingly, we developed a high throughput and target-agnostic cell permeability assay that measures the relative cumulative cytosolic exposure of a peptide in a concentration-dependent manner. The assay was named NanoClick as it combines in-cell Click chemistry with an intracellular NanoBRET signal. We validated the approach using known cell penetrating peptides and further demonstrated a correlation to cellular activity using a p53/MDM2 model system. With minimal change to the peptide sequence, NanoClick enables the ability to measure uptake of molecules that enter the cell via different mechanisms such as endocytosis, membrane translocation, or passive permeability. Overall, the NanoClick assay can serve as a screening tool to uncover predictive design rules to guide structure-activity-permeability relationships in the optimization of functionally active molecules.

Discovery of cell active macrocyclic peptides with on-target inhibition of KRAS signaling.

Macrocyclic peptides have the potential to address intracellular protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of high value therapeutic targets that have proven largely intractable to small molecules. Here, we report broadly applicable lessons for applying this modality to intracellular targets and specifically for advancing chemical matter to address KRAS, a protein that represents the most common oncogene in human lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancers yet is one of the most challenging targets in human disease. Specifically, we focused on KRpep-2d, an arginine-rich KRAS-binding peptide with a disulfide-mediated macrocyclic linkage and a protease-sensitive backbone. These latter redox and proteolytic labilities obviated cellular activity. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies involving macrocyclic linker replacement, stereochemical inversion, and backbone α-methylation, gave a peptide with on-target cellular activity. However, we uncovered an important generic insight - the arginine-dependent cell entry mechanism limited its therapeutic potential. In particular, we observed a strong correlation between net positive charge and histamine release in an ex vivo assay, thus making this series unsuitable for advancement due to the potentially fatal consequences of mast cell degranulation. This observation should signal to researchers that cationic-mediated cell entry - an approach that has yet to succeed in the clinic despite a long history of attempts - carries significant therapy-limiting safety liabilities. Nonetheless, the cell-active molecules identified here validate a unique inhibitory epitope on KRAS and thus provide valuable molecular templates for the development of therapeutics that are desperately needed to address KRAS-driven cancers - some of the most treatment-resistant human malignancies.

Use of Cryopreserved Hepatocytes as Part of an Integrated Strategy to Characterize In Vivo Clearance for Peptide-Antibody Conjugate Inhibitors of Nav1.7 in Preclinical Species.

The identification of nonopioid alternatives to treat chronic pain has received a great deal of interest in recent years. Recently, the engineering of a series of Nav1.7 inhibitory peptide-antibody conjugates has been reported, and herein, the preclinical efforts to identify novel approaches to characterize the pharmacokinetic properties of the peptide conjugates are described. A cryopreserved plated mouse hepatocyte assay was designed to measure the depletion of the peptide-antibody conjugates from the media, with a correlation being observed between percentage remaining in the media and in vivo clearance (Pearson r = -0.5525). Physicochemical (charge and hydrophobicity), receptor-binding [neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)], and in vivo pharmacokinetic data were generated and compared with the results from our in vitro hepatocyte assay, which was hypothesized to encompass all of the aforementioned properties. Correlations were observed among hydrophobicity; FcRn binding; depletion rates from the hepatocyte assay; and ultimately, in vivo clearance. Subsequent studies identified potential roles for the low-density lipoprotein and mannose/galactose receptors in the association of the Nav1.7 peptide conjugates with mouse hepatocytes, although in vivo studies suggested that FcRn was still the primary receptor involved in determining the pharmacokinetics of the peptide conjugates. Ultimately, the use of the cryopreserved hepatocyte assay along with FcRn binding and hydrophobic interaction chromatography provided an efficient and integrated approach to rapidly triage molecules for advancement while reducing the number of in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although multiple in vitro and in silico tools are available in small-molecule drug discovery, pharmacokinetic characterization of protein therapeutics is still highly dependent upon the use of in vivo studies in preclinical species. The current work demonstrates the combined use of cryopreserved hepatocytes, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and neonatal Fc receptor binding to characterize a series of Nav1.7 peptide-antibody conjugates prior to conducting in vivo studies, thus providing a means to rapidly evaluate novel protein therapeutic platforms while concomitantly reducing the number of in vivo studies conducted in preclinical species.

Engineering NaV1.7 Inhibitory JzTx-V Peptides with a Potency and Basicity Profile Suitable for Antibody Conjugation To Enhance Pharmacokinetics.

Drug discovery research on new pain targets with human genetic validation, including the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7, is being pursued to address the unmet medical need with respect to chronic pain and the rising opioid epidemic. As part of early research efforts on this front, we have previously developed NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide-antibody conjugates with tarantula venom-derived GpTx-1 toxin peptides with an extended half-life (80 h) in rodents but only moderate in vitro activity (hNaV1.7 IC50 = 250 nM) and without in vivo activity. We identified the more potent peptide JzTx-V from our natural peptide collection and improved its selectivity against other sodium channel isoforms through positional analogueing. Here we report utilization of the JzTx-V scaffold in a peptide-antibody conjugate and architectural variations in the linker, peptide loading, and antibody attachment site. We found conjugates with 100-fold improved in vitro potency relative to those of complementary GpTx-1 analogues, but pharmacokinetic and bioimaging analyses of these JzTx-V conjugates revealed a shorter than expected plasma half-life in vivo with accumulation in the liver. In an attempt to increase circulatory serum levels, we sought the reduction of the net +6 charge of the JzTx-V scaffold while retaining a desirable NaV in vitro activity profile. The conjugate of a JzTx-V peptide analogue with a +2 formal charge maintained NaV1.7 potency with 18-fold improved plasma exposure in rodents. Balancing the loss of peptide and conjugate potency associated with the reduction of net charge necessary for improved target exposure resulted in a compound with moderate activity in a NaV1.7-dependent pharmacodynamic model but requires further optimization to identify a conjugate that can fully engage NaV1.7 in vivo.

Peptide-Membrane Interactions Affect the Inhibitory Potency and Selectivity of Spider Toxins ProTx-II and GpTx-1.

Gating modifier toxins (GMTs) from spider venom can inhibit voltage gated sodium channels (NaVs) involved in pain signal transmission, including the NaV1.7 subtype. GMTs have a conserved amphipathic structure that allow them to interact with membranes and also with charged residues in regions of NaV that are exposed at the cell surface. ProTx-II and GpTx-1 are GMTs able to inhibit NaV1.7 with high potency, but they differ in their ability to bind to membranes and in their selectivity over other NaV subtypes. To explore these differences and gain detailed information on their membrane-binding ability and how this relates to potency and selectivity, we examined previously described NaV1.7 potent/selective GpTx-1 analogues and new ProTx-II analogues designed to reduce membrane binding and improve selectivity for NaV1.7. Our studies reveal that the number and type of hydrophobic residues as well as how they are presented at the surface determine the affinity of ProTx-II and GpTx-1 for membranes and that altering these residues can have dramatic effects on NaV inhibitory activity. We demonstrate that strong peptide-membrane interactions are not essential for inhibiting NaV1.7 and propose that hydrophobic interactions instead play an important role in positioning the GMT at the membrane surface proximal to exposed NaV residues, thereby affecting peptide-channel interactions. Our detailed structure-activity relationship study highlights the challenges of designing GMT-based molecules that simultaneously achieve high potency and selectivity for NaV1.7, as single mutations can induce local changes in GMT structure that can have a major impact on NaV-inhibitory activity.

Discovery of Tarantula Venom-Derived NaV1.7-Inhibitory JzTx-V Peptide 5-Br-Trp24 Analogue AM-6120 with Systemic Block of Histamine-Induced Pruritis.

Inhibitors of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 are being investigated as pain therapeutics due to compelling human genetics. We previously identified NaV1.7-inhibitory peptides GpTx-1 and JzTx-V from tarantula venom screens. Potency and selectivity were modulated through attribute-based positional scans of native residues via chemical synthesis. Herein, we report JzTx-V lead optimization to identify a pharmacodynamically active peptide variant. Molecular docking of peptide ensembles from NMR into a homology model-derived NaV1.7 structure supported prioritization of key residues clustered on a hydrophobic face of the disulfide-rich folded peptide for derivatization. Replacing Trp24 with 5-Br-Trp24 identified lead peptides with activity in electrophysiology assays in engineered and neuronal cells. 5-Br-Trp24 containing peptide AM-6120 was characterized in X-ray crystallography and pharmacokinetic studies and blocked histamine-induced pruritis in mice after subcutaneous administration, demonstrating systemic NaV1.7-dependent pharmacodynamics. Our data suggests a need for high target coverage based on plasma exposure for impacting in vivo end points with selectivity-optimized peptidic NaV1.7 inhibitors.

Discovery of TRPM8 Antagonist ( S)-6-(((3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)nicotinic Acid (AMG 333), a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Migraine.

Transient-receptor-potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), the predominant mammalian cold-temperature thermosensor, is a nonselective cation channel expressed in a subpopulation of sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system, including nerve circuitry implicated in migraine pathogenesis: the trigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglia. Genomewide association studies have identified an association between TRPM8 and reduced risk of migraine. This disclosure focuses on medicinal-chemistry efforts to improve the druglike properties of initial leads, particularly removal of CYP3A4-induction liability and improvement of pharmacokinetic properties. A novel series of biarylmethanamide TRPM8 antagonists was developed, and a subset of leads were evaluated in preclinical toxicology studies to identify a clinical candidate with an acceptable preclinical safety profile leading to clinical candidate AMG 333, a potent and highly selective antagonist of TRPM8 that was evaluated in human clinical trials.

Pharmacological characterization of potent and selective NaV1.7 inhibitors engineered from Chilobrachys jingzhao tarantula venom peptide JzTx-V.

Identification of voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 inhibitors for chronic pain therapeutic development is an area of vigorous pursuit. In an effort to identify more potent leads compared to our previously reported GpTx-1 peptide series, electrophysiology screening of fractionated tarantula venom discovered the NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide JzTx-V from the Chinese earth tiger tarantula Chilobrachys jingzhao. The parent peptide displayed nominal selectivity over the skeletal muscle NaV1.4 channel. Attribute-based positional scan analoging identified a key Ile28Glu mutation that improved NaV1.4 selectivity over 100-fold, and further optimization yielded the potent and selective peptide leads AM-8145 and AM-0422. NMR analyses revealed that the Ile28Glu substitution changed peptide conformation, pointing to a structural rationale for the selectivity gains. AM-8145 and AM-0422 as well as GpTx-1 and HwTx-IV competed for ProTx-II binding in HEK293 cells expressing human NaV1.7, suggesting that these NaV1.7 inhibitory peptides interact with a similar binding site. AM-8145 potently blocked native tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) channels in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, exhibited 30- to 120-fold selectivity over other human TTX-S channels and exhibited over 1,000-fold selectivity over other human tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) channels. Leveraging NaV1.7-NaV1.5 chimeras containing various voltage-sensor and pore regions, AM-8145 mapped to the second voltage-sensor domain of NaV1.7. AM-0422, but not the inactive peptide analog AM-8374, dose-dependently blocked capsaicin-induced DRG neuron action potential firing using a multi-electrode array readout and mechanically-induced C-fiber spiking in a saphenous skin-nerve preparation. Collectively, AM-8145 and AM-0422 represent potent, new engineered NaV1.7 inhibitory peptides derived from the JzTx-V scaffold with improved NaV selectivity and biological activity in blocking action potential firing in both DRG neurons and C-fibers.

Identification of Antibody and Small Molecule Antagonists of Ferroportin-Hepcidin Interaction.

The iron exporter ferroportin and its ligand, the hormone hepcidin, control fluxes of stored and recycled iron for use in a variety of essential biochemical processes. Inflammatory disorders and malignancies are often associated with high hepcidin levels, leading to ferroportin down-regulation, iron sequestration in tissue macrophages and subsequent anemia. The objective of this research was to develop reagents to characterize the expression of ferroportin, the interaction between ferroportin and hepcidin, as well as to identify novel ferroportin antagonists capable of maintaining iron export in the presence of hepcidin. Development of investigative tools that enabled cell-based screening assays is described in detail, including specific and sensitive monoclonal antibodies that detect endogenously-expressed human and mouse ferroportin and fluorescently-labeled chemically-synthesized human hepcidin. Large and small molecule antagonists inhibiting hepcidin-mediated ferroportin internalization were identified, and unique insights into the requirements for interaction between these two key iron homeostasis molecules are provided.

Engineering Antibody Reactivity for Efficient Derivatization to Generate NaV1.7 Inhibitory GpTx-1 Peptide-Antibody Conjugates.

The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 is a genetically validated pain target under investigation for the development of analgesics. A therapeutic with a less frequent dosing regimen would be of value for treating chronic pain; however functional NaV1.7 targeting antibodies are not known. In this report, we describe NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide-antibody conjugates as an alternate construct for potential prolonged channel blockade through chemical derivatization of engineered antibodies. We previously identified NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide GpTx-1 from tarantula venom and optimized its potency and selectivity. Tethering GpTx-1 peptides to antibodies bifunctionally couples FcRn-based antibody recycling attributes to the NaV1.7 targeting function of the peptide warhead. Herein, we conjugated a GpTx-1 peptide to specific engineered cysteines in a carrier anti-2,4-dinitrophenol monoclonal antibody using polyethylene glycol linkers. The reactivity of 13 potential cysteine conjugation sites in the antibody scaffold was tuned using a model alkylating agent. Subsequent reactions with the peptide identified cysteine locations with the highest conversion to desired conjugates, which blocked NaV1.7 currents in whole cell electrophysiology. Variations in attachment site, linker, and peptide loading established design parameters for potency optimization. Antibody conjugation led to in vivo half-life extension by 130-fold relative to a nonconjugated GpTx-1 peptide and differential biodistribution to nerve fibers in wild-type but not NaV1.7 knockout mice. This study describes the optimization and application of antibody derivatization technology to functionally inhibit NaV1.7 in engineered and neuronal cells.

Single Residue Substitutions That Confer Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channel Subtype Selectivity in the NaV1.7 Inhibitory Peptide GpTx-1.

There is interest in the identification and optimization of new molecular entities selectively targeting ion channels of therapeutic relevance. Peptide toxins represent a rich source of pharmacology for ion channels, and we recently reported GpTx-1 analogs that inhibit NaV1.7, a voltage-gated sodium ion channel that is a compelling target for improved treatment of pain. Here we utilize multi-attribute positional scan (MAPS) analoging, combining high-throughput synthesis and electrophysiology, to interrogate the interaction of GpTx-1 with NaV1.7 and related NaV subtypes. After one round of MAPS analoging, we found novel substitutions at multiple residue positions not previously identified, specifically glutamic acid at positions 10 or 11 or lysine at position 18, that produce peptides with single digit nanomolar potency on NaV1.7 and 500-fold selectivity against off-target sodium channels. Docking studies with a NaV1.7 homology model and peptide NMR structure generated a model consistent with the key potency and selectivity modifications mapped in this work.

Sustained inhibition of the NaV1.7 sodium channel by engineered dimers of the domain II binding peptide GpTx-1.

Many efforts are underway to develop selective inhibitors of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 as new analgesics. Thus far, however, in vitro selectivity has proved difficult for small molecules, and peptides generally lack appropriate pharmacokinetic properties. We previously identified the NaV1.7 inhibitory peptide GpTx-1 from tarantula venom and optimized its potency and selectivity via structure-guided analoging. To further understand GpTx-1 binding to NaV1.7, we have mapped the binding site to transmembrane segments 1-4 of the second pseudosubunit internal repeat (commonly referred to as Site 4) using NaV1.5/NaV1.7 chimeric protein constructs. We also report that select GpTx-1 amino acid residues apparently not contacting NaV1.7 can be derivatized with a hydrophilic polymer without adversely affecting peptide potency. Homodimerization of GpTx-1 with a bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker resulted in a compound with increased potency and a significantly reduced off-rate, demonstrating the ability to modulate the function and properties of GpTx-1 by linking to additional molecules.

Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer: IRE1α Inhibition by Selective Kinase Ligands Does Not Impair Tumor Cell Viability.

The kinase/endonuclease inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), one of the sensors of unfolded protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum that triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), has been investigated as an anticancer target. We identified potent allosteric inhibitors of IRE1α endonuclease activity that bound to the kinase site on the enzyme. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies led to 16 and 18, which were selective in kinase screens and were potent against recombinant IRE1α endonuclease as well as cellular IRE1α. The first X-ray crystal structure of a kinase inhibitor (16) bound to hIRE1α was obtained. Screening of native tumor cell lines (>300) against selective IRE1α inhibitors failed to demonstrate any effect on cellular viability. These results suggest that IRE1α activity is not essential for viability in most tumor cell lines, in vitro, and that interfering with the survival functions of the UPR may not be an effective strategy to block tumorigenesis.

Discovery of clinical candidate 1-(4-(3-(4-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-carbonyl)phenoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)piperidin-1-yl)ethanone (AMG 579), a potent, selective, and efficacious inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A).

We report the identification of a PDE10A clinical candidate by optimizing potency and in vivo efficacy of promising keto-benzimidazole leads 1 and 2. Significant increase in biochemical potency was observed when the saturated rings on morpholine 1 and N-acetyl piperazine 2 were changed by a single atom to tetrahydropyran 3 and N-acetyl piperidine 5. A second single atom modification from pyrazines 3 and 5 to pyridines 4 and 6 improved the inhibitory activity of 4 but not 6. In the in vivo LC-MS/MS target occupancy (TO) study at 10 mg/kg, 3, 5, and 6 achieved 86-91% occupancy of PDE10A in the brain. Furthermore, both CNS TO and efficacy in PCP-LMA behavioral model were observed in a dose dependent manner. With superior in vivo TO, in vivo efficacy and in vivo PK profiles in multiple preclinical species, compound 5 (AMG 579) was advanced as our PDE10A clinical candidate.

Discovery of 2-methylpyridine-based biaryl amides as γ-secretase modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

γ-Secretase modulators (GSMs) are potentially disease-modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease. They selectively lower pathogenic Aß42 levels by shifting the enzyme cleavage sites without inhibiting γ-secretase activity, possibly avoiding known adverse effects observed with complete inhibition of the enzyme complex. A cell-based HTS effort identified the sulfonamide 1 as a GSM lead. Lead optimization studies identified compound 25 with improved cell potency, PKDM properties, and it lowered Aß42 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Sprague-Dawley rats following oral administration. Further optimization of 25 to improve cellular potency is described.

Chromenones as potent bradykinin B1 antagonists.

A series of fused 6,6-bicyclic chromenones was investigated for activity against the bradykinin B1 receptor. SAR studies based on a pharmacophore model revealed compounds with high affinity for both human and rabbit B1. These compounds demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic properties and 5-chlorochromenone 15 was efficacious in a carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia model for chronic pain.