[The sanitary constitution and somatic status of students on territory of the Privolzhye Federal Okrug].

The features of sanitary constitution of students of the Nizhniy Novgorod region related to gradation of intra-group somatologic characteristics are presented. The results of anthropometric screening of 10 400 students of the Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast (boys/girls 5100/5300) aged 7-17 years were analyzed; body types were evaluated according to the Darskaya S. S. methodology; biological age - according to the Maximova T. M. methodology; physical development groups - according to the Baranov A. A. and Kuchma V. R. methodology. The typology was considered in formation of age and gender groups. They intra-group statistical analysis was implemented. The patterns of somatotyping were established. In boys/girls main types were thoracic type 58.9/67.3%, muscular - 21.6/17.4%, asthenoid - 9.1/8.2%, digestive - 7.3/8.3% and indefinite - 3.1/3.2%. The age factor significantly (p < 0.05) modifies dynamics of distributions of somatic types. The significant (p < 0.01) heterogeneity on the factor of biological maturation level was demonstrated in 66.0/68.6% of biological age corresponded to passport age, lag in 19.7/15.3%, advance in 14.3/16.1%. The decelerating ones in 30.9% of cases demonstrated thoracic somatotype with a single occurrence of asthenoid body type. In pre- and post-puberty individuals with thoracic somatotype in 57.0% had passport age that corresponded to biological age. For children with advanced type thoracic and muscular body types are specific and the digestive somatotype is specific only to advanced type (p = 0.01). The body typologies in combination with levels of biological development individualize characteristics of growing organism. The rate of maturation decreases its informative significance in post-puberty period. The individuals with different somatotypes are characterized by intra-group morphofunctional features.

Evaluation of Genotoxicity of Perchlozone, Antituberculous Drug.

Experimental studies of Perchlozone, an antituberculous drug with manifest inhibitory activity towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, were carried out. Genotoxicity of Perchlozone was evaluated by the DNA comet method on liver and lung tissues and blood cells after 14-day inhalation exposure of rats. The level of DNA aberrations in response to inhalations of the drug in a concentration of 102.6±13.7 mg/m3 increased in lung tissue but not in the blood cells or liver. These results indicated genotoxic activity of antituberculous drug Perchlozone.

[Estimation of the diet and metabolic status of hokkey players with different body mass].

Intense physical activity can lead to endogenous intoxication of the organism of athletes. Metabolic stress occurs due to the acceleration of plastic and energy exchanges and the accumulation of products of incomplete metabolism, lipid peroxidation processes are activated, changes occur in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system of the organism. One of the first and most powerful means of recovery is nutrition. The aim of the work is to evaluate biochemical blood parameters characterizing the metabolic processes in athletes with different body weight under organized nutrition. Material and methods. Three groups of hockey players aged 26.4±0.8 years old were examined, playing in the Continental Hockey League, with different body mass (BM): below the 25th quartile - 1st (n=7), above 75th quartile - 3rd (n=9) and in the zone of 25- 75 quartile - 2nd (n=17). For the assessment of the consumption of nutrients and energy per day, menu layouts have been analyzed. Blood biochemical parameters (total protein, urea, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides', creatine kinase-MB, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), testosterone and cortisol), characterizing the metabolic status of the organism, have been determined through 2.5 and 4 months of games. The anabolism index, atherogenic index and De Ritis Ratio have been calculated. Results and discussion. The energy value of the diet (6693.5 kcal/day), in general, corresponded to the daily needs of athletes (from 5953.2 to 6494.4 kcal/day). Daily calorie intake in the individuals of group 1st was higher than recommended by 13.5%, 2nd - by 3.1%, 3rd - corresponded to the need per 1 kg of BM. Protein level exceeded the norm for individuals of groups 1-3 by 51.4-27.0%; fats - by 34.0-12.4%. The amount of carbohydrates complied with the norm only for persons of group 1st. Athletes of groups 2nd and 3rd received less carbohydrates, respectively by 6.7 and 13.8%. Testosterone level was within the normal range, while cortisol level was significantly higher than norm. The anabolism index indicated that individuals from groups 1st and 2nd were overtraining at all stages of observation, and group 3rd - after 4 months of games. Urea level in the re-examination significantly increased and exceeded the norm by 30.4, 27.4 and 25.3%, respectively, creatinine level also elevated. After 2.5 months of games, total cholesterol in individuals of groups 2nd and 3rd was higher than in group 1st, but did not go beyond the reference limit; after 4 months it exceeded the norm. High-density lipoproteins were lower or within low norm limit; low-density lipoproteins in group 1st slightly increased, and in group 2nd and 3rd exceeded the norm. Atherogenic index increased, exceeding the age norm in all groups. Creatine kinase-MB went beyond the normal range in hockey players of all groups. AST increased in groups 2nd and 3rd, exceeding the norm. De Ritis Ratio in athletes of all groups in each study was above the norm. Conclusion. In hockey players, signs of catabolism were more pronounced in group 1st, less than in 3rd (cortisol level). The systemic metabolic shift towards an increase in protein catabolism in the same sequence was indicated by the level of urea and creatinine and De Ritis Ratio. Lipid metabolism disorders were more pronounced in individuals of groups 2nd and 3rd. Biochemical indicators showed the presence of overtraining, hypoxia in the heart muscle cells and the activation of biochemical processes in the direction of gluconeogenesis, which was confirmed by the data on insufficient consumption of diet carbohydrates.

[Influence of sociohygienic factors on the shaping of the nutritional status in children and teenagers].

There was revealed the structure of deteriorations in the nutritional status of schoolchildren in the city: the most of students has normal nutritional status, but there was noted the high prevalence of excessive body weight and obesity among children and teenagers. Risk factors for development of deteriorations of the nutrition state were detected as follows: irrational food regimen, qualitative compartment offood, factors of educational environment, lifestyle. The main role in system of control of the nutritional status in children is referred to the correction of socio-hygienic factors which prove to be the priority ones in the shaping of the nutritional status in students. As the main condition determining the nutrition state of the up-to-date schoolchildren and the quality of their life in the whole the social cultural level of children and adolescents must be regarded as a result of the hygienic education and training in fundamentals of healthy lifestyle. Priority protective factors of the gain in the part of schoolchildren with normal nutritional status (optimalfood regimen, optimal dietary habits, sufficient level of physical activity) laidfrom the child age in conditions of the family, sufficient level of the physical activity and the implementation of the other element of hygienically expedient day regimen served as the base for the elaboration of the system of the control of nutritional status. Algorithm of the control of the nutritional status in the students of educational institutions includes the creation of healthcare educational environment, optimization of nutrition and physical activity, the shaping of the culture of healthy lifestyle, health-improving measures for children with disorders of nutritional status and their psychological pedagogical supports at the stage of the correction of the nutritional status, improvement of the medical service for the early detection of deviations of nutritional status with the estimation of the efficiency of the system ofpreventive and health-improving measures.

[Dental criteria for estimation of biological age in children and adolescents].

A complex assessment of health state in children and adolescents provides includes definition of a biological age, constitution and physical development harmony. One of the biological age assessment criteria is a «dental age" defined as a number of permanent teeth and their eruption time. Dental age was evaluated in 2057 children aged 7 to 17 years. The data obtained showed retardation of the permanent dentition development in modern children.

[Secondary dentition eruption terms as criterion of biological maturity of child organism].

Secondary dentition eruption terms were studied in children of the age groups from 6 to 18 years in 1980-2002. Tendencies of biological maturity were determined and necessity of existing norms changing was founded. New age related norms of permanent teeth number for boys and girls of different biological age were created.

[Dynamics of physical development of Chuvash rural school children (1884-1999)]. / Dinamika fizicheskogo razvitiia sel'skikh shkol'nikov-chuvashei (1884-1999 gg.).

Analysis of the statistic indices height and body weight in schoolchildren has demonstrated their positive changes in all age and sex groups for 115 years. The maximum height and body weight increases are observed in the time intervals 1962-1966, 1966-1982 which show statistically significant increases in the indices in virtually age-sex groups. In the past 15 years height increases have preserved; however, their increase rate has decreased; there is a negative trend for body weight to change, which is more pronounced in girls. The findings suggest that there is a tendency for developmental acceleration to be stabilized, which are not contradictory to the global epochal processes of growth and development. The changes in body weight may be regarded as negative, which is caused by present socioeconomic problems in our country. Physical development monitoring in children and adolescents permits development and implementation of regional and federal programmes for health promotion to ensure the population's sanitary well-being.

[The dynamic physical development of schoolchildren in Nizhni Novgorod]. / Dinamika fizicheskogo razvitiia shkol'nikov Nizhnego Novgoroda.

In the past 55 years, the trends in the physical development of school children of a large industrial city have been in agreement with the global ones in the growth and development of children and adolescents. In the past decade, there have been unfavourable tendencies in the physical development of schoolchildren. The physical development of children is an indicator of the social and economic status, living conditions, and the environment. Follow-ups should be an obligatory element of monitoring the population's health.