Esophageal stenosis in head and neck cancer patients: Imaging's accuracy to predict dilation response.

OBJECTIVES: The primary goal of this study was to examine how well findings of cervical esophageal stenosis on modified barium swallow (MBS) and esophagram correlate with clinical improvement following dilation in patients with a history of head and neck (H&N) cancer. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed at an academic hospital. The study population included H&N cancer patients with a history of neck dissection surgery who underwent esophageal dilation from 2010 to2018. Pre and postdilation swallowing function was assessed. The Functional Outcomes Swallowing Scale (FOSS) and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) were used as outcome measures. RESULTS: The 95 patients were included. All patients had imaging prior to dilation. Post-dilation FOSS and FOIS scores were significantly improved (P < .001). In identifying the patients that would have improvement from dilation, esophagram and MBS had average sensitivities of 81% and 82%, respectively. The negative predictive value (ie, the ability of a normal esophagram or normal MBS to exclude patients that would not improve with dilation) was only 46% and 38%, respectively. When the specific finding of aspiration on MBS was considered, the positive predictive value (PPV) (ie, the ability of an MBS positive for aspiration to predict that a patient would benefit from dilation) was 87% (P = .03). When only the specific finding of stenosis on esophagram was considered, the PPV of improvement post-dilation was 58% (P = .97). The delay in time from imaging to dilation was significantly longer in those who had an unidentified stenosis (false negative) on imaging when compared to those who did not (46.8 ± 35.2 days vs 312.6 ± 244.1 days, P < .001). CONCLUSION: In high risk patients for cervical esophageal stenosis, such as those with a history of H&N cancer and open neck surgery with or without radiation, MBS and esophagram appear to have mixed reliability as predictors of response to esophageal dilation. In these patients, a "negative" result on MBS and esophagram may not be diagnostically accurate enough to exclude patients from consideration of dilation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IIb.

Comorbid Dysphagia and Malnutrition in Elderly Hospitalized Patients.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS: Elderly individuals account for one-third of all hospitalizations. The goal of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dysphagia in elderly patients admitted to a tertiary care center. It also sought to investigate how dysphagia is identified, how it covaries with malnutrition and other conditions, and how it impacts hospital stay. STUDY DESIGN: Case Series. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed. All patients >65 years admitted to a tertiary care center in January and February 2016 were included. Patients with primary psychiatric diagnoses and patients with upper aerodigestive tract malignancy or surgery were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 655 patients were identified. Mean age was 76.6 years. Twenty-four percent (155 patients) had dysphagia while 43% (282 patients) had malnutrition. Thirteen percent (84 patients) had both dysphagia and malnutrition. Fifty percent of patients who had malnutrition were seen by speech language pathology (SLP). One hundred percent of malnourished patients that saw SLP were identified as having dysphagia. Three hundred and eighty-two patients (58%) were seen by the dietician but not by SLP. Multiple logistic regression indicated that the presence of dysphagia was positively associated with age, presence of malnutrition, admission to either cardiology or neurology service as compared to medicine service, and history of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: One-quarter of elderly patients admitted to our tertiary care center had dysphagia. Dysphagia, especially when linked with malnutrition, has poorer outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Our data suggests a possible disconnect between malnutrition diagnosis and dysphagia identification. This is an important area of intervention that has the potential to improve the treatment and outcomes of these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2441-2447, 2021.

Development of novel smart device based application for serial wound imaging and management.

Burn wound photography has diverse clinical applications; however, inherent technological limitations mitigate its utility. Limitations include lack of quality control, serial imaging, complexity, and expense. With the performance gap between smart devices and digital cameras rapidly narrowing, and computing performance increasing, smart devices are poised to uniquely address these limitations and enhance the field of wound photography. To this end, we developed a proof-of-concept smart device application addressing the limitations of traditional photography and meeting the needs of burn clinicians. The result was an innovative smart device application providing user-friendly serial imaging and informatics capabilities at the patient bedside. The application generated images with significantly higher brightness (2.4±1.07 vs. 3.8±1.69, n=15, p<0.05) and higher contrast (255±0.00 vs. 236.3±5.64, n=15, p<0.0001), more consistent positioning (1.22±0.03 vs. 2.08±0.61, n=15, p<0.0001) and zoom (18.14 vs. 14.29, n=15, p<0.0001) compared to those taken by a basic compact digital camera using default settings. Surveyed clinician end-users reported greater functionality (20 vs. 0, n=20, p<0.001), and a more intuitive interface (18 vs. 2, n=20, p<0.001) with the application. We report consistent serial wound imaging and informatics are both feasible on a smart device platform. These findings will pave the way for new smart device-based clinical applications.