Prosocial emotions predict individual differences in economic decision-making during ultimatum game with dynamic reciprocal contexts.

Social decision-making is known to be influenced by predictive emotions or the perceived reciprocity of partners. However, the connection between emotion, decision-making, and contextual reciprocity remains less understood. Moreover, arguments suggest that emotional experiences within a social context can be better conceptualised as prosocial rather than basic emotions, necessitating the inclusion of two social dimensions: focus, the degree of an emotion's relevance to oneself or others, and dominance, the degree to which one feels in control of an emotion. For better representation, these dimensions should be considered alongside the interoceptive dimensions of valence and arousal. In an ultimatum game involving fair, moderate, and unfair offers, this online study measured the emotions of 476 participants using a multidimensional affective rating scale. Using unsupervised classification algorithms, we identified individual differences in decisions and emotional experiences. Certain individuals exhibited consistent levels of acceptance behaviours and emotions, while reciprocal individuals' acceptance behaviours and emotions followed external reward value structures. Furthermore, individuals with distinct emotional responses to partners exhibited unique economic responses to their emotions, with only the reciprocal group exhibiting sensitivity to dominance prediction errors. The study illustrates a context-specific model capable of subtyping populations engaged in social interaction and exhibiting heterogeneous mental states.

The Usefulness of Quantitative Electroencephalography in Diagnosis and Severity Evaluation of Delirium: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: Incontrovertible disease markers are absent in delirium. This study investigated the usefulness of quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in diagnosing delirium. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study reviewed medical records and qEEG data of 69 age/sex-matched patients (delirium group, n=30; control group, n=39). The first minute of artifact-free EEG data with eyes closed was selected. Nineteen electrodes' sensitivity, specificity, and correlation with delirium rating scale-revised-98 were analyzed. RESULTS: On comparing the means of absolute power by frontal, central, and posterior regions, the delta and theta powers showed significant differences (p<0.001) in all regions, and the magnitude of the absolute power was higher in the delirium group than in the control group; only the posterior region showed a significant (p<0.001) difference in beta power. The spectral power of theta at the frontal region (area under the curve [AUC]=0.84) and theta at the central and posterior regions (AUC=0.83) showed 90% sensitivity and 79% specificity, respectively, in differentiating delirious patients and controls. The beta power of the central region showed a significant negative correlation with delirium severity (R=-0.457, p=0.011). CONCLUSION: Power spectrum analysis of qEEG showed high accuracy in screening delirium among patients. The study suggests qEEG as a potential aid in diagnosing delirium.

State and Trait Anxiety Related Gamma Oscillations in Patients With Anxiety Within the Research Domain Criteria Framework.

OBJECTIVE: Diagnosis of anxiety has relied primarily on self-report. This study aimed to investigate the neural correlates of anxiety with quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) focusing on the state and trait anxiety defined according to the Research Domain Criteria framework existing across the differential diagnosis, rather than focusing on the diagnosis. METHODS: A total of 41 participants who visited a psychiatric clinic underwent resting state EEG and completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The absolute power of six frequency bands were analyzed: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-10 Hz), fast alpha (10-13.5 Hz), beta (13.5-30 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz). RESULTS: State anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with absolute gamma power in frontal (Fz, r=-0.484) and central (Cz, r=-0.523) regions, while trait anxiety scores were significantly negatively correlated with absolute gamma power in frontal (Fz, r= -0.523), central (Cz, r=-0.568), parietal (P7, r=-0.500; P8, r=-0.541), and occipital (O1, r=-0.510; O2, r=-0.480) regions. CONCLUSION: The present study identified the significantly negative correlations between the anxiety level and gamma band power in fronto-central and posterior regions assessed at resting status. Further studies to confirm our findings and identify the neural correlates of anxiety are needed.

Psychiatry curriculum: How does it affect medical students' attitude toward psychiatry?

The purpose of this study was to identify the attitude of South Korean medical school students towards psychiatry and to analyze how lectures and clinical clerkship in psychiatry effect changes in students' attitudes. A total of 100 medical school students were recruited as subjects in the study, 86 of whom completed psychiatry lectures and underwent psychiatry clerkship from March 2015 to August 2018. The participating students completed a survey, which included demographic data, specialty choice, and attitude towards psychiatry. Subjects who completed lectures and clinical clerkship in psychiatry showed positive changes in attitude towards psychiatry in the following items: "Among mental health professionals, psychiatrists have the most authority and influence" (p = 0.002), "Psychiatrists frequently abuse their legal power to hospitalize patients against their will" (p < 0.001), and "Many people who could not obtain a residency position in other specialties eventually enter psychiatry" (p = 0.028). However, negative changes in attitude towards psychiatry were shown in the following item: "On average, psychiatrists make as much money as most other doctors" (p = 0.008). Also, specific medical school factors scored positively overall. Although it was not statistically significant, the questionnaire item "During my psychiatry rotation, psychiatry residents were good role models" was more positively observed by students after completion of psychiatry lectures and clerkship. After each curriculum, certain attitudes toward psychiatry were positively changed, but others either remained unchanged or were negatively changed. By using these study results to revise the current curriculum, medical school students' attitude towards psychiatry can be improved.

Mental Health, Smartphone Use Type, and Screen Time Among Adolescents in South Korea.

PURPOSE: The excessive use of smartphones for social interaction is associated with mental health. However, few studies have considered the purpose of smartphone usage and screen time together. Therefore, we investigated the impact of smartphone purpose and screen time on mental health using data from the 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A total of 54,243 adolescents answered items on purpose and screen time of smartphone use, stress perception, sleep dissatisfaction, depressive symptoms, and suicide-related indicators. The purpose of smartphone usage was categorized as social interaction and non-social interaction, and the daily smartphone screen time was classified into three categories: < 2 hours, ≥ 2 hours but < 4 hours, ≥ 4 hours per day. RESULTS: We determined that, on weekdays, stress perception, sleep satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and suicide-related indicators worsened in both groups that used smartphones for ≥4 hours per day. When using smartphone for ≥2 hours but <4 hours per day on weekdays, depending on the smartphone use purpose, mental health outcomes differed between the two groups. On weekends, using smartphones for ≥2 hours but <4 hours per day worsened sleep satisfaction but decreased suicide-related indicators in both groups. Mental health outcomes improved when participants used smartphones for ≥2 hours but <4 hours per day but worsened when smartphones were used for ≥4 hours per day on weekends. CONCLUSION: Recommended screen time of smartphone is different depending on the purpose of smartphone use, and the risk of uncontrolled usage is emphasized, rather than the absolute screen time.

The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalogram in the Diagnosis and Subgrouping of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) leads to functional decline in academic performance, interpersonal relationships, and development in school-aged children. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention can significantly reduce the functional decline caused by ADHD. Currently, there is no established biological marker for ADHD. Some studies have suggested that various indicators from the quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) may be useful biological markers for the diagnosis of ADHD. Until the 2010s, theta/beta ratio (TBR) was a biomarker candidate for ADHD that consistently showed high diagnostic value. However, limitations of TBR have recently been reported. Studies have demonstrated that phase-amplitude coupling, especially theta phase-gamma amplitude coupling, are related to cognitive dysfunction and may assist in the diagnosis of ADHD. As yet, the underlying mechanism is not clearly established, and the clinical efficacy of these biomarkers needs to be proven through well-controlled studies. Based on the heterogeneous characteristics of ADHD, subgrouping through QEEG plays a key role in diagnosis and treatment planning. Sophisticated, well-designed studies and meta-analyses are necessary to confirm these findings.

Bullying perpetration and victimization in elementary school students diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Previous research has found that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children is related to bullying perpetration. This study examined the correlation between ADHD and bullying perpetration, and aimed to identify which factors, including bullying victimization, predicted bullying. Forty-nine elementary school students, aged 6-12, participated voluntarily in a comparative study between children with ADHD and non-ADHD control children; none of them had previously undergone psychiatric treatment. Both parents' and participants' social demographic information (gender, age) and clinical variables were obtained from self-report questionnaires. The participants' bullying victimization experience, impulsivity, and parents' history of ADHD had significant relationships with bullying. The status of ADHD and other self-reported scales had no significant relationships with bullying. The association between bullying victimization and bullying perpetration was notable among all factors examined. This was consistent with the claims of prior studies that past victimization led to perpetration of bullying. Therefore, it seems that when treating victims of bullying, care should be taken, through proper intervention, to ensure the incident is neither repeated nor replicated. Characteristics associated with ADHD, including impulsivity and parents' history of ADHD, were significantly related to bullying. However, we could not confirm our hypothesis that ADHD itself might be associated with bullying behavior.

Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Based Music Therapy in Korean Adolescents with Smartphone and Internet Addiction.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding music therapy (MT) to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on symptoms of smartphone/internet addiction and psychiatric comorbidities. METHODS: Overall, 155 patients diagnosed with addiction were assigned to either the CBT-MT group or CBT group. Both groups received CBT for 8 weeks, while the CBT-MT group received additional MT. The intervention was completed by 67 and 71 participants in the CBT-MT and CBT groups, respectively. RESULTS: The total scores of Young Internet Addiction Scale (YIAT) and Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale (SAPS) decreased significantly (p<0.001 for both) in both groups, while the total scores of State Anxiety Inventory for Children (SAIC) (p<0.001), Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (TAIC) (p<0.001), Conners-Wells' Adolescent Self-Report Scale-Short form (CASS(S)) (p=0.048), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) (p<0.001) decreased only in the CBT-MT group. The decrements in YIAT (p=0.025), SAIC (p=0.043), TAIC (p=0.011), and BIS-11 (p=0.012) in the CBT-MT group were significantly greater than those in the CBT group. CONCLUSION: Combined MT and CBT improved the symptoms of smartphone/internet addiction, anxiety, and impulsivity in adolescents. This combination could therefore be an effective treatment of smartphone or internet addiction along with behavioral disorders such as anxiety and impulsivity.

Factors Associated with the Quality of Life of Patients with Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: Approximately half of patients with cancer have comorbidities, such as adjustment disorder, major depressive disorder, and delirium. Radiotherapy can cause psychological problems, e.g., the fear of treatment and its side effects, anxiety, depression, and social isolation. Health-related quality of life (QoL) must be determined to evaluate the effectiveness of cancer treatment. We analyzed the clinical, psychological, and sociodemographic factors influencing the QoL of patients with cancer who were undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS: Twenty-six patients undergoing radiotherapy (10 male, 16 female) were included. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected prior to radiotherapy. Psychosocial factors were assessed by self-reported questionnaires before, immediately after, and 3 months after radiotherapy. A multivariate regression analysis identified factors affecting QoL at each time point. RESULTS: Patients' diagnoses were breast, cervical, prostate, endometrial, rectal, hypopharyngeal, laryngeal, liver, gallbladder, esophageal, ovarian, lung, and skin cancers. Before radiotherapy, better resilience was significantly associated with a higher QoL score (R2=0.199, p=0.033). Immediately after radiotherapy, financial difficulty was significantly associated with a lower QoL score (R2=0.274, p=0.010). Three months after radiotherapy, the presence of chronic disease (R2=0.398, p=0.002) and the severity of nausea and vomiting were significantly associated with a lower QoL score (R2=0.278, p=0.014). CONCLUSION: Resilience, financial difficulty, the presence of chronic diseases, and the severity of nausea and vomiting significantly influenced the QoL of patients with cancer who were undergoing radiotherapy. Factors affecting QoL varied at each time point. Thus, patients with cancer should undergo regular mental health assessments, including assessments of QoL. Multidimensional (physical, psychological, and social) approaches and individualized time-based interventions are needed to improve the QoL of cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Association Between Weight Misperception and Some Mental Health-Related Characteristics in Korean Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Obesity in adolescents is associated with their mental as well as physical health. Adolescents tend to have negative or distorted perceptions about their body weight; however, the effects of such weight misperception on mental health remain unclear. This study investigated the association between weight misperception and mental health in Korean adolescents. METHODS: The analysis was based on the Korea Youth Risk Behavior web-based survey 2017 dataset, which included data from 62,276 middle and high school students at 800 schools throughout Korea. The students were divided into three groups according to whether they overestimated their body weight, underestimated it, or had no misperception. The mental health characteristics of the overestimation and no misperception groups were compared through multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Based on their body mass index, male adolescents were more likely to be overweight than female adolescents (p < 0.001) and less likely to have weight misperception. The female adolescents were more likely to overestimate their body weight and less likely to underestimate it (p < 0.001). The male adolescents and female adolescents who overestimated their body weight had significantly lower levels of subjective happiness than their peers had and were more likely to experience subjective stress, sadness/despair, suicidal ideation, and suicide planning. Compared with their peers who have no misperception, male adolescents with overestimation were less likely to drink alcohol (odds ratio [OR], 0.903) or smoke (OR, 0.871), whereas female adolescents with overestimation were more likely to drink alcohol (OR, 1.107) and smoke (OR, 1.130). CONCLUSION: Male and female adolescents who overestimated their body weight experienced more psychological problems. Thus, interventions to assist adolescents to gain realistic weight perception may be beneficial. Particularly, more attention needs to be given to female adolescents, who are more likely to overestimate their body weight compared with their male counterparts.

Correlation between executive function and quantitative EEG in patients with anxiety by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project was proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health in 2010 to create a new diagnostic system including symptoms and data from genetics, neuroscience, physiology, and self-reports. The purpose of this study was to determine the link between anxiety and executive functions through quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) based on the RDoC system. Nineteen-channel EEGs were recorded at the psychiatric clinic from 41 patients with symptoms of anxiety. The EEG power spectra were analysed. The Executive Intelligence Test (EXIT) including the K-WAIS-IV, Stroop, controlled oral word association, and the design fluency tests were performed. A partial, inversed, and significant association was observed between executive intelligence quotient (EIQ) and the absolute delta power in the central region. Similarly, a partial, inversed, and significant association was observed between design fluency and the absolute delta power in the left parietal area. Our findings suggest that the increase in delta power in the central region and left P3 was negatively correlated with the decrease in executive function. It is expected that the absolute delta power plays a specific role in the task-negative default mode network in the relationship between anxiety and executive function.