The influence of primary care and hospital supply on ambulatory care-sensitive hospitalizations among adults in Brazil, 1999-2007.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the influence of changes in primary care and hospital supply on rates of ambulatory care-sensitive (ACS) hospitalizations among adults in Brazil. METHODS: We aggregated data on nearly 60 million public sector hospitalizations between 1999 and 2007 to Brazil's 558 microregions. We modeled adult ACS hospitalization rates as a function of area-level socioeconomic factors, health services supply, Family Health Program (FHP) availability, and health needs by using dynamic panel estimation techniques to control for endogenous explanatory variables. RESULTS: The ACS hospitalization rates declined by more than 5% annually. When we controlled for other factors, FHP availability was associated with lower ACS hospitalization rates, whereas private or nonprofit hospital beds were associated with higher rates. Areas with highest predicted ACS hospitalization rates were those with the highest private or nonprofit hospital bed supply and with low (< 25%) FHP coverage. The lowest predicted rates were seen for areas with high (> 75%) FHP coverage and very few private or nonprofit hospital beds. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the contribution of the FHP to improved health system performance and reflect the complexity of the health reform processes under way in Brazil.

[Patient's understanding of information on antiretroviral therapy: an application of the latent trait model]. / Compreensão da terapia anti-retroviral: uma aplicação de modelo de traço latente.

The aim of this study was to develop a score to determine the level of understanding regarding information on antiretroviral therapy (ART) among patients initiating treatment. This was a cross-sectional analysis based on interviews with HIV patients in outpatient public referral centers (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The score for patients' understanding of their medicines was obtained using a latent trait model, estimated by the Item Response Theory, based on the concordance between each patient answer and the written prescription. Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess patients' global understanding of ART, considering each class of drugs (level 1) and the individual (level 2). Among 406 patients, 37.9% failed to reach a minimum level of understanding of their treatment. The item with the highest level of difficulty was "precaution in use". The item "dosage" showed the most varied understanding of ART. A high proportion of patients displayed minimal understanding of ART, indicating a high potential risk for non-adherence to therapy. It is thus necessary to identify factors associated with insufficient understanding of ART.

Compreensão da terapia anti-retroviral: uma aplicação de modelo de traço latente / Patient's understanding of information on antiretroviral therapy: an application of the latent trait model

O objetivo do estudo foi desenvolver um escore para determinar o nível de compreensão de informações sobre terapia anti-retroviral (TARV) em pacientes no início do tratamento. Estudo transversal baseado em entrevistas com pacientes infectados pelo HIV em serviços públicos de referência (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil). O escore da compreensão dos medicamentos foi obtido utilizando-se modelo de traço latente estimado pela Teoria de Resposta ao Item, após análise de concordância entre a resposta do paciente e a informação contida na prescrição. Realizou-se análise de regressão linear hierárquica para obter a compreensão global dos medicamentos, considerando cada classe de medicamentos (nível 1) e o individuo (nível 2). Dos 406 pacientes avaliados, 37,9 por cento não atingiram um nível mínimo de compreensão do tratamento. O item com maior nível de dificuldade foi precaução de uso. O item dose foi o que mais diferenciou os pacientes quanto à compreensão da TARV. Observou-se alta proporção de pacientes com nível mínimo de compreensão da TARV, o que pode indicar um alto risco potencial de não-adesão à terapia. É necessário identificar fatores associados com este baixo nível de compreensão.

The aim of this study was to develop a score to determine the level of understanding regarding information on antiretroviral therapy (ART) among patients initiating treatment. This was a cross-sectional analysis based on interviews with HIV patients in outpatient public referral centers (Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil). The score for patients' understanding of their medicines was obtained using a latent trait model, estimated by the Item Response Theory, based on the concordance between each patient answer and the written prescription. Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess patients' global understanding of ART, considering each class of drugs (level 1) and the individual (level 2). Among 406 patients, 37.9 percent failed to reach a minimum level of understanding of their treatment. The item with the highest level of difficulty was precaution in use. The item dosage showed the most varied understanding of ART. A high proportion of patients displayed minimal understanding of ART, indicating a high potential risk for non-adherence to therapy. It is thus necessary to identify factors associated with insufficient understanding of ART.

Self-reported adverse reactions among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Brazil.

A cross-sectional analysis was carried out to describe adverse reactions to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reported by HIV-infected patients initiating treatment at two public health AIDS referral centers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2001-2003 and to verify their association with selected variables. Adverse reactions were obtained through interview at the first follow-up visit (first month) after the antiretroviral prescription. Socio-demographic and behavioral variables related to ART were obtained from baseline and follow-up interviews and clinical variables from medical charts. Patients with four or more reactions were compared to those with less than four. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval were estimated using logistic regression model for both univariate and multivariate analyses. At least one adverse reaction was reported by 92.2% of the participants while 56.2% reported four or more different reactions. Antiretroviral regimens including indinavir/ritonavir, irregular use of antiretrovirals and switch in regimens were independently associated with four or more adverse reactions (OR=7.92, 5.73 and 2.03, respectively). The initial period of ARV treatment is crucial and patients' perception of adverse reactions should be carefully taken into account. Strategies for monitoring and management of adverse reactions including the choice of regimens and the prevention of irregular ART should be developed in AIDS/HIV referral centers in Brazil to promote better adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Self-reported adverse reactions among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Brazil

A cross-sectional analysis was carried out to describe adverse reactions to antiretroviral therapy (ART) reported by HIV-infected patients initiating treatment at two public health AIDS referral centers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 2001-2003 and to verify their association with selected variables. Adverse reactions were obtained through interview at the first follow-up visit (first month) after the antiretroviral prescription. Socio-demographic and behavioral variables related to ART were obtained from baseline and follow-up interviews and clinical variables from medical charts. Patients with four or more reactions were compared to those with less than four. Odds ratio with 95 percent confidence interval were estimated using logistic regression model for both univariate and multivariate analyses. At least one adverse reaction was reported by 92.2 percent of the participants while 56.2 percent reported four or more different reactions. Antiretroviral regimens including indinavir/ritonavir, irregular use of antiretrovirals and switch in regimens were independently associated with four or more adverse reactions (OR=7.92, 5.73 and 2.03, respectively). The initial period of ARV treatment is crucial and patients´ perception of adverse reactions should be carefully taken into account. Strategies for monitoring and management of adverse reactions including the choice of regimens and the prevention of irregular ART should be developed in AIDS/HIV referral centers in Brazil to promote better adherence to antiretroviral therapy.