Lead-containing radiation-attenuating sterile gloves in simulated use: Lead transfer to sweat as an unknown risk to users.

BACKGROUND: Lead protective gloves are widely used to attenuate scattered radiations during fluoroscopic-guided medical procedures, thereby reducing hand exposure to radiation. AIMS: To determine whether lead-containing gloves present a risk of metal leaching onto the operator's skin, particularly due to the presence of sweat. METHODS: Artificial sweat of varying acidity was introduced into two types of commercial gloves containing lead. The level of lead in the sweat was then assessed after different exposure times. Electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the glove layers. RESULTS: Lead was detected in artificial sweat during each contact test on two different types of gloves. The concentration of lead increased with the acidity of the sweat, and the contact time. Gloves with a protective lining transferred less lead into sweat, but it was still present at significant levels. (i.e. few milligrams of lead per glove after one hour contact). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoroscopy operators should be aware of the risk of leaching of lead ions when using lead gloves under intensive conditions, although the potential harmfulness of lead ions leached into the glove remains essentially unknown.

Electrophysiological investigation of reward anticipation and outcome evaluation during slot machine play.

Slot machines are a popular form of gambling, offering a tractable way to experimentally model reward processes. This study used a 3-reel slot paradigm to assess psychologically distinct phases of reward processing, reflecting anticipation, and early- and late-stage outcome processing. EEG measures of winning, nearly missing (a losing outcome revealed at the final, third reel), and "totally" missing (a losing outcome revealed earlier, at the second reel) were collected from healthy adults (n=54). Condition effects were evaluated in: i) event-related potential (ERP) components reflecting anticipatory attention (stimulus preceding negativity, SPN) and outcome processing (reward positivity, RewP and late-positive potential, LPP) and ii) total power and phase synchrony of theta and delta band oscillations. Behaviorally, trial initiation was fastest after a near miss outcome and slowest after a winning outcome. As expected, a significant SPN was observed for possible wins (AA) vs. total misses (AB), consistent with reward anticipation. Larger win (AAA) vs. near miss (AAB) amplitudes were observed for the RewP; LPP amplitudes were largest for wins (AAA), intermediate for near misses (AAB), and smallest for total misses (ABC), reflecting significant early (RewP) and late-stage (LPP) outcome processing effects. There was an effect of reel position on the RewP, with larger amplitude in the final reel (AAA-AAB) relative to the 2nd-reel locked difference waves (AA-AB). Across all outcomes, near misses elicited the largest and most phase-synchronized theta responses, while wins elicited larger and more phase-synchronized delta responses than total misses, with delta band measures not distinguishing between near misses and wins. . Phase locking measures contrasting win vs. near miss delta and theta synchronization, within time windows corresponding to ERP measurements, covaried with RewP, but not SPN or LPP, amplitude. Lastly, EEG measures showed differential relationships with age and self-reported consummatory pleasure. In the context of slot machine play, where reward anticipation and attainment place minimal demands on effort and skill, ERP and time-frequency methods capture distinct neurophysiological signatures of reward anticipation and outcome processing.

[Establishing and evaluating a multinational Science Academy: A new tool for fostering scientific young talents in microsurgical research - a Consensus Statement of the DAM]. / Etablierung und Evaluation einer multinationalen Wissenschaftsakademie: Ein neues Modell zur Stärkung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses in der mikrochirurgischen Forschung ­ Ein Konsensus Papier der DAM.

BACKGROUND: The formation of professional networks and cooperations - in addition to any qualified good education - seems fundamental for a successful career. In a number of disciplines, various symposia or conferences exist. In the field of microsurgery, however, a specific, guided and designated opportunity for junior scientists to network with one another has been missing so far. METHODS: In 2017, a science academy was initiated for the first time by the German-speaking Association for Nerves and Vessels (DAM) with the goal of bringing together and networking microsurgically researching young physicians and scientists. This was intended to happen on a small scale once a year in order to develop synergies for joint research projects. For this purpose, motivated junior researchers were individually selected by their mentors and sent to the academy by the boards of research institutions that are organized in the DAM. After getting to know each other in a relaxed atmosphere, the participants were given the opportunity to present their respective research project within the framework of thematic blocks and moderated by experienced mentors. Each presentation was followed by a round table discussion and small group work, in which knowledge and methods were exchanged and points of contact for possible later cooperation were identified. RESULTS: In the past 3 years, the DAM Science Academy proved to be an optimal format to initiate and promote networks of young researchers comprising microsurgically interested physicians and scientists. There were many lively and in-depth discussions, which were mainly due to the open working atmosphere and the obligation to confidentiality. Most of the synergies were shown i. a. in the field of angiogenesis, bioreactor, carcinoma-ADSC interactions, stem cells, AV loop model, ischemia/reperfusion, and nerve regeneration. The participants consistently gave a very positive feedback in the final evaluation with the wish to continue this academy. CONCLUSION: The DAM Science Academy can be considered a highly suitable complemental platform to the existing networking opportunities among microsurgical researchers. Experience so far suggests that this will hopefully result in long-term cooperations and a permanent transfer of knowledge among the participants.

Dendron based antifouling, MRI and magnetic hyperthermia properties of different shaped iron oxide nanoparticles.

Owing to the great potential of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) for nanomedicine, large efforts have been made to better control their magnetic properties, especially their magnetic anisotropy to provide NPs able to combine imaging by MRI and therapy by magnetic hyperthermia. In that context, the design of anisotropic NPs appears as a very promising and efficient strategy. Furthermore, their bioactive coating also remains a challenge as it should provide colloidal stability, biocompatibility, furtivity along with good water diffusion for MRI. By taking advantage of our controlled synthesis method of iron oxide NPs with different shapes (cubic, spherical, octopod and nanoplate), we demonstrate here that the dendron coating, shown previously to be very suitable for 10 nm sized iron oxide, also provided very good colloidal, MRI and antifouling properties to the anisotropic shaped NPs. These antifouling properties, demonstrated through several experiments and characterizations, are very promising to achieve specific targeting of disease tissues without affecting healthy organs. On the other hand, the magnetic hyperthermia properties were shown to depend on the saturation magnetization and the ability of NPs to self-align, confirming the need of a balance between crystalline and dipolar magnetic anisotropies.

Expression of GnRH receptor in the canine corpus luteum, and luteal function following deslorelin acetate-induced puberty delay.

The goals of this study were as follows: (Experiment 1) to examine the basic capability of canine corpora lutea (CL) to respond to GnRH by assessing expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) in luteal samples collected throughout the luteal lifespan from non-pregnant dogs, and (Experiment 2) to investigate the effects of pre-pubertal application of the GnRH agonist deslorelin acetate on luteal function following the first oestrus. Mature CL were collected during the mid-luteal phase (days 30-45) from treated and control bitches. Transcript levels of several factors were determined: estrogen receptors (ESR1/ERα, ESR2/ERß), progesterone (P4)-receptor (PGR), prolactin receptor (PRLR), PGE2-synthase (PTGES) and PGE2 receptors (PTGER2/EP2, PTGER4/EP4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and VEGF receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2/PTGS2), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ßHSD). Additionally, levels of Kisspeptin 1 (Kiss1) and its receptor (KISS1-R) were evaluated. Although generally low, GnRH-R expression was time dependent and was elevated during early dioestrus, with a significant decrease towards luteal regression. In deslorelin-treated and control dogs, its expression was either low or frequently below the detection limit. EP2 and VEGFR1 were higher in the treated group, which could be caused by a feedback mechanism after long-term suppression of reproductive activity. Despite large individual variations, 3ßHSD was higher in the deslorelin-treated group. This, along with unchanged STAR expression, was apparently not mirrored in increased luteal functionality, because similar P4 levels were detected in both groups. Finally, the deslorelin-mediated long-term delay of puberty does not have negative carry-over effects on subsequent ovarian functionality in bitches.

Mesenchymal stem cells and myoblast differentiation under HGF and IGF-1 stimulation for 3D skeletal muscle tissue engineering.

BACKGROUND: Volumetric muscle loss caused by trauma or after tumour surgery exceeds the natural regeneration capacity of skeletal muscle. Hence, the future goal of tissue engineering (TE) is the replacement and repair of lost muscle tissue by newly generating skeletal muscle combining different cell sources, such as myoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), within a three-dimensional matrix. Latest research showed that seeding skeletal muscle cells on aligned constructs enhance the formation of myotubes as well as cell alignment and may provide a further step towards the clinical application of engineered skeletal muscle. In this study the myogenic differentiation potential of MSCs upon co-cultivation with myoblasts and under stimulation with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was evaluated. We further analysed the behaviour of MSC-myoblast co-cultures in different 3D matrices. RESULTS: Primary rat myoblasts and rat MSCs were mono- and co-cultivated for 2, 7 or 14 days. The effect of different concentrations of HGF and IGF-1 alone, as well as in combination, on myogenic differentiation was analysed using microscopy, multicolour flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Furthermore, the influence of different three-dimensional culture models, such as fibrin, fibrin-collagen-I gels and parallel aligned electrospun poly-ε-caprolacton collagen-I nanofibers, on myogenic differentiation was analysed. MSCs could be successfully differentiated into the myogenic lineage both in mono- and in co-cultures independent of HGF and IGF-1 stimulation by expressing desmin, myocyte enhancer factor 2, myosin heavy chain 2 and alpha-sarcomeric actinin. An increased expression of different myogenic key markers could be observed under HGF and IGF-1 stimulation. Even though, stimulation with HGF/IGF-1 does not seem essential for sufficient myogenic differentiation. Three-dimensional cultivation in fibrin-collagen-I gels induced higher levels of myogenic differentiation compared with two-dimensional experiments. Cultivation on poly-ε-caprolacton-collagen-I nanofibers induced parallel alignment of cells and positive expression of desmin. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we were able to myogenically differentiate MSC upon mono- and co-cultivation with myoblasts. The addition of HGF/IGF-1 might not be essential for achieving successful myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, with the development of a biocompatible nanofiber scaffold we established the basis for further experiments aiming at the generation of functional muscle tissue.

Scalp reconstruction: A 10-year retrospective study.

Scalp reconstruction is a challenging task for the reconstructive surgeon. In consideration of the anatomical and cosmetic characteristics, the defect depth and size, an armamentarium of reconstructive procedures ranging from skin grafts over local flaps to free tissue transfer has been described. In this 10-year retrospective study, 85 operative procedures for scalp reconstruction were performed at our department. The underlying entity, defect size/depth, reconstructive procedure, complications, and mean hospital stay were analyzed. In most cases, scalp reconstruction was necessary after oncologic resection (67%) or radiation therapy (16%). A total of 85 operative procedures were performed for scalp reconstruction including local flaps (n = 50), free tissue transfer (n = 18), and skin grafts (n = 17). Regarding the complication rate, we could detect an overall major complication rate of 16.5% with one free flap loss. Briefly, local flaps are an adequate and safe procedure for limited scalp defects. In the case of extensive scalp defects affecting the calvarium, prior multiple surgical interventions and/or radiation, we prefer free tissue transfer.

Decidualization of the canine uterus: From early until late gestational in vivo morphological observations, and functional characterization of immortalized canine uterine stromal cell lines.

The apparent lack of classical mechanisms for maternal recognition of pregnancy is one of the most intriguing features of canine reproduction. Consequently, similar levels of circulating luteal steroids are observed in pregnant and non-pregnant dogs. However, the early pre-implantation canine embryo locally modulates uterine responses to its presence, facilitating the successful onset of pregnancy. As a part of this interaction, the canine uterus undergoes a species-specific decidualization. Maternal stroma-derived decidual cells develop, the only cells of the canine placenta expressing progesterone receptor (PGR). There exists an acute need for an in vitro stable cell line model for canine decidualization. Therefore, herein our goal was to establish, immortalize and characterize such a cell line. We immortalized three monolayer dog uterine stromal (DUS) cell lines by stably transfecting them with SV40Tag oncogene. Cells retained their mesenchymal character for over 30 passages, as evidenced by VIMENTIN staining. Genomic incorporation of the SV40Tag protein was confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Cells submitted to a classical in vitro decidualization protocol (N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate) revealed upregulated gene levels of selected major decidualization markers (e.g. PRLR, PGR, IGF1, PTGES). Additionally, the basic decidualization capability of PGE2 was demonstrated, revealing increased levels of, for example, PGR and PRLR gene expression, thereby implying its involvement in the progesterone-dependent decidualization in the canine uterus. In summary, our in vitro model with immortalized DUS cell line could serve as an ideal and unique model to study the underlying molecular and endocrine mechanisms of canine decidualization.

LPS-mediated effects and spatio-temporal expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine corpus luteum.

When given intravenously (iv), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) transiently suppresses the structure and function of the bovine corpus luteum (CL). This is associated with increased release of prostaglandin (PG) F2α metabolite. The underlying regulatory mechanisms of this process remain, however, obscure. Therefore, the aims of this study were: i) to investigate the expression of the LPS receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and 2 (TLR2) in the bovine CL during early, mid- and late luteal phases; and ii) to further dissect the mechanisms of LPS-mediated suppression of luteal function. As revealed by semi-quantitative qPCR and immunohistochemistry, both receptors were detectable throughout the luteal lifespan. Their mRNA levels increased from the early toward the mid-luteal phase; no further changes were observed thereafter. The TLR4 protein seemed more highly represented than TLR2. The cellular localization of TLRs was in blood vessels; weaker signals were observed in luteal cells. Additionally, cows were treated either with LPS (iv, 0.5 µg/kg BW) or with saline on Day 10 after ovulation. Samples were collected 1200 h after treatment and on Day 10 of the respective subsequent (untreated) cycle. The mRNA expression of several possible regulatory factors was investigated, revealing the suppression of PGF2α receptor (PTGFR), STAR protein and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, compared with controls and subsequent cycles. The expression of TLR2 and TLR4, interleukin 1α (IL1A) and 1ß (IL1B) and of PGF2α and PGE2 synthases (HSD20A and mPTGES respectively) was increased. The results demonstrate the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 in the bovine CL, and implicate their possible involvement in the deleterious effects of LPS on its function.

[Establishment and Evaluation of a Microsurgery Course for Medical Students]. / Etablierung und Evaluation eines Mikrochirurgie - Kurses für Medizinstudierende.

BACKGROUND: Very few microsurgical courses have been offered for medical students in Germany to date. To raise early interest in this technique, which is essential for plastic and reconstructive surgery, and to guide eligible medical students to choose plastic surgery as their specialist field, the Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, supported by the Faculty of Medicine of the Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, implemented a microsurgical course for students in 2011. This study describes the implementation of that course and evaluates its impact on the subsequent choice of the participants' specialist fields. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since the summer of 2011, the microsurgery course for medical students has taken place regularly 3 times per term. It is free of charge for participants and is guided by senior physicians of the Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery together with student tutors from the Faculty of Medicine. The arterial end-to-end anastomosis in the fresh chicken leg is used as a training model. Based on a questionnaire survey the participants were evaluated and statistically analysed regarding their course satisfaction, self-assessment of their own eligibility before and after the course, the anticipated future choice of their medical specialist field and how their choice was influenced by this course. RESULTS: After the successful implementation of the microsurgical course in 2011, a significant number of students were interested in microsurgery. According to the questionnaire, the level of enthusiasm was high among all participants. The self-assessment of microsurgical skills improved significantly after the course compared with the pre-course assessment. In 82% of the participants, the course had a strong positive influence on the future choice of their specialist field. CONCLUSIONS: The regular implementation of a microsurgical course for students in the form described here is practicable and possible without undue personnel and cost of materials. The ongoing interest among students in such an offer is enormous and the satisfaction of the participants is very high. This might be a way to recruit future plastic surgeons by raising early enthusiasm for microsurgery. These future plastic surgeons, in turn, would be given the chance to experience a very fascinating aspect of plastic surgery, which might help them to decide on their specialisation within that field at a later point in their career.

Formation of the early canine CL and the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in regulation of its function: an in vivo approach.

The mechanisms governing corpus luteum (CL) function in domestic dogs remain not fully elucidated. The upregulated expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostaglandin (PG) E2 synthase (PGES) at the beginning of the canine luteal phase indicated their luteotrophic roles, and the steroidogenic activity of PGE2 in the early canine CL has been confirmed in vitro. Recently, by applying a cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-specific inhibitor (firocoxib [Previcox]; Merial) from the day of ovulation until the midluteal phase, the luteotrophic effects of PGs have been shown in vivo. This is a follow-up study investigating the underlying endocrine mechanisms associated with the firocoxib-mediated effects on the canine CL. Experimental groups were formed with ovariohysterectomies performed on Days 5, 10, 20, or 30 of firocoxib treatments (10 mg/kg bw/24h; TGs = treated groups). Untreated dogs served as controls. A decrease of steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) protein expression was observed in TGs. The expression of PGE2 synthase was significantly suppressed in TGs 5 and 10, and both PGE2 and PGF2α levels were decreased in luteal homogenates, particularly from CL in TG 5. Similarly, expression of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) was diminished in TGs 5 and 20. The expression of PGE2 receptors PTGER2 (EP2) and PTGER4 (EP4), the PG- transporter (PGT), and 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase (HPGD) was not affected in TGs. Our results substantiate a direct luteotrophic role of PGs in the early canine CL, i.e., by upregulating the steroidogenic machinery. Additionally, the possibility of an indirect effect on PRL function arises from the increased prolactin receptor expression in response to PGE2 treatment in canine lutein cells observed in vitro.

The role of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in the pathogenesis of feline pyometra.

Pyometra is the most common uterine disease in queens. To protect itself from infection, the female reproductive tract possesses several immune mechanisms that are based on germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptors [TLRs]). The aim of our study was to examine endometrial immunolocalization of TLR2/4, study the influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α on messenger RNA expression of both receptors in pyometric queens, and compare these patterns between estrous cycling queens and those hormonally treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Thirty-six queens, ranging in age from 7 months to 11 years, were allocated into seven groups (anestrus, estrus, mid-diestrus and late diestrus, short-term and long-term hormonally treated queens, and pyometric queens). At the messenger RNA level, the real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied, whereas at the TLR2/4 protein level, the expression was tested by immunohistochemistry. In queens at estrus, gene expression of TLR2 was upregulated after stimulation of endometrial explants by TNF (P < 0.001) and by TNF together with the LPS (P < 0.01). Moreover, gene expression of TLR2 was significantly upregulated after stimulation by TNF (P < 0.001) and LPS (P < 0.01) explants derived from queens that had been long-term hormonally treated with MPA. Endometrial gene expression of TLR4 was significantly upregulated after incubation of explants with TNF (P < 0.001) in queens at estrus and with LPS (P < 0.05) in queens short-term hormonally treated with MPA. Immunolocalization reported that TLR2/4 receptors are mainly localized in the surface and glandular epithelia. These data show that short-term and especially long-term administration of progesterone derivatives impairs TLRs in the endometrial epithelium, presumably enabling pathogens to break through this first natural barrier and thereby increase the risk of pyometra development.

Atopic dermatitis, STAT3- and DOCK8-hyper-IgE syndromes differ in IgE-based sensitization pattern.

BACKGROUND: Increased serum IgE levels are characteristic but not specific for allergic diseases. Particularly, severe atopic dermatitis (AD) overlaps with hyper-IgE syndromes (HIES) regarding eczema, eosinophilia, and increased serum IgE levels. HIES are primary immunodeficiencies due to monogenetic defects such as in the genes DOCK8 and STAT3. As it is not known to date why allergic manifestations are not present in all HIES entities, we assessed the specificity of serum IgE of AD and HIES patients in the context of clinical and immunological findings. METHODS: Clinical data, skin prick tests, specific IgE to aero- and food allergens, and T helper (Th) subpopulations were compared in AD and molecularly defined HIES patients. RESULTS: Total serum IgE levels were similarly increased in STAT3-HIES, DOCK8-HIES, and AD patients. The ratio of aeroallergen-specific IgE to total IgE was highest in AD, whereas DOCK8-HIES patients showed the highest specific serum IgE against food allergens. Overall, clinical allergy and skin prick test results complied with the specific IgE results. Th2-cell numbers were significantly increased in DOCK8-HIES and AD patients compared to STAT3-HIES patients and controls. AD patients showed significantly higher nTreg-cell counts compared to STAT3-HIES and control individuals. High Th17-cell counts were associated with asthma. Specific IgE values, skin prick test, and T-cell subsets of STAT3-HIES patients were comparable with those of healthy individuals except decreased Th17-cell counts. CONCLUSION: Hyper-IgE syndromes and atopic dermatitis patients showed different sensitization pattern of serum IgE corresponding to the allergic disease manifestations and Th-cell subset data, suggesting a key role of DOCK8 in the development of food allergy.

Uterine and placental expression of canine oxytocin receptor during pregnancy and normal and induced parturition.

Oxytocin (OT) plays an important role as an inducer of uterine contractility, acting together with its receptor (OTR) to increase synthesis of prostaglandins. Although OT is commonly used in the treatment for dystocia and uterine inertia in the bitch, little attention has been paid to the role of OT in mechanisms regulating parturition in the dog, so that knowledge about the expression of OTR in the canine uterus and placenta is sparse. Consequently, the expression and cellular localization of OTR were investigated in canine utero/placental compartments and interplacental sites throughout pregnancy and at normal and antigestagen-induced parturition, by real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry, western blot and in situ hybridization. The utero/placental and interplacental expression of OTR was constant from pre-implantation until mid-gestation, with a significant increase observed at prepartum luteolysis. In antigestagen-treated mid-pregnant dogs, OTR was upregulated in both interplacental and utero/placental samples. Besides clear myometrial signals, cellular localization of OTR was evident in the endometrial surface epithelial, stromal and vascular endothelial cells. Weaker signals were observed in superficial and deep uterine glandular epithelial cells. Placental OTR was localized in maternal decidual cells and capillary pericytes. Finally, OTR was colocalized with the progesterone receptor (PGR) in maternal decidual cells, coinciding with previously reported increased availability of prostaglandins in the foetal part of the placenta during normal and induced parturition. These findings suggest involvement of OTR in the signalling cascade leading to the prepartum release of prostaglandins from the pregnant canine uterus.

Influence of feeding and UVB exposition on the absorption mechanisms of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract of veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of feeding and UVB exposition on the occurrence and distribution patterns of vitamin D receptors (VDR) and calbindin D28k (Cb-D28k) in the gastrointestinal tract of veiled chameleons. Thus, 56 veiled chameleon hatchlings were divided into six treatment groups: UV (with UVB exposure); No (no supplements, no UVB exposure); CaAUV (with calcium (Ca), vitamin A supplementation, UVB exposure); CaA (with Ca, vitamin A supplementation); CaADUV (with Ca, vitamin A, vitamin D supplementation, UVB exposure); and CaAD (with Ca, vitamin A, vitamin D supplementation). Animals were reared under the suspected conditions for 6 months on locust-based diets. Tissue samples of stomach, duodenum, ileum and colon were taken, and semi-quantitative immunohistochemical methods (IHC) were performed to detect Cb-D28k and VDR. VDR immunoreactions were higher in the luminal epithelium of the duodenum than in that of the ileum. VDR immunoreactions in the luminal epithelium were higher at the base of the villi of the duodenum as compared to the tip. Cb-D28k immunoreactions were mainly observed in the luminal epithelium of the duodenum. The two groups treated with all dietary supplements (CaADUV, CaAD) exhibited a higher Cb-D28k immunoreaction as those with no supplements and UVB exposure only. No immunoreaction for both proteins could be detected in the stomach. This study suggests that the duodenum plays an important role in the active transcellular absorption of Ca in veiled chameleons as shown by the immunohistochemical detection of VDR and Cb-D28k. Expression of Cb-D28k, in particular, appears to be regulated by dietary supplementation of vitamin D and vitamin A. VDRs, however, tended to be upregulated when animals were not supplemented with Ca, vitamin D and vitamin A. This may be due to the decreased Ca concentrations which caused vitamin D activation in the skin without any supplementation, but UVB exposure.

Expression of genes involved in the embryo-maternal interaction in the early-pregnant canine uterus.

Although there is no acute luteolytic mechanism in the absence of pregnancy in the bitch, a precise and well-timed embryo-maternal interaction seems to be required for the initiation and maintenance of gestation. As only limited information is available about these processes in dogs, in this study, the uterine expression of possible decidualization markers was investigated during the pre-implantation stage (days 10-12) of pregnancy and in the corresponding nonpregnant controls. In addition, the expression of selected genes associated with blastocyst development and/or implantation was investigated in embryos flushed from the uteri of bitches used for this study (unhatched and hatched blastocysts). There was an upregulated expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) and IGF2 observed pre-implantation. The expression of PRL and of IGF1 was unaffected, and neither was the expression of progesterone- or estrogen receptor ß (ESR2). In contrast, (ESR1) levels were elevated during early pregnancy. Prostaglandin (PG)-system revealed upregulated expression of PGE2-synthase and its receptors, PTGER2 and PTGER4, and of the PG-transporter. Elevated levels of AKR1C3 mRNA, but not the protein itself, were noted. Expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) remained unaffected. Most of the transcripts were predominantly localized to the uterine epithelial cells, myometrium and, to a lesser extent, to the uterine stroma. PGES (PTGES) mRNA was abundantly expressed in both groups of embryos and appeared higher in the hatched ones. The expression level of IGF2 mRNA appeared higher than that of IGF1 mRNA in hatched embryos. In unhatched embryos IGF1, IGF2, and PTGS2 mRNA levels were below the detection limit.

De novo generation of an axially vascularized processed bovine cancellous-bone substitute in the sheep arteriovenous-loop model.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to generate an axially vascularized bone substitute. The arteriovenous (AV)-loop approach in a large-animal model was applied in order to induce axial vascularization in a clinically approved processed bovine cancellous bone (PBCB) matrix of significant volume with primary mechanical stability and to assess the course of increasing axial vascularization. METHODS: PBCB constructs were implanted into 13 merino sheep together with a microsurgically created AV loop in an isolation chamber. The vascularization process was monitored by sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Explants were subjected to micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis, histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry for CD31 and CD45. RESULTS: Increasing axial vascularization in PBCB constructs was quantified by histomorphometry and visualized by micro-CT scans. Intravital sequential MRI scans demonstrated a significant progressive increase in perfused volume within the matrices. Immunohistochemistry confirmed endothelial lining of newly formed vessels. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates successful axial vascularization of a clinically approved, mechanically stable bone substitute with a significant volume by a microsurgical AV loop in a large-animal model. Thus microsurgical transplantation of a tissue-engineered, axially vascularized and mechanically stable bone substitute with clinically relevant dimensions may become clinically feasible in the future.

[Bone tissue engineering for bone defect therapy]. / Knochen Tissue Engineering zur Therapie von Knochendefekten.

In critical size bone defects resulting from failed fracture healing or pseudarthrosis surgery is usually required. In this context, autologous bone grafts and callus distraction represent the gold standard, while sometimes even vascularised bone transfer is mandatory including microsurgical techniques. The availability of donor sites for such procedures is limited and the resulting morbidity significant. Therefore, synthetic bone grafts have been developed as an alternative. They consist of a broad range of different materials such as natural and synthetic polymers, ceramic and compound materials, aiming to mimic the three-dimensional character of autografts. In addition, they may act as a delivery vehicle for growth factors, antibiotics or cells. Their main limitation has been the lack of an intrinsic blood supply, limiting the potential for transplantation. This review provides an overview of matrices, cells and other therapeutic substances in the field of bone tissue engineering.

[Skeletal muscle tissue engineering--current concepts and future perspectives]. / Tissue Engineering von Skelettmuskelgewebe--Stand und Perspektiven.

Tissue engineering of skeletal muscle could have great advantages in every clinical setting in need of neurovascular muscle transfer, e. g., facial palsy or Volkmann's contracture. There are 2 great obstacles for the clinical application of engineered muscle tissue at the moment: firstly, finding a three-dimensional matrix that matches the demands concerning biocompatibility, stability and elasticity; secondly, the insufficient differentiation of implanted myoblasts, since myoblast differentiation in vivo is barely controllable and subject to a variety of influences. Furthermore axial vascularisation and neurotisation of such tissue-engineered skeletal muscle constructs play a pivotal role for any later application. An overview of the current status of skeletal muscle tissue engineering technologies and concepts for future perspective in this emerging field is presented in this article.