Seletividade socioterritorial e étnico-racial: papel das políticas sociais no enfrentamento de desigualdades históricas / Socio-territorial selectivity: the role of social policies in facing historical inequalities

O presente artigo tem como objetivo geral demonstrar a importância da dimensão étnico-racial na área da habitação, enfatizando os fenômenos socioespaciais atuais, com foco na seletividade socioterritorial. Para tal, utiliza-se de ampla revisão de literatura fundamentada no materialismo histórico e dialético em Marx, bem como nas análises sobre território e espaço de Milton Santos. Assim, evidenciando as motivações deste recorte fazer-se fundamental na área a partir de um resgate histórico sobre a formação socioespacial do espaço urbano no Brasil, tornando notória a consequente seletividade socioterritorial existente nos dias atuais. A partir da contextualização histórica, as ocupações irregulares são tidas como um reflexo desta questão e as Zonas Especiais de Interesse Social (ZEIS) tornam-se um importante suporte na garantia de moradia adequada à população de baixa renda; porém, ainda um tanto ineficazes sem um olhar atento para quem são os usuários das políticas e serviços ali presentes. Ademais, se fomenta o debate sobre a dimensão étnico racial precisar estar presente desde a formação acadêmica, visto que atualmente o conteúdo referente à temática é escasso ou quase nulo

This article aims to demonstrate the importance of the ethnic-racial dimension in housing, emphasizing current socio-spatial phenomena, with a focus on socio-territorial selectivity. In order to do so, it makes use of an extensive literature review based on Marx's historical and dialectical materialism, as well as Milton Santos' analysis of territory and space. Thus, evidencing the motivations of this cut, making itself fundamental in the area from a historical review of the socio-spatial formation of urban space in Brazil, making evident the consequent socio-territorial selectivity existing today. From the historical context, irregular occupations are seen as a reflection of this issue and the Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS) become an important support in guaranteeing adequate housing for the low-income population; however, they are still somewhat ineffective without a careful look at who the users of the policies and services present there are. Furthermore, the debate on the racial ethnic dimension is fostered, it needs to be present since academic training, as currently the content related to the subject is scarce or almost nil

Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of digital images of skin donor areas in burns.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-rater reliability in the analysis of digital images of donor areas for skin in burn patients using the CaPAS plugin in the ImageJ®. METHODS: Donor sites were reviewed by two independent reviewers in duplicate. The capture of images was standardized on the same device and distance (with a millimeter ruler), without a flash. The evaluators were trained to capture the images and use the plugin. RESULTS: We selected 70 images from donor areas, from men and women between 18 and 60 years old. In the analysis of intra-examiner reliability, eight of the nine variables exhibited excellent reliability (0.985-0.998) and one (entropy) exhibited good reliability (0.525). The same was true for the inter-examiner analysis: excellent reliability for eight variables (0.824-0.993) and good reliability for entropy (0.501). CONCLUSIONS: The CaPAS plugin has proven to be a reliable tool for use in research in skin donor areas in burns, as demonstrated by its excellent intra- and inter-examiner reliability values. This is a pioneering study in the quantitative assessment of skin donor areas in burn patients using the CaPAS plugin.

Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of digital images of skin donor areas in burns

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to evaluate intra- and inter-rater reliability in the analysis of digital images of donor areas for skin in burn patients using the CaPAS plugin in the ImageJ®. METHODS: Donor sites were reviewed by two independent reviewers in duplicate. The capture of images was standardized on the same device and distance (with a millimeter ruler), without a flash. The evaluators were trained to capture the images and use the plugin. RESULTS: We selected 70 images from donor areas, from men and women between 18 and 60 years old. In the analysis of intra-examiner reliability, eight of the nine variables exhibited excellent reliability (0.985-0.998) and one (entropy) exhibited good reliability (0.525). The same was true for the inter-examiner analysis: excellent reliability for eight variables (0.824-0.993) and good reliability for entropy (0.501). CONCLUSIONS: The CaPAS plugin has proven to be a reliable tool for use in research in skin donor areas in burns, as demonstrated by its excellent intra- and inter-examiner reliability values. This is a pioneering study in the quantitative assessment of skin donor areas in burn patients using the CaPAS plugin.

Does sensorimotor training influence neuromuscular responses, balance, and quality of life in diabetics without a history of diabetic distal polyneuropathy?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of supervised and home sensorimotor training on static postural balance (SPB), quality of life (QL), and neuromuscular responses of Type 2 Diabetics (DM-2). DESIGN: Randomized controlled blind study with DM-2 patients, between 45 and 64 years old, of both sexes, divided into 3 groups: Control Group - CG (n = 27), Home Training Group - HTG (n = 27), and Supervised Training Group - STG (n = 26). The subjects were evaluated before and at the end of 3 months of treatment, with a four-week follow-up. The intervention was held twice a week, for 45 min, divided into three phases: warm-up, sensorimotor training, and cool-down. The primary outcome was SPB, using the force platform. Secondary outcome: questionnaires and clinical measures related to diabetic foot and knee flexor-extensors using isokinetic dynamometry. RESULTS: In the baseline, the characteristics were similar between groups and between times. Tactile and vibratory sensitivity demonstrated the absence of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. In the intra-group comparison, there was a significant increase in the classification without symptoms of diabetic distal polyneuropathy in the HTG and STG groups (p < 0.05) and there were no significant effects on other clinical outcomes and QL and SPB, muscle strength, and sense of knee joint position. CONCLUSION: The intervention showed no improvement in SPB, QL, and other clinical outcomes of DM-2 patients. Thus, no differences were found between the groups, considering that the patients did not present clinical characteristics of diabetic distal polyneuropathy.

The effect of proprioceptive training on postural control in people with diabetes: A randomized clinical trial comparing delivery at home, under supervision, or no training.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze postural control in the bipedal position as well as during gait and functional tests in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after supervised and unsupervised proprioceptive training. DESIGN: A three-group randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Physiotherapeutic Resources Lab, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. SUBJECTS: Eighty patients with type 2 diabetes allocated to three groups: control, home training, and supervised training. INTERVENTIONS: The supervised and home training groups performed two weekly sessions of proprioceptive exercises for 12 weeks. The control group was not submitted to any of treatment. MAIN MEASURES: Bipedal balance, gait, and performance on functional tests were evaluated before and after 12 weeks using the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) and the force plate. RESULTS: No significant improvements were found regarding postural control, gait, or performance on the functional tests, as evidenced by the inter-group comparisons of the total BESTest score [control: 90.7 (81.5-92.6); home training: 85.2 (77.8-90.3); supervised training: 88.4 (82.6-91.4), P > 0.05] as well as the tests performed on the force plate (P > 0.05). The clinical effect size of the proposed intervention was less than 0.2, demonstrating no effect for the main outcome variable evaluated by the "Sensory Orientation" item of the BESTest and by the mCTSIB (pressure plate). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed proprioceptive training did not lead to improvements in postural control in patients with type 2 diabetes with no clinical signs of diabetic distal polyneuropathy when analyzed using the BESTest clinical evaluation and a force plate. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01861392 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Protocolo intensivo de reabilitação para o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor em uma criança com microcefalia: um estudo de caso / Intensive rehabilitation protocol for neuropsychomotor development in a child with microcephaly: a case report

A microcefalia é uma doença de origem multifatorial podendo ser desenvolvida de forma congênita ou por causas ambientais. Ela atinge os ossos da calota craniana, causando o fechamento prematuro das fontanelas, no qual restringe o espaço interno do crânio, que em consequência afeta o crescimento e desenvolvimento normal do encéfalo, levando a disfunções neuropsicomotoras leves, moderadas ou graves. Desta forma, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de uma criança com microcefalia, antes e após um protocolo fisioterapêutico intensivo. Trata-se de relato de caso no qual foram avaliados os marcos motores e os níveis de função apresentados pelo paciente, antes e após um protocolo fisioterapêutico intensivo, realizado por um período de 30 dias consecutivos. Foram obtidos importantes resultados no controle de cervical, alinhamento de cabeça em linha média, manuseio de objetos, elevação das mãos à boca e alinhamento postural. Desta forma, conclui-se que o protocolo fisioterapêutico intensivo é uma alternativa eficaz que auxilia e potencializa o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor da criança

Microcephaly is a multifactorial disease that can be developed congenitally or due to environmental causes. It affects the skullcap bones, causing premature fontanelles closure, in which it restricts the internal skull space, which consequently affects the growth and normal development of the brain, leading to mild, moderate or severe neuropsychomotor disorders. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the neuropsychomotor development of a child with microcephaly, before and after an intensive physical therapy protocol. This is a case report in which the motor milestones and function levels were evaluated before and after an intensive physical therapy protocol performed for a consecutive 30 days period. Important results were obtained in cervical control, midline head alignment, object handling, lifting hands to mouth and postural alignment. Thus, it is concluded that the intensive physical therapy protocol is an effective alternative that helps and enhances the child's neuropsychomotor development

Measurement of Physical Parameters and Development of a Light Emitting Diodes Device for Therapeutic Use.

INTRODUCTION: Effectiveness of light-emitting diode (LED) in biological tissue is due to the correct application of physical parameters. However, most studies found do not provide complete information on the physical characteristics of the diodes. It is necessary to carefully evaluate the diode parameters so that the results of research with this feature can be reproduced. The objective of this study was to develop a light-emitting device using LED, with proper measurements for application in clinical research. It was used 267 LEDs, powered with 12-V voltage and fixed on a plate of ethylene-vinyl acetate (25 × 42 cm), equidistant at 1.0 cm. For the calculation of red and infrared irradiation, a spectrometer was used, and the data were processed in routines implemented in the OriginPro 8.5.0 SR1 Software. The irradiance was determined by the integration of the spectral irradiation in the LED emission region. The red LED has a wavelength of 620 ± 10 nm, a power density of 52.86 mW/cm2, power of 6.6 mW, and total power of 1.76 W on the device. The infrared LED has a wavelength of 940 ± 10 nm, power density 33.7 mW/cm2, power of 6 mW, and total power of 1.6 W on the device. The LED characterization enables the generation and application of energy with greater precision and reproducibility. Besides, it is a light source, a device capable of framing large areas, reducing the time and cost of the application in different clinical conditions related to neuromuscular performance or rehabilitation.

Intra- and Inter-rater Reliability of Peripheral Arterial Blood Flow Velocity by Means of Doppler Ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: Although it is possible to find studies that analyze the velocity of blood flow in different arteries, the reliability of Doppler ultrasound on peripheral arteries has not yet been completely established. Our objective was to evaluate intra- and inter-rater reliability of the measurement of blood flow velocity by Doppler ultrasound of brachial, radial, popliteal, and posterior tibial arteries. METHODS: Fifty healthy individuals of both genders, aged between 18 and 45 years, were included in the study. For the evaluation of arterial blood flow velocity, a portable Doppler ultrasound device was used to measure the mean and maximum blood flow velocity of posterior tibial, popliteal, brachial, and radial arteries. Two examiners performed assessments of the same volunteers independently and twice, with an interval of 1 week between them. RESULTS: We found good to very good reliability for measuring the mean and maximum blood flow velocity of the arteries evaluated. The intraclass correlation coefficients ranged between 0.501 and 0.866, standard error of measurement ranged between 0.81 and 9.45 cm/s, and minimum detectable change ranged between 2.25 and 26.13 cm/s. CONCLUSION: The assessment of mean and maximum blood flow velocity of the brachial, radial, popliteal, and posterior tibial arteries by means of Doppler ultrasound presents acceptable reliability values, which supports the use of this evaluation method in research and clinical practice.

Effects of castration on penile extracellular matrix morphology in domestic cats.

Objectives This study was undertaken to verify the possible modifications caused by hormonal deprivation in the extracellular matrix in the penises of neutered cats. Methods Twenty-seven penises from domestic shorthair cats were collected: 14 samples from intact cats and 13 from neutered cats. Sections were stained with Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin, hematoxylin and eosin, and picrosirius red. Histomorphometric analysis was performed using light microscopy and image analysis software. The following parameters were analyzed: density of the elastic fibers and collagen fibers in the corpus spongiosum; density of the elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum and the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum; luminal area of the urethra; area of the corpus spongiosum; area of the corpus cavernosum; and thickness of the urethral epithelium. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test to verify the normal distribution, and groups were compared using Student's t-test; P <0.05 indicated statistically significant differences. Results Significant differences were observed between intact cats and neutered cats in the density of elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum (8.13% ± 1.38% vs 3.11% ± 0.66%), tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum (4.37% ± 1.08% vs 3.30% ± 1.01%) and corpus spongiosum (6.28% ± 3.03% vs 4.10% ± 2.19%), and density of collagen fibers in the corpus spongiosum (34.11% ± 10.86% vs 44.21% ± 12.72%). Conclusions and relevance The results show a significant decrease in the density of the elastic fibers and a significant increase of the density of the collagen fibers in the corpus spongiosum in neutered animals. This suggests that the compliance of the periurethral region is reduced, and these changes could be a predisposing factor for urethral obstructive disease.

Paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica: relato de caso / Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis: a case report

Relata-se neste artigo o caso de um paciente de ascendência negra com quadro agudo e progressivo de paralisia flácida ascendente, sem comprometimento de musculatura respiratória ou facial, em vigência de hipertireoidismo em tratamento e hipocalemia desencadeados por quadro infeccioso. Foi realizado o diagnóstico de paralisia periódica hipocalêmica tireotóxica e controle inicial dos sintomas por adequação sérica do potássio e posterior resolução do quadro após tratamento com iodoterapia.

It is reported in this paper the case of a black ancestry patient with acute and progressive framework ascending flaccid paralysis without impairment of respiratory and facial muscles, in effect in treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypokalemia triggered by infection. The diagnosis of thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis was accomplished and initial symptoms were controlled for adequacy of serum potassium and subsequent resolution after treatment with radioiodine.

Self-care associated with home exercises in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: The objective of this study was to verify self-care guidelines together with lower limb home exercises alter ankle and foot plantar pressure and alignment in patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) measuring health and sociodemographic factors. The health factors analyzed were sensitivity and circulation aspects, risk rating, and neuropathy symptom score, ankle and foot alignment (photogrammetry), plantar pressures, and postural stability (baropodometry) before and after administering these guidelines and home exercises in 97 patients type 2 DM during 10 months. The self-care guidelines and exercises changed the forefoot alignment (Right Foot - Initial vs Final, p = 0.04; Left Foot, P<0.01), the center of the force displacement in the mediolateral (Right Foot - Initial versus Final, p = 0.02; Left Foot, P<0.01), and the anterior-posterior (Right foot - Initial versus Final, p = 0.01) direction, and body balance (Initial versus Final, p = 0.02). There was no change in the remaining assessed parameters. Self-care associated with the guidelines for home exercises for the lower limbs in patients with type 2 DM are effective in maintaining and improving the alignment of the feet, mediolateral stability and prevention of complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry RBR-8854CD.

Allelic frequencies and statistical data obtained from 12 codis STR loci in an admixed population of the Brazilian Amazon.

The allelic frequencies of 12 short tandem repeat loci were obtained from a sample of 307 unrelated individuals living in Macapá, a city in the northern Amazon region, Brazil. These loci are the most commonly used in forensics and paternity testing. Based on the allele frequency obtained for the population of Macapá, we estimated an interethnic admixture for the three parental groups (European, Native American and African) of, respectively, 46%, 35% and 19%. Comparing these allele frequencies with those of other Brazilian populations and of the Iberian Peninsula population, no significant distances were observed. The interpopulation genetic distances (F(ST) coefficients) to the present database ranged from F(ST) = 0.0016 between Macapá and Belém to F(ST) = 0.0036 between Macapá and the Iberian Peninsula.

Allelic frequencies and statistical data obtained from 12 codis STR loci in an admixed population of the Brazilian Amazon

The allelic frequencies of 12 short tandem repeat loci were obtained from a sample of 307 unrelated individuals living in Macapá, a city in the northern Amazon region, Brazil. These loci are the most commonly used in forensics and paternity testing. Based on the allele frequency obtained for the population of Macapá, we estimated an interethnic admixture for the three parental groups (European, Native American and African) of, respectively, 46 percent, 35 percent and 19 percent. Comparing these allele frequencies with those of other Brazilian populations and of the Iberian Peninsula population, no significant distances were observed. The interpopulation genetic distances (F ST coefficients) to the present database ranged from F ST = 0.0016 between Macapá and Belém to F ST = 0.0036 between Macapá and the Iberian Peninsula.

Intra uterine growth retardation in rats treated with essential oil of rosmarinus officinalis linn

The essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (EORO) is used in cosmetics, in the food industry and in medicines, presenting antimicrobial and antifungal activity. Aim of the study: to observe maternal toxicity and embryo development after treatment of dams with EORO. Inseminated rats were distributed in four groups (n =15): Control (C) (saline 0.5ml) and treated with 242 (T1), 484 (T2) and 968mg/Kg (T3) of EORO, from the fifth to the seventh dpc and sacrificed on the 15th dpc. Variables analyzed: maternal behavior, body weight gain, food consumption, kidneys, liver and ovaries weight, hemogram, number of corpora lutea, implants, live, dead, malformed fetuses and placenta and fetuses weight. Statistics: Dunnett and Chi-square tests (α=0.05). The EORO higher dose reduced (p<0.05) maternal number of erythrocytes; the haematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and the fetuses body weight. Conclusions: Highest dose of EORO reduce the fetuse´s body weight and induced anemia in the dams.

Toxicological screening of Euphorbia tirucalli L.: developmental toxicity studies in rats.

Euphorbia tirucalli (Euphorbiaceae family), an environmental risk factor for Burkitt's lymphoma, also presents pharmacological activities. In the northeast region of Brazil its latex is used as an antimicrobial, antiparasitic in the treatment of coughs, rheumatism, cancer and other maladies as folk remedy. The present work concerns its developmental toxicity in rats. Wistar rats on the first day post-coitum (dpc) were grouped as control (distilled water) and treated (latex aqueous solution) groups. Animals were treated by oral gavage from the 1st to the 4th (Experiment I) and from the 5th to 7th dpc (Experiment II) and killed on the 5th or 14th dpc, respectively. Maternal variables were: clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, ovaries, liver and kidneys weight and number of corpora lutea. The uterine tubes and cornua were washed for counting and identification of embryos. The embryos and placenta were weighed. Apart from the leucopenia and the higher placental weight observed in treated rats from Experiment II, there were no significant differences between the groups. It is possible to conclude that the latex aqueous solution of Euphorbia tirucalli did not interfere with tubaric embryo development or with implantation, but it seems to alter the placenta morphology.