[Polizeistaat and police against pestilence: Russian authorities and law in the fight against the threat of epidemics in the 1st third of the 18th century].

The beginning of the 18th century in the history of the Russian state and society was marked by the beginning of large-scale transformations initiated by Peter I. As a result of these reforms, the patriarchal Moscow kingdom turned into a "regular" Russian empire, the political, legal and administrative structure of which differed significantly from what it was before. It is no coincidence that Peter is often referred to as a «revolutionary on the throne.¼ In his actions, Peter was guided by the idea of the "common good" and the ideas of the "regular" state and Polizeistaat. He drew them in Western Europe, in the countries of the Protestant circle - Prussia, Denmark, Sweden. One of the leading ideas of the Polizeistaat doctrine was the state's active policy to form a welfare society, which was supposed to be achieved through the active intervention of the authorities in the daily life of citizens, its regulation and regulation through various regulations, instructions and instructions. A regular, properly organized police force was one of the most important instruments of such intervention, which had as its ultimate goal the creation of conditions for the growth of the well-being of subjects and their number. This growth in the number of subject population was also achieved through the creation of a system of measures to prevent epidemics and their consequences. In this article, the authors, relying on the materials of the Petrine legislation, reconstruct the course of the gradual formation of sanitary legislation in Petrine Russia.

Clinical standards for the management of adverse effects during treatment for TB.

BACKGROUND: Adverse effects (AE) to TB treatment cause morbidity, mortality and treatment interruption. The aim of these clinical standards is to encourage best practise for the diagnosis and management of AE.METHODS: 65/81 invited experts participated in a Delphi process using a 5-point Likert scale to score draft standards.RESULTS: We identified eight clinical standards. Each person commencing treatment for TB should: Standard 1, be counselled regarding AE before and during treatment; Standard 2, be evaluated for factors that might increase AE risk with regular review to actively identify and manage these; Standard 3, when AE occur, carefully assessed and possible allergic or hypersensitivity reactions considered; Standard 4, receive appropriate care to minimise morbidity and mortality associated with AE; Standard 5, be restarted on TB drugs after a serious AE according to a standardised protocol that includes active drug safety monitoring. In addition: Standard 6, healthcare workers should be trained on AE including how to counsel people undertaking TB treatment, as well as active AE monitoring and management; Standard 7, there should be active AE monitoring and reporting for all new TB drugs and regimens; and Standard 8, knowledge gaps identified from active AE monitoring should be systematically addressed through clinical research.CONCLUSION: These standards provide a person-centred, consensus-based approach to minimise the impact of AE during TB treatment.

["Whether the Lord putted Moscow and neighbouring cities empty?": Moscow pest of 1654].

The first ten years of the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich were distinguished by extreme turbulence. The unsuccessful actions of the "government" of the boyar Morozov provoked chain of city riots which reached their apogee in famous "Salt Riot" in the capital. After that, religious feuding began that in near future resulted in the Schism. Afterwards, Russia, after long hesitation, entered the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth that as it turned out, prolonged 13 years. Finally, in 1654, after long break, the plague again visited Russia. The plague pestilence of 1654-1655 was relatively transient (it began in summer and gradually faded away with the onset of winter), however very deadly and shook both the Russian state and Russian society to the ground. It disrupted habitual regular way of life and unsettled all and everything. The authors propose original version of origin of this epidemic and reconstruct its course and consequences on the basis of evidence of contemporaries and extant documents.

Clinical standards for drug-susceptible pulmonary TB.

BACKGROUND: The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on 'best practice´ for diagnosis, treatment and management of drug-susceptible pulmonary TB (PTB).METHODS: A panel of 54 global experts in the field of TB care, public health, microbiology, and pharmacology were identified; 46 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score draft standards. The final document represents the broad consensus and was approved by all 46 participants.RESULTS: Seven clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, all patients (adult or child) who have symptoms and signs compatible with PTB should undergo investigations to reach a diagnosis; Standard 2, adequate bacteriological tests should be conducted to exclude drug-resistant TB; Standard 3, an appropriate regimen recommended by WHO and national guidelines for the treatment of PTB should be identified; Standard 4, health education and counselling should be provided for each patient starting treatment; Standard 5, treatment monitoring should be conducted to assess adherence, follow patient progress, identify and manage adverse events, and detect development of resistance; Standard 6, a recommended series of patient examinations should be performed at the end of treatment; Standard 7, necessary public health actions should be conducted for each patient. We also identified priorities for future research into PTB.CONCLUSION: These consensus-based clinical standards will help to improve patient care by guiding clinicians and programme managers in planning and implementation of locally appropriate measures for optimal person-centred treatment for PTB.

Porous matrix materials in optical sensing of gaseous oxygen.

The review provides comparison of porous materials that act as a matrix for luminescent oxygen indicators. These include silica-gels, sol-gel materials based on silica and organically modified silica (Ormosils), aerogels, electrospun polymeric nanofibers, metal-organic frameworks, anodized alumina, and various other microstructured sensor matrices. The influence of material structure and composition on the efficiency of oxygen quenching and dynamic response times is compared and the advantages and disadvantages of the materials are summarized to give a guide for design and practical application of sensors with desired sensitivity and response time.

[ORGANIZATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF TUBERCULOSIS IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW].

Ensuring effective epidemiological surveillance of tuberculosis is essential and one of the paramount tasks for any national tuberculosis control program. The article analyzes the organization of the tuberculosis epidemiological monitoring system at the level of the subject, based on the experience of implementing such a system in the city of Moscow in 1996-2020, defines its tasks and principles of its construction. The systems of epidemiological monitoring of tuberculosis, implemented taking into account the developed principles, provide an analysis of the epidemiological situation in the territory, the results of which can be successfully used for making managerial decisions, program-target planning and evaluating the effectiveness of the measures taken.

Clinical standards for the assessment, management and rehabilitation of post-TB lung disease.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that post-TB lung disease (PTLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on the assessment and management of PTLD and the implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).METHODS: A panel of global experts in the field of TB care and PR was identified; 62 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score the initial ideas for standards and after several rounds of revision the document was approved (with 100% agreement).RESULTS: Five clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, to assess patients at the end of TB treatment for PTLD (with adaptation for children and specific settings/situations); Standard 2, to identify patients with PTLD for PR; Standard 3, tailoring the PR programme to patient needs and the local setting; Standard 4, to evaluate the effectiveness of PR; and Standard 5, to conduct education and counselling. Standard 6 addresses public health aspects of PTLD and outcomes due to PR.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based set of Clinical Standards for PTLD. Our aim is to improve patient care and quality of life by guiding clinicians, programme managers and public health officers in planning and implementing adequate measures to assess and manage PTLD.

Outcome of treatment of MDR-TB or drug-resistant patients treated with bedaquiline and delamanid: Results from a large global cohort.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends countries introduce new anti-TB drugs in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The aim of the study is to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of bedaquiline (and/or delamanid)- containing regimens in a large cohort of consecutive TB patients treated globally. This observational, prospective study is based on data collected and provided by Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) centres and analysed twice a year. All consecutive patients (including children/adolescents) treated with bedaquiline and/or delamanid were enrolled, and managed according to WHO and national guidelines. Overall, 52 centres from 29 countries/regions in all continents reported 883 patients as of January 31st 2021, 24/29 countries/regions providing data on 100% of their consecutive patients (10-80% in the remaining 5 countries). The drug-resistance pattern of the patients was severe (>30% with extensively drug-resistant -TB; median number of resistant drugs 5 (3-7) in the overall cohort and 6 (4-8) among patients with a final outcome). For the patients with a final outcome (477/883, 54.0%) the median (IQR) number of months of anti-TB treatment was 18 (13-23) (in days 553 (385-678)). The proportion of patients achieving sputum smear and culture conversion ranged from 93.4% and 92.8% respectively (whole cohort) to 89.3% and 88.8% respectively (patients with a final outcome), a median (IQR) time to sputum smear and culture conversion of 58 (30-90) days for the whole cohort and 60 (30-100) for patients with a final outcome and, respectively, of 55 (30-90) and 60 (30-90) days for culture conversion. Of 383 patients treated with bedaquiline but not delamanid, 284 (74.2%) achieved treatment success, while 25 (6.5%) died, 11 (2.9%) failed and 63 (16.5%) were lost to follow-up.

[The horseman on pale horse: the plague of Ivan the Terrible].

Since the ancient times, epidemics affect the processes proceeding in various spheres of life of human society. Hence, steadfast attention of historians to this biological phenomenon and its investigation. Quite a lot of of research studies is devoted to the first-rate epidemics, for instance, the famous «Black Death¼ in the middle of XIV century. At the same time, far from all such occurrences were properly interpreted in historical literature. Among little-studied and factually unknown epidemics, the pestilence, the plague, that struck the Russian state in the second half of 60s-early 70s of XVI century, stands out for. The article considers this occurrence, demonstrates its origin, time and geographical limits and also analyzes its consequences.

Prostatotropic Action of Glycyrrhizic Acid Disodium Salt in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Models.

The prostatotropic activity of glycyrrhizic acid disodium salt (Na2GA) was studied in the models of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by chronic injection of sulpiride (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 8 weeks) or testosterone propionate (20 mg/kg subcutaneously for 4 weeks) in the Wistar rats. The oral administration of Na2GA in a dose of 100 mg/kg produced a moderate antiproliferative effect in both BPH models resulting in reduced volume density of prostatic epithelium (in the testosterone model) and increased volume density of the glandular lumen (in both models). The observed prostatotropic effects of Na2GA were similar to those of Permixon and finasteride, but they were less pronounced as confirmed by smaller drops in epithelial volume density and epithelial-to-stromal ratio compared to the effects of both reference drugs.

[The domestic violence as factor of disorder of social and mental health].

The article considers domestic violence as a factor of derangement of social and mental health of family members. There is no open access to statistical indices of cases of domestic violence. The data of population mental health is rather conditional. There is no aggregated information on social health of citizens at all. The sociological study of families of the Belgorod region was carried out in January-March 2019. The collection of primary sociological data was done using the questionnaire survey. The respondents consisted of two groups: minors and adult family members. The study established that in children-victims of violent actions, recollections remain that negatively impact their social and mental health in the present and future. Most often there is not one type of violence but whole complex. The effect of domestic violence is deterioration not only of mental and social health of victims, but physical (psychosomatic) health too. There is co-dependency of social and mental health conditions of all family members involved into violence actions. In case of domestic violence related to the elderly and disabled ones their social and mental health is deteriorating much faster than in case of similar alterations of age-related or medical causes.

Early non-destructive biofouling detection and spatial distribution: Application of oxygen sensing optodes.

Biofouling is a serious problem in reverse osmosis/nanofiltration (RO/NF) applications, reducing membrane performance. Early detection of biofouling plays an essential role in an adequate anti-biofouling strategy. Presently, fouling of membrane filtration systems is mainly determined by measuring changes in pressure drop, which is not exclusively linked to biofouling. Non-destructive imaging of oxygen concentrations (i) is specific for biological activity of biofilms and (ii) may enable earlier detection of biofilm accumulation than pressure drop. The objective of this study was to test whether transparent luminescent planar O2 optodes, in combination with a simple imaging system, can be used for early non-destructive biofouling detection. This biofouling detection is done by mapping the two-dimensional distribution of O2 concentrations and O2 decrease rates inside a membrane fouling simulator (MFS). Results show that at an early stage, biofouling development was detected by the oxygen sensing optodes while no significant increase in pressure drop was yet observed. Additionally, optodes could detect spatial heterogeneities in biofouling distribution at a micro scale. Biofilm development started mainly at the feed spacer crossings. The spatial and quantitative information on biological activity will lead to better understanding of the biofouling processes, contributing to the development of more effective biofouling control strategies.

An approach to estimating tuberculosis incidence and case detection rate from routine notification data.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate tuberculosis (TB) incidence and case detection rate (CDR) using routine TB surveillance data only. METHODS: A mathematical model of the case detection process, representing competition between disease progression and case finding, is proposed. The model describes disease progression as a two-stage process (bacillary and non-bacillary TB), and so relates the proportion of bacillary TB cases on detection to the effectiveness of detection. Thus, given the annual numbers of newly detected TB cases stratified by bacillary status, the model estimates detection rates, incidence and CDR. Routine notification data from eight provinces in Russia, 2000-2011, were used for the study. RESULTS: Subnational level estimates of incidence and CDR were obtained. Incidence estimates varied by two-fold among the provinces; corrected CDR estimates varied by 1.5 times. The trend in the incidence estimates was similar to that in the World Health Organization estimates for the whole of Russia. The change in the trend in WHO CDR estimates in 2008-2009 was not supported by our estimates. CONCLUSION: The general approach that uses multistage models of disease progression and accordingly stratified notification data can be applied in various settings for the routine estimation of incidence and CDR.

pH-sensitive perylene bisimide probes for live cell fluorescence lifetime imaging.

Several new perylene bisimide (PBI) probes comprising oligo-guanidine conjugates and cationic hydrogel nanoparticle structures were designed for sensing intracellular pH in live cell fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Using adherent mammalian cells (2D) and neurosphere (3D) cell models, we evaluated their performance by confocal FLIM-TCSPC. The nanoparticle PBI probe showed stable pH calibration and lifetime changes from 4.7 to 3.7 ns between pH 4.4 and 8 attributed to photo-induced electron transfer (PET). The molecular oligo-guanidine probe showed fast cell penetration and bright staining, but its calibration is affected by the microenvironment being unreliable for quantitative FLIM. Thus, nanoparticle structures are preferred for the design of quantitative pH measurement by FLIM. High brightness and photostability, efficient staining of different cell types and positive optical response to acidification in fluorescence intensity and lifetime modalities are the advantages of the nanoparticle PBI probes compared to conventional pH probes such as BCECF (2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein). Other PBI derivatives with stronger PET can be developed for future high-resolution FLIM of intracellular pH.

[Prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a role of modern anticoagulants].

The review addresses the primary and secondary prevention of cardioembolic ischemic stroke, in particular, in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Indications and schemes of anticoagulation treatment, advantages in stroke prevention and difficulties in using of the common oral anticoagulant warfarin are discussed. The authors compare the mechanism of action, efficacy and safety of the peroral anticoagulant rivaroxaban with warfarin. Based on the results of large meta-analyses, it has been concluded that the efficacy of rivaroxaban is rather superior to warfarin, this drug has the same safety profile and is more convenient in use. During treatment, no laboratory monitoring of hemostasis indicators is needed. This drug can be recommended for prevention of cardioembolic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation.

[Features of formation of postvaccinal immunity in the population of one-company towns and rural settlements 1].

When assessing the risk of developing non carcinogenic effects, the authors calculated the summary danger indices for the Orenburg Region's population living in the urbanized and rural areas. The risk of developing harmful effects for children from monotowns and rural settlements was also determined. The findings lead to the conclusion that monotowns are the most unfavorable in terms of their risk of non carcinogenic effects. The next stage of the investigation was to study the strength of postvaccinal measles immunity, which revealed a close relation between the ecological state of a dwelling area and the formation of postvaccinal immunity.

Cosmic-ray electron flux measured by the PAMELA experiment between 1 and 625 GeV.

Precision measurements of the electron component in the cosmic radiation provide important information about the origin and propagation of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Here we present new results regarding negatively charged electrons between 1 and 625 GeV performed by the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA. This is the first time that cosmic-ray e⁻ have been identified above 50 GeV. The electron spectrum can be described with a single power-law energy dependence with spectral index -3.18 ± 0.05 above the energy region influenced by the solar wind (> 30 GeV). No significant spectral features are observed and the data can be interpreted in terms of conventional diffusive propagation models. However, the data are also consistent with models including new cosmic-ray sources that could explain the rise in the positron fraction.

PAMELA measurements of cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra.

Protons and helium nuclei are the most abundant components of the cosmic radiation. Precise measurements of their fluxes are needed to understand the acceleration and subsequent propagation of cosmic rays in our Galaxy. We report precision measurements of the proton and helium spectra in the rigidity range 1 gigavolt to 1.2 teravolts performed by the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA (payload for antimatter matter exploration and light-nuclei astrophysics). We find that the spectral shapes of these two species are different and cannot be described well by a single power law. These data challenge the current paradigm of cosmic-ray acceleration in supernova remnants followed by diffusive propagation in the Galaxy. More complex processes of acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays are required to explain the spectral structures observed in our data.

Ultrabright planar optodes for luminescence life-time based microscopic imaging of O2 dynamics in biofilms.

New transparent optodes for life-time based microscopic imaging of O2 were developed by spin-coating a µm-thin layer of a highly luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) coumarin complex in polystyrene onto glass cover slips. Compared to similar thin-film O2 optodes based on a ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex or a platinum(II) porphyrin, the new planar sensors have i) higher brightness allowing for much shorter exposure times and thus higher time resolution, ii) more homogeneous and smaller pixel to pixel variation over the sensor area resulting in less noisy O2 images, and iii) a lower temperature dependency simplifying calibration procedures. We used the new optodes for microscopic imaging of the spatio-temporal O2 dynamics at the base of heterotrophic biofilms in combination with confocal imaging of bacterial biomass and biofilm structure. This allowed us to directly link biomass distribution to O2 distribution under both steady state and non-steady state conditions. We demonstrate that the O2 dynamics in biofilms is governed by a complex interaction between biomass distribution, mass transfer and flow that cannot be directly inferred from structural information on biomass distribution alone.