Significados del trabajo en mujeres que realizan trabajos productivo y reproductivo / Meaning of working in women who do productive and reproductive works

Resumen Objetivo: El presente artículo de investigación buscó analizar el significado del trabajo en mujeres con trabajo productivo (MTP) y reproductivo (MTR) en la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Para ello se consideraron las subcategorías: centralidad, normas sociales, valores laborales, tipo de actividad realizada y trayectorias laborales. Método: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con diseño fenomenológico. Se empleó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada. Participaron 6 mujeres con MTP y 6 mujeres con MTR contactadas por bola de nieve, entre los 30 y 40 años. Resultados: Se encontró que las MTP presentan mayor centralidad que las MTR; los derechos de las MTP están centrados en aspectos legales y los de las MTR, en aspectos simbólicos asociados al reconocimiento de los familiares. Los deberes de las MTP se enfocan en sus funciones laborales y los de las MTR, en todas las labores cotidianas del hogar. Los valores laborales de las MTP enfatizan en mayores sueldos, mayor independencia, horario flexible, mejor trato y ocupar posiciones de dirección; en las MTR se destaca el ganar un sueldo para suplir necesidades propias y del hogar, y contar con más participación por parte de pareja y familiares. Conclusión: Ambos significados se relacionan con aspectos de género sobre la división sexual del trabajo como algo natural, incluso para las MTP, donde la mujer es la responsable del trabajo reproductivo, viéndose la participación de la pareja como una ayuda o favor, y no como una responsabilidad compartida.

Abstract Objective: This paper analyzes the meaning of working in Women with Productive Work (WPW) and Women with Reproductive Work (WRW) in Cali city, Colombia. To achieve this purpose, four dimensions proposed by the MOW (1987) were studied: centrality, social norm and work values, kind of work and work trajectories. Method: A qualitative research was carried out based on phenomenological design. Semi-structured interview guides. Six WPW and six WRW were chosen randomly with an age among 30 and 40 years. Results: It was found that the WPW present more centrality than the WRW; also, the WPW's rights are based on legal aspects, while WRW's rights are based on symbolic values associated to the recognition of their relatives. The duties of the WPW are focused on the specific function of their job's nature, meanwhile for the WRW their duties cover all daily tasks demanded from their household. Women with productive occupations have their work values highlighted by bigger incomes, more independency, flexible schedules and the prospect of occupying a directive position; as long as for the women with a reproductive occupation they are encouraged for getting a better income to supply their own necessities or the family's, as well as to rely on their respective partner's or family's support. Conclusion: Both groups have been permeated by a default genre perspective that empowers a sexual division of the work activities, such that it is taken for granted that women are responsible for all the household activities and reproductive work even when they are performing the same productive activities as their partners, whose participation in such household activities is usually regarded as a help or even a favor, not as a shared responsibility.

Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Tonsil Tissue in Healthy Adults and Colocalization in Biofilm of Tonsillar Crypts.

IMPORTANCE: The pathogenesis of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is currently an important topic of elucidation. The presence of latent HPV infection in tonsil tissue of healthy adults may provide an explanation for a component of this process and contribute to the understanding of HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma oncogenesis of the oropharynx. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV and to determine the spatial relationship between the virus and crypt biofilm in tonsil tissue. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out using samples obtained from tonsils that were archived at a university hospital following elective nononcologic tonsillectomy from 2012 to 2015. Samples consisted of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded samples of tumor-free tonsil tissue from 102 adults between the ages of 20 and 39 years. EXPOSURES: Human papillomavirus status was assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and high-risk subtypes 16 and 18 were assessed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Samples that demonstrated presence of HPV were then analyzed by in situ hybridization to localize the viral capsid protein. These samples were then stained with concanavalin A to establish biofilm presence and morphology. These samples were also stained with diamidino-phenylindole (DAPI) to visualize location of the virus in relation to cell nuclei. These data were then assembled for aggregate analysis to colocalize HPV in the biofilm of the tonsillar crypts. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcome measurements were determined prior to data collection and include prevalence of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 in tonsil tissue of otherwise healthy adults, as well as demonstration with immunohistochemistry of HPV in tonsillar crypt biofilm. RESULTS: In 102 otherwise healthy adults (55 [53.9%] female; age range, 20-39 years), the overall prevalence of HPV in tonsils was 4.9% (n = 5); and high-risk type 16 or 18, 3.9% (n = 4). In this sample population, in situ hybridization colocalized HPV virus to the biofilm of the tonsillar crypts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Biofilm is present in the tonsillar crypts in a considerable proportion of tonsil tissues and may be reproducibly identified. Human papillomavirus is demonstrated to colocalize to the crypt biofilm. This has important implications with respect to the determination of HPV prevalence rates in the oropharynx. It may also play a role in the pathogenesis of HPV-related oropharyngeal carcinoma.