Gynoid Fat Distribution and Adipocyte Trapping May Explain Virological Failure With Intramuscular Long-Acting Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine.

Intramuscular long-acting antiretroviral drugs can improve adherence to lifelong antiretroviral treatment. Nevertheless, adipose tissue thickness and distribution play a critical role with injectable drugs. We describe a virological failure with cabotegravir and rilpivirine in a Black African woman with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with gynoid fat distribution (ie, adipose tissue prevailing in the pelvis and hip area) and body mass index <30 kg/m2.

Immune Responses after a Third Dose of mRNA Vaccine Differ in Virus-Naive versus SARS-CoV-2- Recovered Dialysis Patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: After two doses of mRNA vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), patients on dialysis show a defective humoral response, but a third dose could increase anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers. Responses could be different in virus-naive and SARS-CoV-2-recovered patients on dialysis. However, characterization of memory B cell response after three doses is lacking. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: We evaluated the dynamics of antireceptor binding domain IgG titers and antireceptor binding domain memory B cells until 6 months after two and three doses (administered within 6 months after the second dose) of mRNA vaccine in SARS-CoV-2-recovered and virus-naive dialysis populations. Results were analyzed by ordinary one-way ANOVA, the Kruskal-Wallis test, or the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test as appropriate. RESULTS: In total, 108 individuals (59 patients on dialysis and 49 controls) were included. In virus-naive patients on dialysis, antireceptor binding domain IgG response was quantitatively lower after two doses compared with healthy controls, but IgG titers increased by three-fold after three doses (P=0.008). In SARS-CoV-2-recovered patients on dialysis, antireceptor binding domain IgG titers after two doses were significantly higher compared with virus-naive patients on dialysis but did not significantly increase after a third dose. Regarding memory B cell response, we detected receptor binding domain-specific memory B cells at similar proportions in virus-naive patients on dialysis and vaccinated controls after two doses. Moreover, a strong receptor binding domain-specific memory B cell expansion was observed after the third dose in virus-naive patients on dialysis (5.5-fold; P<0.001). However, in SARS-CoV-2-recovered patients on dialysis, antireceptor binding domain memory B cells remained unchanged after the third dose. CONCLUSIONS: The third dose of mRNA vaccine given within 6 months after the second dose boosts serologic and memory response in virus-naive patients but not in SARS-CoV-2-recovered patients on dialysis. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER: COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 Specific Memory B and T-CD4+ Cells (MEMO-COV2), NCT04402892.

Kinetics of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in Hemodialysis Patients Six Months after Infection.

BACKGROUND: The humoral response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the hemodialysis population, including its dynamics over time, remains poorly understood. METHODS: To analyze initial and long-term humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 in a hemodialysis population, we retrospectively evaluated findings from SARS-CoV-2 IgG serologic assays targeting the nucleocapsid antigen or spike antigen up to 6 months of follow-up in patients on hemodialysis in the Paris, France, region who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESULTS: Our analysis included 83 patients (median age 65 years); 59 (71%) were male and 28 (34%) had presented with severe COVID-19. We observed positive initial SARS-CoV-2 IgG antinucleocapsid serology in 74 patients (89%) at a median of 67 days postdiagnosis. By multivariable analysis, immunocompromised status was the only factor significantly associated with lack of an IgG antinucleocapsid antibody response. Follow-up data were available at 6 months postdiagnosis for 60 of 74 patients (81%) with positive initial antinucleocapsid serology, and 15 (25%) of them had negative antinucleocapsid serology at month 6. In total, 14 of 15 sera were tested for antispike antibodies, 3 of 14 (21%) of which were also negative. Overall, 97% of antinucleocapsid-antibody-positive specimens were also antispike-antibody positive. Female sex, age >70 years, and nonsevere clinical presentation were independently associated with faster IgG antinucleocapsid titer decay in multivariable analysis. After adjustment for sex and age >70 years, nonsevere clinical presentation was the only factor associated with faster decay of IgG antispike antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: This study characterizes evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in patients on hemodialysis and identifies factors that are associated with lack of seroconversion and with IgG titer decay.

Indeterminate genotypes of hepatitis C virus by the Abbott RealTime HCV Genotype II assay in Morocco. About eight cases resolved by a sequencing method.

The early detection and genotyping of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are important in the management of this infection. The genotype is the major factor influencing treatment decisions. That's why it is necessary to use fast and accurate methods in its determination. This study reports, over a period of 3 years (from May 2012 to July 2015), the percentage of indeterminate genotypes by the Abbott RealTime HCV Genotype II test and their results using a sequencing technique. Of 309 samples of 309 patients tested, 11 were indeterminate (4.4%). There were three cases of cross-reactivity (1b/4 in one case, 2/5 in two cases) and a possible co-infection 1 + 4. Among those indeterminate genotypes, cross-reactivities and co-infections, ten samples were tested by sequencing. The results were for four of them a 1d subtype, five were a 2i subtype and one was a 2l subtype. These results support the thesis of complementarity between the two methods: genotyping for the detection of mixed reactions and sequencing for resolving indeterminate cases by genotyping.