Detecting familial hypercholesterolemia: An observational study leveraging mandatory universal pediatric total cholesterol screening in Slovakia.

BACKGROUND: In Slovakia, a mandatory national universal pediatric total cholesterol (TC) screening program is in place to identify cases of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, the program's effectiveness has not been systematically assessed. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of FH among parents of children that had elevated TC levels identified during screening. METHODS: This prospective, non-interventional, observational study enrolled parents of 11-year-old children who underwent TC screening in 23 selected pediatric outpatient clinics between 2017 and 2018. FH was diagnosed using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLCN) criteria and targeted next-generation sequencing. The primary objective was to estimate the proportion of children with a TC level of >188 mg/dL (>4.85 mmol/L) who had a parent with a confirmed diagnosis of FH. RESULTS: A total of 112 parents of 56 children with an elevated TC level were enrolled. Five children (8.9%) had a parent in whom FH was genetically confirmed. Without genetic analysis, all five parents would only be diagnosed with "possible FH" by DLCN criteria. Of parents, 83.9% (n = 94/112) had an low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of >116 mg/dL (>3 mmol/L), but only 5.3% (n = 5/94) received lipid-lowering therapy. Among the five parents with genetically confirmed FH, all had an LDL-C level >116 mg/dL (>3 mmol/L), with a mean (±SD) of 191 (±24) mg/dL (4.94 [±0.61] mmol/L). Only two of these parents received lipid-lowering therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates the significance of mandatory universal pediatric TC screening in identifying families with FH and other at-risk families in need of lipid-lowering therapy.

Evolocumab-Based LDL-C Management in High and Very High Cardiovascular Risk Patients in German Clinical Practice: The HEYMANS Study.

INTRODUCTION: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is among the most important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In very high-risk patients, the European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society guidelines recommend attaining LDL-C < 55 mg/dL. In the German cohort of the observational HEYMANS study, we aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and LDL-C control among patients initiating evolocumab. METHODS: Data was collected between 09/2016 and 05/2021 for ≤ 6 months before (retrospectively) and ≤ 30 months after evolocumab initiation (prospectively). Patient characteristics, lipid-lowering therapy (LLT), lipid values, evolocumab use, and safety were collected. RESULTS: Of 380 enrolled patients, 93% received evolocumab in secondary prevention and 69% had a history of statin intolerance. At study baseline, 49% did not receive any statins and LDL-C was very high (145 mg/dL). Use of evolocumab decreased LDL-C by a median of 53% within 3 months and remained stable thereafter, despite mainly unchanged background LLT. Overall, 59% attained an LDL-C level < 55 mg/dL (69% with, 49% without LLT). Persistence to evolocumab was 90.6% in months 1-12 and 93.5% in months 13-30. Adverse drug reactions were reported in 8% of patients. CONCLUSION: Data from the German HEYMANS cohort corroborate previous reports on evolocumab effectiveness and safety in clinical practice. Evolocumab initiation was associated with a rapid and sustained LDL-C reduction. Persistence with evolocumab was high. Our finding that patients receiving an evolocumab/LLT combination are more likely to attain the LDL-C goal than those receiving evolocumab alone corroborates previous data showing the importance of using highly intensive therapy. Graphical abstract available for this article. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02770131 (registration date 27 April 2016).

Evolocumab use in clinical practice in Switzerland: final data of the observational HEYMANS cohort study.

AIMS: The HEYMANS study observed patients receiving evolocumab as part of routine clinical hyperlipidemia management. It was designed to capture data on clinical parameters relevant to health authorities and physicians. METHODS: This was a European multi-country observational cohort serial chart review study; data on the Swiss cohort are reported here. Patients were prescribed evolocumab as per the Swiss reimbursement criteria in force at the time and were invited chronologically. The study consisted of a 6-month period prior to initiation of evolocumab, a 12-month core observation period (entered by 75 patients, completed by 74 patients), and an 18-month extended observation period (entered by 40 patients, completed by 34 patients). The primary objective was to describe the clinical characteristics of patients receiving evolocumab. Secondary objectives included to describe lipid levels, evolocumab use, and patterns of use of other lipid-lowering therapies (LLT, that is, statins and/or ezetimibe) over time. The study was conducted in the Swiss cohort between May 2017 and June 2021. RESULTS: Patients who received evolocumab in Swiss routine practice mostly were in secondary prevention (93%) and had a history of statin intolerance (85%) with 53% receiving no background LLT. One-third had familial hypercholesterolemia. Patients initiated evolocumab at a median low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of 3.6 mmol/L, which decreased by 54% within 3 months to 1.6 mmol/L and was stable thereafter. Overall, 61% achieved the LDL-C goal of <1.4 mmol/L with more patients attaining this goal when they received evolocumab with a statin and/or ezetimibe (84%) compared to 41% when receiving evolocumab alone. An LDL-C reduction of ⩾50% was achieved by 85% of patients. Persistence with evolocumab at 12 months was 85%. CONCLUSION: In Swiss clinical practice, evolocumab was mainly prescribed to patients with very high cardiovascular risk, who had very high LDL-C levels. Most patients continued to use evolocumab throughout the study period. In these patients, LDL-C was reduced by >50% within 3 months and LDL-C reductions were maintained over time. Guideline-recommended LDL-C goals for this very high-risk cohort were more frequently attained in patients receiving a combination of statin and/or ezetimibe and evolocumab. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02770131.

Evolocumab effectiveness in the real-world setting: Austrian data from the pan-European observational HEYMANS study.

BACKGROUND: This real-world study examined clinical characteristics and dyslipidemia management among patients initiating evolocumab across 12 European countries. Austrian data are reported. METHODS: Data of consenting adults were collected for ≤ 6 months prior to evolocumab initiation (baseline) and ≤ 30 months post-initiation. Patient characteristics, lipid lowering therapy (LLT, i.e. statin and/or ezetimibe) and lipid values were collected from medical records. RESULTS: In Austria, 363 patients were enrolled. At baseline, 52% of patients initiated evolocumab without background LLT; the median (Q1, Q3) initial low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was 142 (111, 187) mg/dL. Within 3 months of evolocumab treatment, median LDL­C decreased by 59% to 58 (37, 91) mg/dL. This reduction was maintained over time, despite consistently infrequent use of background LLT. LDL-C < 55 mg/dL was attained by 65% of patients (76% with, 55% without background LLT). Evolocumab persistence was ≥ 90% at month 12 and month 30. CONCLUSION: In Austria, patients were initiated on evolocumab at LDL­C levels almost 3­times higher than the guideline-recommended clinical goal (< 55 mg/dL). Persistence with evolocumab was very high. Evolocumab led to a rapid and sustained LDL­C reduction with 65% attaining the LDL­C goal. Patients using evolocumab in combination with statins and/or ezetimibe were more likely to attain their LDL­C goal and thus decrease cardiovascular risk.

Long-term treatment persistence and maintained reduction of LDL-cholesterol levels with evolocumab over 30 months: Results from the Spanish cohort of the European prospective HEYMANS study.

AIMS: Limited data exist on low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level variability or long-term persistence with the monoclonal antibody evolocumab in routine clinical practice. HEYMANS (NCT02770131) is the first multi-country, multicenter, observational study of European patients initiating evolocumab as part of their routine clinical management, based on local reimbursement criteria (overall data recently published). The aim of this analysis is to describe clinical characteristics, baseline and changes in LDL-C levels, treatment patterns and persistence to evolocumab over 30 months in the Spanish cohort using data from the HEYMANS Registry. METHODS: HEYMANS was a prospective study of adult patients (≥18 years) who received at least one dose of evolocumab. A total of 1951 patients were enrolled from 12 countries and were followed up for 30 months after evolocumab initiation. Data were collected for 6 months before evolocumab initiation and up to 30 months thereafter. The Spanish cohort included patients who started evolocumab in routine clinical practice from March 2016 to September 2019. Demographic and clinical characteristics, lipid-lowering therapies (LLT), and lipid levels were collected. RESULTS: In total, 201 patients were included in the Spanish cohort. Median follow-up (Q1-Q3) was 30.0 (12-30) months. A total of 61.7% of patients were men and the mean (standard deviation) age was 59.5 (10.8) years. Most patients (68.7%) had experienced a prior cardiovascular event, 45.3% had coronary artery disease or stable angina, and 60.2% had a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia. Overall, 57.7% of patients were receiving treatment with statins, most of them with high-intensity statins (85.3%); 45.8% of patients were intolerant to statins, and 26.4% of patients did not receive any LLT. At baseline, median (Q1-Q3) LDL-C levels were 151 (123-197) mg/dL. After 3 months of treatment, baseline LDL-C decreased by 66% to a median of 50 (30-83) mg/dL and these levels were maintained over time, with a median LDL-C of 55 (40-99) mg/dL at 30 months. At months 10-12 of treatment, LDL-C levels<55mg/dL were achieved by 56.3% of patients. LDL-C levels<70mg/dL were achieved by 70.1% of patients, and a lowering of LDL-C levels ≥50% was achieved by 76.8% of patients. The percentage of patients on evolocumab treatment was 95% at 12 months and 93% at 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: In the Spanish cohort in routine clinical practice, evolocumab therapy provided a reduction in LDL-C levels consistent with that reported in previous clinical trials, which was sustained during 30 months of follow-up. Treatment with evolocumab was started at LDL-C levels 50% higher than those recommended by The Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis and the Therapeutic Positioning Report. The probability of achieving the 2019 ESC/EAS LDL-C goals would improve with combination therapy and also with a lower LDL-C threshold when starting evolocumab. Persistence to evolocumab remained high during follow-up, with a very low percentage of discontinuation (5% at 12 months; 7% at 30 months).

Evolocumab is Initiated in Central and Eastern Europe at Much Higher LDL-C Levels Than Recommended in Guidelines: Results from the Observational HEYMANS Study.

Purpose: We examined clinical characteristics and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering in patients initiating evolocumab in real-world practice in a Central and Eastern European (CEE) cohort from the pan-European HEYMANS study. Methods: Patients from Bulgaria, Czech Republic, and Slovakia were enrolled at initiation of evolocumab (baseline) as per local reimbursement criteria. Demographic/clinical characteristics, lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) and lipid values were collected from medical records for ≤6 months before baseline and ≤30 months after evolocumab initiation. Results: Overall, 333 patients were followed over a mean (SD) duration of 25.1 (7.5) months. At initiation of evolocumab, LDL-C levels were markedly elevated in all three countries, with a median (Q1, Q3) LDL-C of 5.2 (4.0, 6.6) mmol/L in Bulgaria, 4.5 (3.8, 5.8) mmol/L in the Czech Republic, and 4.7 (4.0, 5.6) mmol/L in Slovakia. Within the first three months of evolocumab treatment, LDL-C levels were reduced by a median of 61% in Bulgaria, 64% in the Czech Republic, and 53% in Slovakia. LDL-C levels remained low throughout the remaining period of observation. The 2019 ESC/EAS guideline-recommended risk-based LDL-C goals were attained by 46% of patients in Bulgaria, 59% in the Czech Republic, and 43% of patients in Slovakia. LDL-C goal attainment was higher in patients receiving a statin ± ezetimibe-based background therapy (Bulgaria: 55%, Czech Republic: 71%, Slovakia: 51%) compared to those receiving evolocumab alone (Bulgaria: 19%, Czech Republic: 49%, Slovakia: 34%). Conclusion: In the HEYMANS CEE cohort, patients initiated on evolocumab had baseline LDL-C levels approximately three-fold higher than guideline-recommended thresholds for PCSK9i initiation. Risk-based LDL-C goal attainment was highest in patients receiving high-intensity combination therapy. Lowering the LDL-C reimbursement threshold for PCSK9i initiation would allow more patients to receive combination therapy, thus improving LDL-C goal attainment. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02770131; registration date: 27 April 2016).

Long-term persistence with evolocumab treatment and sustained reductions in LDL-cholesterol levels over 30 months: Final results from the European observational HEYMANS study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Variability in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level control at a population level is associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. Limited data exist on LDL-C level variability or long-term persistence with the monoclonal antibody evolocumab in routine clinical practice. Using data from the HEYMANS registry, this analysis aimed to assess evolocumab persistence and discontinuation over 30 months of evolocumab treatment and to evaluate at a population level the variability in LDL-C level reductions during the study period. METHODS: HEYMANS was a prospective registry of adults initiating evolocumab in routine clinical practice in 12 European countries. Data were collected for up to and including 6 months before evolocumab initiation and up to 30 months after. Evolocumab discontinuation was analysed for two time periods: 0-12 months and 12-30 months. RESULTS: In total, 1951 patients were included in the study. The median reduction in LDL-C levels was 58% within 3 months after evolocumab initiation; this reduction was maintained over 30 months. More than 90% of patients continued receiving evolocumab at 12 months and 30 months of follow-up. Of patients with an LDL-C level measurement during follow-up, approximately 85% achieved a ≥30% reduction from baseline at each follow-up visit and approximately 60% achieved a ≥50% reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Evolocumab therapy was associated with sustained LDL-C level reductions up to 30 months, and persistence with evolocumab remained high, both at 12 and 30 months. Expanding the use of monoclonal antibodies such as evolocumab could provide improvements in LDL-C level control at a population level in European clinical practice.

Cognitive function with evolocumab in pediatric heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Evolocumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody inhibitor of PCSK9 approved for lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults and pediatric patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The cognitive safety of evolocumab has been established in adults but has not yet been described in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of evolocumab on cognitive function in pediatric heterozygous FH. METHODS: Cognitive function was assessed during a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (HAUSER-RCT) evaluating the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of 24 weeks of monthly subcutaneous injections of evolocumab in pediatric patients with FH. Cognitive safety endpoints included changes from baseline to week 24 in test scores in domains of psychomotor function, attention, visual learning, and executive function. Between-group differences in age-standardized mean test score changes were analyzed using analysis of covariance models and point estimates with 95% confidence interval (CI). Magnitudes of difference between treatment groups (Cohen's d) and reliable change indices were calculated for each cognitive function test. RESULTS: At week 24, changes from baseline in age-standardized cognitive test scores were similar between the treatment groups. Differences (95% CI) between the evolocumab and placebo groups in mean test score changes for the Groton Maze Learning, One-Card Learning, Identification, and Detection tests were 0.1 (-0.2, 0.4), -0.1 (-0.5, 0.4), 0.3 (0.0, 0.7), 0.3 (-0.1, 0.8), respectively. For all tests, abnormal and clinically important cognitive decline occurred with lesser frequency in the evolocumab group. CONCLUSION: In pediatric patients with FH, 24-week treatment with evolocumab did not negatively influence cognition. FUNDING: This study was funded and designed by Amgen.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels exceed the recommended European threshold for PCSK9i initiation: lessons from the HEYMANS study.

AIMS: To describe the characteristics of patients receiving evolocumab in clinical practice across 12 European countries and simulate the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction and cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS: The characteristics of hyperlipidaemic patients at initiation of evolocumab and treatment patterns study-HEYMANS (n = 1952) is a prospective registry of patients ≥18 years old who initiated evolocumab from 1 August 2015 onwards. Mean (standard deviation) age was 60 (10.8), 85% had a prior CV event, 45% were diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), and 60% had statin intolerance. At evolocumab initiation, 43% were receiving any statin, 16% were receiving ezetimibe without statin, and 41% received no background lipid-lowering therapy (LLT), with LDL-C levels reflecting local proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) reimbursement criteria. Median LDL-C decreased from 3.98 to 1.63 mmol/L within 3 months of evolocumab initiation and was maintained over 24 months. Overall, 58% achieved risk-based 2019 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society LDL-C goals but that proportion was higher (68%) in patients receiving background LLT compared with those not receiving background LLT (44%). In patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease without FH, the simulated relative CV risk reduction associated with evolocumab treatment was 34% (25-44%). CONCLUSION: Across Europe, LDL-C levels at evolocumab initiation were three times higher than recommended thresholds for PCSK9i initiation, reflecting disparities between implementation and guidelines. More patients attained risk-based LDL-C goals when receiving evolocumab in combination with LLT vs. those not receiving combination therapy. Population health could be improved and LDL-C goals better attained if LDL-C thresholds for PCSK9i reimbursement were lowered, enabling more patients to receive combination therapy when needed.

Evolocumab in Pediatric Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Evolocumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9, is widely used in adult patients to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. Its effects in pediatric patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia are not known. METHODS: We conducted a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of evolocumab in pediatric patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Patients 10 to 17 years of age who had received stable lipid-lowering treatment for at least 4 weeks before screening and who had an LDL cholesterol level of 130 mg per deciliter (3.4 mmol per liter) or more and a triglyceride level of 400 mg per deciliter (4.5 mmol per liter) or less were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive monthly subcutaneous injections of evolocumab (420 mg) or placebo. The primary end point was the percent change in LDL cholesterol level from baseline to week 24; key secondary end points were the mean percent change in LDL cholesterol level from baseline to weeks 22 and 24 and the absolute change in LDL cholesterol level from baseline to week 24. RESULTS: A total of 157 patients underwent randomization and received evolocumab (104 patients) or placebo (53 patients). At week 24, the mean percent change from baseline in LDL cholesterol level was -44.5% in the evolocumab group and -6.2% in the placebo group, for a difference of -38.3 percentage points (P<0.001). The absolute change in the LDL cholesterol level was -77.5 mg per deciliter (-2.0 mmol per liter) in the evolocumab group and -9.0 mg per deciliter (-0.2 mmol per liter) in the placebo group, for a difference of -68.6 mg per deciliter (-1.8 mmol per liter) (P<0.001). Results for all secondary lipid variables were significantly better with evolocumab than with placebo. The incidence of adverse events that occurred during the treatment period was similar in the evolocumab and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this trial involving pediatric patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, evolocumab reduced the LDL cholesterol level and other lipid variables. (Funded by Amgen; HAUSER-RCT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02392559.).

Management of Hyperlipidemia in Very High and Extreme Risk Patients in Croatia: an observational study of treatment patterns and lipid control.

Our observational study evaluated current management of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in adult secondary prevention patients (all very high risk (VHR) by European guidelines) attending specialist clinics across Croatia. Data were collected retrospectively from patient records for the preceding 12 months. The subset judged to be at extreme risk (ER; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) criteria; n=48) were compared with the remaining patients (VHR group; n=41). All patients were receiving statins (75.6% VHR/81.3% ER at high-intensity), with only a minority receiving concomitant lipid-lowering treatment (7.3% VHR/16.7% ER). Median (Q1, Q3) LDL-C levels at the last visit were 1.9 (1.6, 2.4) mmol/L for VHR and 2.1 (1.5, 3.1) mmol/L for ER, with only 41.5% (95% CI 26.3-57.9) of VHR patients and 27.1% (15.3-41.9) of ER patients attaining their LDL-C targets (<1.8 mmol/L and <1.42 mmol/L, respectively). Thus, we found that a substantial proportion of VHR and ER secondary prevention patients being treated across Croatia had LDL-C levels exceeding the targets recommended in the European and newer AACE guidelines, but not all were receiving high-intensity statins. Identification of ER patients and their lipid patterns may help optimize usage of high-intensity statin treatment, alone or along with newer treatments, for better control of elevated LDL-C.

Clinical Management of High and Very High Risk Patients with Hyperlipidaemia in Central and Eastern Europe: An Observational Study.

INTRODUCTION: A retrospective/prospective observational study was conducted to explore the current management of hyperlipidaemia in high-risk (HR) and very high risk (VHR) patients in central/eastern Europe and Israel. METHODS: The study enrolled adult patients who were receiving lipid-lowering therapy and attending a specialist (cardiologist/diabetologist/lipidologist) or internist for a routine visit at 57 sites (including academic/specialist/internal medicine centres) across Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Israel, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Data were collected from medical records, for the 12 months before enrolment, with/without ≤ 6 months' additional prospective follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 1244 patients, mean (SD) age 63.3 (11.3) years were included (307 with familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH), 943 secondary prevention patients). Almost all patients (98.1%) were receiving statins (76.7% monotherapy/21.4% combined therapy), with 53.1% receiving high-intensity statin therapy: 127 patients (10.2%) had adverse events attributed to statin intolerance. Mean (SD) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were 3.3 (1.7) mmol/L at the first, and 2.7 (1.3) mmol/L at the last, visit of the retrospective phase of observation, with little change during the prospective phase. Less than one-quarter (23.8%; 95% CI 17.29-31.45%) of HR patients and less than half (42.0%; 39.05-44.98%) of VHR patients achieved their risk-based LDL-C targets of < 2.5 and < 1.8 mmol/L, respectively. Less than 15% of FH patients reached these targets (10.9% (5.6-18.7%) of HR and 12.1% (8.0-17.4%) of VHR patients). The revised 2016 ESC/EAS target for HR patients (2.6 mmol/L) was met by 28.5% (21.44-36.38%) of HR patients overall. Almost one-half of patients (42.1%) experienced one or more cardiovascular events during observation. CONCLUSION: Our findings confirm that, despite widespread statin use, a substantial proportion of patients treated for hyperlipidaemia in central/eastern Europe and Israel, particularly those with FH, do not reach recommended LDL-C targets, thus remaining at risk of cardiovascular events. FUNDING: Amgen (Europe) GmbH.

Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of evolocumab in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Evolocumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, is safe and effective when dosed biweekly (Q2W) or monthly (QM) in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) as demonstrated in two 12-week trials: Reduction of LDL-C With PCSK9 Inhibition in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Disorder (RUTHERFORD; phase 2) and RUTHERFORD-2 (phase 3). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate long-term efficacy, safety, and tolerability of evolocumab during open-label extension trials. METHODS: Patients completing parent trials were re-randomized 2:1 to evolocumab plus standard of care (SOC) or SOC alone for 52 weeks (Open-Label Study of Long-term Evaluation Against LDL-C [OSLER-1]) or 48 weeks (OSLER-2). Evolocumab dosing was 420 mg QM (OSLER-1) and 140 mg Q2W or 420 mg QM (OSLER-2). A pooled analysis of OSLER data was performed from this subset of HeFH patients. RESULTS: Four hundred forty HeFH patients from RUTHERFORD (n = 147) and RUTHERFORD-2 (n = 293) (mean [standard deviation] age 51 [12] years, 58% male, 90% White) were randomized to evolocumab plus SOC (n = 289) or SOC (n = 151). The 48-week period was completed by 425 patients (96.6%). Eight patients discontinued evolocumab plus SOC (2.8%) and 7 discontinued SOC (4.6%). Compared to parent study baseline, patients receiving evolocumab plus SOC experienced a mean 53.6% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 48 weeks. No patient experienced an adverse event leading to permanent evolocumab discontinuation during the 1-year SOC-controlled period. Serious adverse event rates were similar between groups (evolocumab plus SOC, 7.3%; SOC, 8.6%). CONCLUSION: Continued use of evolocumab added to SOC in patients with HeFH yields persistent and marked low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reductions during 48 weeks of follow-up. Long-term dosing of evolocumab with SOC was safe and well tolerated.

Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Evolocumab and Other Therapies for the Management of Lipid Levels in Hyperlipidemia.

BACKGROUND: The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors evolocumab and alirocumab substantially reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) when added to statin therapy in patients who need additional LDL-C reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials of lipid-lowering therapies from database inception through August 2016 (45 058 records retrieved). We found 69 trials of lipid-lowering therapies that enrolled patients requiring further LDL-C reduction while on maximally tolerated medium- or high-intensity statin, of which 15 could be relevant for inclusion in LDL-C reduction networks with evolocumab, alirocumab, ezetimibe, and placebo as treatment arms. PCSK9 inhibitors significantly reduced LDL-C by 54% to 74% versus placebo and 26% to 46% versus ezetimibe. There were significant treatment differences for evolocumab 140 mg every 2 weeks at the mean of weeks 10 and 12 versus placebo (-74.1%; 95% credible interval -79.81% to -68.58%), alirocumab 75 mg (-20.03%; 95% credible interval -27.32% to -12.96%), and alirocumab 150 mg (-13.63%; 95% credible interval -22.43% to -5.33%) at ≥12 weeks. Treatment differences were similar in direction and magnitude for PCSK9 inhibitor monthly dosing. Adverse events were similar between PCSK9 inhibitors and control. Rates of adverse events were similar between PCSK9 inhibitors versus placebo or ezetimibe. CONCLUSIONS: PCSK9 inhibitors added to medium- to high-intensity statin therapy significantly reduce LDL-C in patients requiring further LDL-C reduction. The network meta-analysis showed a significant treatment difference in LDL-C reduction for evolocumab versus alirocumab.

Efficacy and Safety of the PCSK9 Inhibitor Evolocumab in Patients with Mixed Hyperlipidemia.

PURPOSE: Evolocumab significantly reduces low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C); we investigated its effects on LDL-C lowering in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. METHODS: We compared the efficacy and safety of evolocumab in hypercholesterolemic patients selected from the phase 2 and 3 trials who had fasting triglyceride levels ≥1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL elevated triglycerides) and <1.7 mmol/L (without elevated triglycerides). Fasting triglyceride level ≥ 4.5 mmol/L at screening was an exclusion criterion for these studies, but post-enrollment triglyceride levels may have exceeded 4.5 mmol/L (400 mg/dL). Efficacy was evaluated in four phase 3 randomized studies (n = 1148) and safety from the phase 2 and 3 studies (n = 2246) and their open-label extension studies (n = 1698). Efficacy analyses were based on 12-week studies, while safety analyses included data from all available studies. Treatment differences were calculated vs. placebo and ezetimibe after pooling dose frequencies. RESULTS: Mean treatment difference in percentage change from baseline in LDL-C for participants with elevated triglycerides and those without elevated triglycerides (mean of weeks 10 and 12) with evolocumab was approximately -67 % vs. placebo and -42 % vs. ezetimibe (all P < 0.001) compared to −65 % vs. placebo and −39 % vs. ezetimibe, [corrected] respectively. Treatment differences for evolocumab vs. placebo and ezetimibe followed a similar pattern for non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein B. Evolocumab was well tolerated, with balanced rates of adverse events leading to discontinuation of evolocumab vs. comparator (placebo and/or ezetimibe). CONCLUSION: The significant reductions of atherogenic lipids including LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and apolipoprotein B seen with evolocumab are similar in patients with and without mixed hyperlipidemia.

Effects of Evolocumab on Vitamin E and Steroid Hormone Levels: Results From the 52-Week, Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled DESCARTES Study.

RATIONALE: Vitamin E transport and steroidogenesis are closely associated with low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) metabolism, and evolocumab can lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) to low levels. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of evolocumab on vitamin E and steroid hormone levels. METHODS AND RESULTS: After titration of background lipid-lowering therapy per cardiovascular risk, 901 patients with an LDL-C ≥2.0 mmol/L were randomized to 52 weeks of monthly, subcutaneous evolocumab, or placebo. Vitamin E, cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and gonadal hormones were analyzed at baseline and week 52. In a substudy (n=100), vitamin E levels were also measured in serum, LDL, high-density lipoprotein, and red blood cell membranes at baseline and week 52. Absolute vitamin E decreased in evolocumab-treated patients from baseline to week 52 by 16% but increased by 19% when normalized for cholesterol. In the substudy, vitamin E level changes from baseline to week 52 mirrored the changes in the lipid fraction, and red blood cell membrane vitamin E levels did not change. Cortisol in evolocumab-treated patients increased slightly from baseline to week 52, but adrenocorticotropic hormone and the cortisol:adrenocorticotropic hormone ratio did not change. No patient had a cortisol:adrenocorticotropic hormone ratio <3.0 (nmol/pmol). Among evolocumab-treated patients, gonadal hormones did not change from baseline to week 52. Vitamin E and steroid changes were consistent across subgroups by minimum postbaseline LDL-C <0.4 and <0.6 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: As expected, vitamin E levels changed similarly to lipids among patients treated for 52 weeks with evolocumab. No adverse effects were observed in steroid or gonadal hormones, even at very low LDL-C levels. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01516879.

PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (RUTHERFORD-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia is characterised by low cellular uptake of LDL cholesterol, increased plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations, and premature cardiovascular disease. Despite intensive statin therapy, with or without ezetimibe, many patients are unable to achieve recommended target levels of LDL cholesterol. We investigated the effect of PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) on LDL cholesterol in patients with this disorder. METHODS: This multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was undertaken at 39 sites (most of which were specialised lipid clinics, mainly attached to academic institutions) in Australia, Asia, Europe, New Zealand, North America, and South Africa between Feb 7 and Dec 19, 2013. 331 eligible patients (18-80 years of age), who met clinical criteria for heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and were on stable lipid-lowering therapy for at least 4 weeks, with a fasting LDL cholesterol concentration of 2·6 mmol/L or higher, were randomly allocated in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous evolocumab 140 mg every 2 weeks, evolocumab 420 mg monthly, or subcutaneous placebo every 2 weeks or monthly for 12 weeks. Randomisation was computer generated by the study sponsor, implemented by a computerised voice interactive system, and stratified by LDL cholesterol concentration at screening (higher or lower than 4·1 mmol/L) and by baseline ezetimibe use (yes/no). Patients, study personnel, investigators, and Amgen study staff were masked to treatment assignments within dosing frequency groups. The coprimary endpoints were percentage change from baseline in LDL cholesterol at week 12 and at the mean of weeks 10 and 12, analysed by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01763918. FINDINGS: Of 415 screened patients, 331 were eligible and were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups: evolocumab 140 mg every 2 weeks (n=111), evolocumab 420 mg monthly (n=110), placebo every 2 weeks (n=55), or placebo monthly (n=55). 329 patients received at least one dose of study drug. Compared with placebo, evolocumab at both dosing schedules led to a significant reduction in mean LDL cholesterol at week 12 (every-2-weeks dose: 59·2% reduction [95% CI 53·4-65·1], monthly dose: 61·3% reduction [53·6-69·0]; both p<0·0001) and at the mean of weeks 10 and 12 (60·2% reduction [95% CI 54·5-65·8] and 65·6% reduction [59·8-71·3]; both p<0·0001). Evolocumab was well tolerated, with rates of adverse events similar to placebo. The most common adverse events occurring more frequently in the evolocumab-treated patients than in the placebo groups were nasopharyngitis (in 19 patients [9%] vs five [5%] in the placebo group) and muscle-related adverse events (ten patients [5%] vs 1 [1%]). INTERPRETATION: In patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, evolocumab administered either 140 mg every 2 weeks or 420 mg monthly was well tolerated and yielded similar and rapid 60% reductions in LDL cholesterol compared with placebo. FUNDING: Amgen Inc.

Efficacy of cinacalcet with low-dose vitamin D in incident haemodialysis subjects with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with cinacalcet improves the control of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and the achievement of calcium and phosphorus targets. Most data come from subjects receiving cinacalcet after several years of dialysis treatment. We therefore compared the efficacy of treatment with cinacalcet and low doses of active vitamin D to flexible doses of active vitamin D alone for the management of SHPT in patients recently initiating haemodialysis. METHODS: This open-label trial randomized subjects (n = 309) with parathyroid hormone (PTH) >300 pg/mL on dialysis for 3-12 months to either cinacalcet with low-dose active vitamin D, if prescribed (cinacalcet); or usual care without cinacalcet (control). Randomized subjects were stratified by PTH at screening (300-450, >450-600, >600 pg/mL) and by the use of active vitamin D at enrolment. Treatment duration was 12 months, with primary efficacy endpoint (mean PTH reduction ≥ 30% from baseline) assessed at 6 months. RESULTS: The mean [standard deviation (SD)] haemodialysis vintage at enrolment was 7.2 (2.7) months; 53% of subjects were not receiving active vitamin D at enrolment. There was a significant difference in the achievement of the primary endpoint (≥ 30% PTH reduction at 6 months) between cinacalcet-treated subjects and controls in both the entire cohort (63 versus 38%; n = 304; P < 0.0001) and the subgroup of subjects not receiving active vitamin D at enrolment (70 versus 44%; n = 161; P < 0.01). Hypocalcaemia and gastrointestinal adverse events were more commonly observed in cinacalcet-treated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that cinacalcet with low-dose active vitamin D, if prescribed, provides a more effective treatment approach than usual care without cinacalcet for SHPT in incident haemodialysis patients, even in relatively treatment-naive patients.

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effects of AMG 145, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 serine protease in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: the Reduction of LDL-C with PCSK9 Inhibition in Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia Disorder (RUTHERFORD) randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite statin treatment, many patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia do not reach desired low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets. AMG 145, a fully human monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) serine protease, demonstrated significant reductions in LDL-C in phase 1 studies. This phase 2, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study evaluated the efficacy and safety of AMG 145 in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia diagnosed by Simon Broome criteria with LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) despite statin therapy with or without ezetimibe were randomized 1:1:1 to AMG 145 350 mg, AMG 145 420 mg, or placebo-administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. The primary end point was percentage change from baseline in LDL-C at week 12. Of 168 patients randomized, 167 received investigational product and were included in the full analysis set (mean [SD] age, 50 [13] years; 47% female; 89% white; mean [SD] baseline LDL-C, 4.0 [1.1] mmol/L (156 [42] mg/dL)). At week 12, LDL-C reduction measured by preparative ultracentrifugation (least squares mean [standard error (SE)]) was 43 (3)% and 55 (3)% with AMG 145 350 mg and 420 mg, respectively, compared with 1 (3)% increase with placebo (P<0.001 for both dose groups). Serious adverse events (not considered treatment-related) occurred in 2 patients on AMG 145. CONCLUSIONS: AMG 145 administered every 4 weeks yielded rapid and substantial reductions in LDL-C in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients despite intensive statin use, with or without ezetimibe, with minimal adverse events and good tolerability. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01375751.