Determinants of radiological patterns and severity in immunocompromised adults with Metapneumovirus infection.

BACKGROUND: Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) belongs to the Pneumoviridae family and is responsible for respiratory infections. Mild infections are well-recognized in children, while its precise impact in various categories of immunocompromised adults has not been well addressed. RESEARCH QUESTION: We retrospectively studied HMPV infections in immunocompromised adults followed in two large French university medical centers. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We identified immunocompromised adults with positive HMPV Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for 36 months and reviewed their medical charts. For lung transplant recipients (LTR), FEV1 was collected at baseline, during and after infection. Imaging was centralized and chest involvement was categorized by dominant CT patterns. We compared severe patients (requiring oxygen or ventilation) and non hypoxemic patients. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients were included, 27 were LTR, 25 had a hematological malignancy or were hematopoietic stem cell recipients, 20 had another immunocompromised status. Twenty patients (28%) presented a hypoxemic infection, requiring hospitalization and intensive care units transfers in 50/72 (69.4%) and 9/72 (12.5%) respectively, with only one death. Hypoxemia was less pronounced in LTRs (p = 0.014). Finally, age and dyspnea remained independent factors associated with hypoxemia (p < 0.005). The most frequent radiological patterns were bronchopneumonia (34.2%) and bronchiolitis (39.5% and 64.3% in the overall population and in LTRs respectively, p = 0.045). FEV1 improved in LTRs at one month and 85% had recovered their baseline FEV1 within 6 months. INTERPRETATIONS: In immunocompromised adults, HMPV infections required frequent hospitalizations and ICU transfers, while mortality is low. In LTRs, bronchiolitis pattern was predominant with short and long-term favorable outcome.

[The contribution of artificial intelligence (AI) subsequent to the processing of thoracic imaging]. / Apport de l'intelligence artificielle dans le post-traitement de l'imagerie thoracique.

The contribution of artificial intelligence (AI) to medical imaging is currently the object of widespread experimentation. The development of deep learning (DL) methods, particularly convolution neural networks (CNNs), has led to performance gains often superior to those achieved by conventional methods such as machine learning. Radiomics is an approach aimed at extracting quantitative data not accessible to the human eye from images expressing a disease. The data subsequently feed machine learning models and produce diagnostic or prognostic probabilities. As for the multiple applications of AI methods in thoracic imaging, they are undergoing evaluation. Chest radiography is a practically ideal field for the development of DL algorithms able to automatically interpret X-rays. Current algorithms can detect up to 14 different abnormalities present either in isolation or in combination. Chest CT is another area offering numerous AI applications. Various algorithms have been specifically formed and validated for the detection and characterization of pulmonary nodules and pulmonary embolism, as well as segmentation and quantitative analysis of the extent of diffuse lung diseases (emphysema, infectious pneumonias, interstitial lung disease). In addition, the analysis of medical images can be associated with clinical, biological, and functional data (multi-omics analysis), the objective being to construct predictive approaches regarding disease prognosis and response to treatment.

Nebulised liposomal amphotericin-B as maintenance therapy in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: a randomised, multicentre trial.

BACKGROUND: In allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), prolonged nebulised antifungal treatment may be a strategy for maintaining remission. METHODS: We performed a randomised, single-blind, clinical trial in 30 centres. Patients with controlled ABPA after 4-month attack treatment (corticosteroids and itraconazole) were randomly assigned to nebulised liposomal amphotericin-B or placebo for 6 months. The primary outcome was occurrence of a first severe clinical exacerbation within 24 months following randomisation. Secondary outcomes included the median time to first severe clinical exacerbation, number of severe clinical exacerbations per patient, ABPA-related biological parameters. RESULTS: Among 174 enrolled patients with ABPA from March 2015 through July 2017, 139 were controlled after 4-month attack treatment and were randomised. The primary outcome occurred in 33 (50.8%) out of 65 patients in the nebulised liposomal amphotericin-B group and 38 (51.3%) out of 74 in the placebo group (absolute difference -0.6%, 95% CI -16.8- +15.6%; OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.50-1.90; p=0.95). The median (interquartile range) time to first severe clinical exacerbation was longer in the liposomal amphotericin-B group: 337 days (168-476 days) versus 177 days (64-288 days). At the end of maintenance therapy, total immunoglobulin-E and Aspergillus precipitins were significantly decreased in the nebulised liposomal amphotericin-B group. CONCLUSIONS: In ABPA, maintenance therapy using nebulised liposomal amphotericin-B did not reduce the risk of severe clinical exacerbation. The presence of some positive secondary outcomes creates clinical equipoise for further research.

[Bronchiectasis imaging]. / Imagerie des dilatations des bronches.

Bronchiectasis are defined as an irreversible focal or diffuse dilatation of the bronchi and can be associated with significant morbidity. The prevalence is currently increasing, probably due to an increased use of thoracic computed tomography (CT). Indeed, the diagnosis relies on imaging and chest CT is the gold standard technique. The main diagnosis criterion is an increased bronchial diameter as compared to that of the companion artery. However, false positives are possible when the artery diameter is decreased, which is called pseudo-bronchiectasis. Other features such as the lack of bronchial tapering, and visibility of bronchi within 1cm of the pleural surface are also diagnostic criteria, and other CT features of bronchial disease are commonly seen. Thoracic imaging also allows severity assessment and long-term monitoring of structural abnormalities. The distribution pattern and the presence of associated findings on chest CT help identifying specific causes of bronchiectasis. Lung MRI and ultra-low dose CT and are promising imaging modalities that may play a role in the future. The objectives of this review are to describe imaging features for the diagnosis and severity assessment of bronchiectasis, to review findings suggesting the cause of bronchiectasis, and to present the new developments in bronchiectasis imaging.

[Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: Evaluation of a maintenance therapy with nebulized Ambisome®]. / Aspergillose bronchopulmonaire allergique : évaluation d'un traitement d'entretien par Ambisome® nébulisé.

BACKGROUND: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) affects 3-13% of patients with asthma. Its natural history includes possibly life-threatening exacerbations and evolution towards fixed obstructive ventilatory disorders or even irreversible lung fibrosis lesions. ABPA prognosis is directly associated with exacerbation control and the main objective of the treatment is to decrease their frequency and duration. Recommendations regarding dosage and duration of treatment are not very precise. The currently used combination of itraconazole and corticosteroid therapy has many limitations. The interests of a therapeutic strategy using nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) are to heighten antifungal lung tissue concentration, to circumvent drug interactions and decrease the potential toxicity of systemic antifungal treatments. Finally, this association leads to improved eradication of Aspergillus, thereby limiting the risk of side effects and the emergence of treatment-resistant Aspergillus strains. METHODS: This is a phase II, multicentre, randomized, single blind, controlled therapeutic study, with the objective of comparing the potential benefit on exacerbation control of a maintenance therapy by LAmB nebulization. The main objective of the study is to compare the incidence of severe clinical exacerbations in ABPA treatment, between a maintenance treatment strategy with nebulized LAmB and a conventional strategy without antifungal maintenance therapy. EXPECTED RESULTS: The results will guide practitioners in the management of ABPA treatments and help to define the place of aerosols of LAmB on "evidence base medicine" criteria.

CT imaging in pre-therapeutic assessment of lung cancer.

Lung cancer, the most frequent cancer worldwide, is the fourth most frequent cancer in France, with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 15%, directly correlated to the stage of disease at the time of diagnosis and its treatment. The objective of this article is to describe the role, contributions and pitfalls of computed tomography (CT) in clinical TNM staging, primarily to identify patients eligible for curative surgery. TNM staging criteria, last updated in 2009, are discussed along with the new proposals for the 8th edition to be published late 2016. The most crucial CT features for pre-therapy assessment are highlighted.

THORACIC INVOLVEMENT IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES: RADIOLOGICAL PATTERNS AND FOLLOW-UP.

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a heterogeneous group of idiopathic inflammatory diseases involving various organs. A thoracic involvement is frequent, and chest-CT represents the imaging technique of reference in its assessment. Pulmonary abnormalities related to CTDs are various; although several disease-specific aspects have been described, the two most clinically relevant complications are represented by interstitial lung disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The early identification of a thoracic involvement, with the adoption of specific therapies, can significantly change patient's prognosis. The aim of this article is to review the most common typical and atypical CT features of thoracic involvement occurring in CT, especially focusing on interstitial lung disease.

Thoracic involvement in systemic primary vasculitis: radiological patterns and follow-up.

Systemic primary vasculitides are rare idiopathic diseases causing an inflammatory injury to the vessel walls. A pulmonary involvement is frequent, and chest-CT is the imaging technique of reference in its assessment. An extremely wide variety of parenchymal, vascular and airways abnormalities, has been described and diagnosis can be challenging: knowledge of clinical data and a close cooperation with the referring physician is often crucial. The aim of this work is to describe the most common typical and atypical CT features of pulmonary vasculitis and their possible changes over time and therapy, focusing on the differential diagnosis with other inflammatory/infectious or neoplastic diseases.

Imaging of the non-traumatic brachial plexus.

The first line imaging of the non-traumatic brachial plexus is by MRI. Knowledge of the anatomy and commonest variants is essential. Three Tesla imaging offers the possibility of 3D isotropic sequences with excellent spatial and contrast enhancement resolutions, which leads to time saving and quality boosting. The most commonly seen conditions are benign tumor lesions and radiation damage. Gadolinium is required to assess inflammatory or tumour plexopathy. MRI data should be correlated with FDG-PET if tumor recurrence is suspected.

[Chest trauma: spectrum of lesions]. / Traumatismes du thorax: lésions élémentaires.

Blunt chest trauma typically occurs as part of polytrauma, usually secondary to motor vehicle accidents, sports related injuries or defenestration in Western Europe. Each chest compartment may be responsible for immediate and/or delayed complications, thus requiring a dedicated systematic and comprehensive analysis. The use of image post-processing is mandatory in order to not overlook a potentially severe injury. The purpose of this paper is to review the technical considerations of multidetector CT, and the imaging features and interpretation method for each chest compartment, in order to generate an adapted report.

Safe and efficacious prolonged use of an olive oil-based lipid emulsion (ClinOleic) in chronic intestinal failure.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Injectable lipid emulsion is an important component of parenteral nutrition. ClinOleic is a lipid emulsion composed of olive oil (80%) and soybean oil (20%). This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ClinOleic in adults already receiving parenteral nutrition, comparing it to their usual lipid (soybean-oil-based). METHODS: Thirteen adults dependent on home parenteral nutrition were recruited from a single hospital. ClinOleic was administered for 6 months. Two-monthly assessments were made. In addition, clinical and adverse events were recorded for 6-month periods before, during and after the study. RESULTS: Total numbers of important complications for the 6 months before, during and after the study were 13, 9 and 9, respectively. There were, respectively, 5, 3 and 2 line infections, and 2, 0 and 5 thrombotic episodes in the 3 periods. The numbers of unplanned admissions were, respectively, 8, 5 and 7, with in-patient days accounting for 3.4%, 1.5%, and 2.6% of feeding days, respectively. One patient died (pneumonia). One new case of cholecystolithiasis appeared. CONCLUSION: ClinOleic may be used as a safe alternative to standard soybean-oil-based lipid emulsions.

[Rhinocerebral mucormycosis]. / Mucormycose rhinocérébrale.

We report a case of a rhinocerebral mucormycosis with extensive cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis and internal carotid artery thrombosis. This case illustrates the usual clinical and imaging features of the disease, which is a potentially devastating infection in immunocompromised patients.