Systematic evaluation of integration between China's digital economy and sports industry: Two-stage grey relational analysis and vector autoregressive model.

OBJECTIVES: The development of the digital economy constitutes a key component of China's endeavors to advance towards "Digital China." The sports industry functions as a new catalyst for high-quality economic growth. This study systematically evaluated the integration between these two sectors. METHODS: First, we conducted two levels of grey relational analysis to assess their integration between 2016 and 2021. Second, we conducted a VAR analysis to determine whether their integration between 2009 and 2021 represents a causal relationship. RESULTS: At the macro level, the grey relational analysis reveals that the sports industry (grade = 0.770) ranked second among China's eight key economic sectors in terms of digital economy integration. At the meso level, a wide variation (ranging from 0.606 to 0.789) existed in the grade of integration between the digital economy and the sub-sectors of the sports industry. According to the VAR model, the digital economy does not Granger cause (p = 0.344) the growth of the sports industry. CONCLUSIONS: This study yielded two added values to the existing literature: First, there exists a sectoral imbalance in the digitization process; second, the explosive growth of the sports industry was not primarily caused by the digital economy. Accordingly, the "sports + digital" complex is still in the first wave of technological integration. We propose three policy recommendations, namely, sectoral synergistic development, overtaking via esports IP, and new economy and new regulation. Collectively, these findings provide updated insights for the digital transformation towards "building a leading sports nation" and "Digital China."

Targeted delivery of MerTK protein via cell membrane engineered nanoparticle enhances efferocytosis and attenuates atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE-/- Mice.

BACKGROUND: Clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis is crucial for prevention of atherosclerosis progress, and impaired efferocytosis contributes to the aggravated atherosclerosis. RESULTS: In this study, we found that diabetic ApoE-/- mice showed aggravated atherosclerosis as hyperglycemia damaged the efferocytosis capacity at least partially due to decreased expression of Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) on macrophages. To locally restore MerTK in the macrophages in the plaque, hybrid membrane nanovesicles (HMNVs) were thus developed. Briefly, cell membrane from MerTK overexpressing RAW264.7 cell and transferrin receptor (TfR) overexpressing HEK293T cell were mixed with DOPE polymers to produce nanovesicles designated as HMNVs. HMNVs could fuse with the recipient cell membrane and thus increased MerTK in diabetic macrophages, which in turn restored the efferocytosis capacity. Upon intravenous administration into diabetic ApoE-/- mice, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SMN) decorated HMNVs accumulated at the aorta site significantly under magnetic navigation, where the recipient macrophages cleared the apoptotic cells efficiently and thus decreased the inflammation. CONCLUSIONS:  Our study indicates that MerTK decrease in macrophages contributes to the aggravated atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE-/- mice and regional restoration of MerTK in macrophages of the plaque via HMNVs could be a promising therapeutic approach.

In quest of China sports lottery development path to common prosperity in 2035.

OBJECTIVES: The China sports lottery contributes to sports and welfare causes. This study aims to construct a macro forecasting model supporting its sustained growth aligned with Vision 2035. METHODS: The modeling employed a distributional regression. Sales data of the China sports lottery from 2011 to 2022 were chosen as the response variable, alongside various macro- and event-level explanatory factors. RESULTS: A gamma distribution best fit the data. In the stable model spanning 2011-2019, urbanization, population dynamics, and FIFA emerged as significant contributors (Chi-square p < 0.05) to the location shift parameter. These three factors retained their significance in the 2011-2022 shock model, where shock itself notably impacted sales (p < 0.001). Utilizing the shock model, we simulated the trajectory of the China sports lottery up to 2035. China's demographics changes are poised to create structural headwinds starting in 2026, leading to an anticipated decline in sales driven by population shifts from 2032 onward. However, the FIFA effect is projected to continue fortifying this sector. CONCLUSIONS: Beyond offering original insights into the sales trajectory until 2035, specifically concerning new urbanization, negative population growth, and the FIFA effect, this macro forecasting framework can assist in addressing the policy priority of balancing growth with risk mitigation. We recommend policymakers connect market development with mass sports, potentially garnering a dual boost from the growing population of older consumers and the inherent benefits of a "FIFA (mass sports)" effect. A people-centered approach to the China sports lottery could significantly contribute to the long-range objectives of achieving common prosperity outlined in Vision 2035.

Exercise training upregulates intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase expression in humans: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Objective: Aging is associated with decreased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels, which in turn cause dysfunctional mitochondria and indirectly affect a myriad of diseases. Intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (iNAMPT) serves as a central rate-limiting enzyme in NAD synthesis, making it an indispensable health mediator. This meta-analysis examined the effect of exercise training on the expression of iNAMPT in humans. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for studies published between the inception of the database and July 5, 2023. Using the common-effect model, evidence for the change in iNAMPT following exercise training was synthesized as Cohen's d. Results: The search yielded five eligible studies. The overall effect size is 0.81, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.55 to 1.07. Therefore, a random adult will have a 71.7% probability that iNAMPT will be up-regulated following exercise training. In general, exercise training resulted in a 1.46-fold increase in iNAMPT. Our probability statistics indicate that subgroups of interest may differ practically. Specifically, there is a 79.3% probability of increased iNAMPT in men, compared to a 69.0% probability in the overall population; young adults have a 75.6% probability of having an increased iNAMPT, whereas aged adults have a 68.7% probability; and, iNAMPT has a 75.1% probability increase after aerobic exercise and a 66.4% probability increase after resistance exercise. Conclusion: Exercise training is effective for increasing iNAMPT levels in skeletal muscles. This essential enzyme regulates not only cellular energetics but also healthspan. Therefore, exercise should be promoted as a natural slow-aging lifestyle.

Psychometric properties of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 for Chinese adolescent athletes taking the National Sports College Entrance Examination.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) in Chinese adolescent sports exam candidates. Methods: One day before the National Sports College Entrance Examination, 965 Chinese athletes rated the Chinese-language SAS-2. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the three-factor structure. Factorial invariance was tested by comparing the configural invariance model to three more constrained models. Construct validity and reliability were determined. Results: Fit indices meet the critical values: CFI = 0.953, TLI = 0.943, RMSEA = 0.048 [90% CI, 0.041-0.054], and SRMR = 0.042. All path factor loadings exceed 0.5. The changes in CFI and RMSEA across the configural, metric, scalar, and uniqueness invariance are within the critical values, demonstrating strict measurement invariance across gender, years of training, and type of sports. The average variance extracted of the worry sub-scale is above the cutoff criteria, and McDonald's omega coefficients are over 0.70. Significant correlations exist between the SAS-2, SCAT, and CSAI-2. Factor correlations are all below 0.8. The measurement also distinguishes the known gender effect, with females showing a probability of 58.6% higher anxiety levels. The intraclass correlation coefficient ranges from 0.706 to 0.801. Conclusion: This study validated the Chinese-language SAS-2 in measuring competitive anxiety among Chinese adolescent athletes taking the National Sports College Entrance Examination. The development of the scale's applicability in China is discussed.

Targeted elimination of senescent cells by engineered extracellular vesicles attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice with minimal side effects.

Senescent cells in plaques emerge as a detrimental factor for atherosclerosis (AS), for which targeted senolysis might be a promising therapeutic strategy. The development of safe and efficient senolytics for senescent cell eradication by targeted delivery is greatly needed. Methods: Pro-apoptotic intelligent Bax (iBax)-overexpressing plasmid was constructed by molecular cloning, in which Bax CDS was fused to miR-122 recognition sites. Extracellular vesicle-based senolytics (EViTx) were developed to be conjugated with magnetic nanoparticles on the surface, iBax mRNA encapsulated inside, and BAX activator BTSA1 incorporated into the membrane. EViTx was characterized, and in vivo distribution was tracked via fluorescence imaging. The therapeutic effects of EViTx on AS and its systemic side effects were analyzed in ApoE-/- mice. Results: Magnetic nanoparticles, iBax mRNA and BAX activator BTSA1 were efficiently loaded into/onto EViTx. With external magnetic field navigation, EViTx was delivered into atherosclerotic plaques and induced significant apoptosis in senescent cells regardless of origins. Repeated delivery of EViTx via tail vein injection has achieved high therapeutic efficacy in ApoE-/- mice. Notably, EViTx is inevitably accumulated in liver cells, while the iBax mRNA was translationally repressed by miR-122, an endogenous miRNA highly expressed in hepatocytes, and thus the liver cells are protected from the potential toxicity of Bax mRNA. Conclusion: Our work demonstrated that magnetic EV-based delivery of iBax mRNA and the BAX activator BTSA1, efficiently induced apoptosis in recipient senescent cells in atherosclerotic plaques. This strategy represents a promising treatment approach for AS and other age-related diseases.

Association between evergrande FC's club debt and Chinese super league's profitability from 2014 to 2019.

Purpose: This study examined the role of Evergrande FC's club debt on the Chinese Super League (CSL)'s profitability from 2014 to 2019. Methods: We extracted the financial statements of Evergrande FC and evaluated its correlation with the profitability of CSL and Evergrande Group, which serves as a direct indicator of commercial growth. Results: The association between Evergrande FC's net loss and gross debt and CSL's profitability is positive, strong (all correlation coefficients > .89), and statistically significant (all p < .05). The association between Evergrande FC's net asset value and CSL's profitability is negative, strong (correlation coefficient = -.97), and statistically significant (p < .05). Conclusion: These data imply that there is a good likelihood of a causal relationship between the negative club returns generated by real estate investments and CSL's rapid commercial growth from 2014 to 2019. In essence, a dovish monetary-regulatory policy nexus during this period drove up the CSL premium. This business history from the sports industry is another illustration of how the modern coupling of economic leverage and regulatory policy could have asymmetric impacts on short-term market growth. Based on this debt-fueled business history, CSL should progress to a higher level of development in the future.

Factors driving FIFA world cup 2022 viewership ratings in mainland China: marketing outlooks for FIFA world cup 2026.

Introduction: The FIFA World Cup is not only the most lucrative athletic event globally, but it also functions as a platform for promoting peace owing to FIFA's new vision. Nevertheless, the determinants of TV viewership ratings, especially in the Chinese market, which is a critical revenue stream for FIFA TV broadcasting, are still unsolved. Using a distributional regression, this study aimed to quantify the dynamics of viewership ratings for the FIFA World Cup 2022 in mainland China. Methods: The CCTV viewership ratings were modeled using 12 covariables related to Chinese TV consumer behavior. Given the data structure, a Logit Normal regression model was chosen to fit the location and dispersion parameters of viewership ratings to explanatory variables. Results: In the fitted heteroscedastic model, the viewership ratings dynamics in mainland China were driven by the match kick-off time: µ^=logistic[-4.874+0.043×matchkick-offtime]. In addition, the model captures the factors that influence the variations in viewership ratings: σ^=exp[-14.26-1.346 (if, FIFA World Cup champion = "Yes") + 0.004 × FIFA world ranking]. Thus, it shows that the FIFA World Cup champions tamp down such variations, leading to a more stable viewing behavior among Chinese consumers. Conclusions: Time- and team-sensitive strategies are proposed to aid in crafting uncertainty-suppressing business decisions for the FIFA World Cup 2026. Ultimately, in the more insecure 2020s, a broader live coverage of the FIFA World Cup would be invaluable for promoting peace.

Concentration, Distribution and Biomagnification of Novel Brominated Flame Retardant in Grassland Food Chain and Sheep from Inner Mongolia, China.

Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) have been of great concern in the past few years due to their ubiquity in the environment and potential bioconcentration characteristics. This study takes Xilingol grassland in Inner Mongolia as the research area to analyze the pollution characteristics of NBFRs (pTBX, HBB, PBT, PBBz, and PBEB) in the grassland food chain. pTBX was more likely to be biomagnified in the food chain of amphibians, reptiles, and birds, whereas PBT and HBB were more likely to be biomagnified in the food chain of mammals. This may be because these animals have different diets and metabolic patterns. According to the concentration distribution of NBFRs in sheep organs and tissues, PBT, HBB, and PBBz easy bioaccumulated in sheep. The biomagnification effect of sheep adipose tissue and internal organs on NBFRs was inconsistent, so the biomagnification of chemicals in organisms cannot be determined only by the biomagnification of adipose tissue.

An optimized exosome production strategy for enhanced yield while without sacrificing cargo loading efficiency.

BACKGROUND: Exosome mediated mRNA delivery is a promising strategy for the treatment of multiple diseases. However, the low yield of exosomes is a bottleneck for clinical translation. In this study, we boosted exosome production via simultaneously reducing the expression of genes inhibiting exosome biogenesis and supplementing the culture medium with red cell membrane components. RESULTS: Among the candidate genes, knocking down of Rab4 was identified to have the highest efficacy in promoting exosome biogenesis while without any obvious cytotoxicity. Additionally, supplementing red cell membrane particles (RCMPs) in the culture medium further promoted exosome production. Combination of Rab4 knockdown and RCMP supplement increased exosome yield up to 14-fold. As a proof-of-concept study, low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) mRNA was forced expressed in the exosome donor cells and passively encapsulated into the exosomes during biogenesis with this strategy. Though exosome production per cell increased, the booster strategy didn't alter the loading efficiency of therapeutic Ldlr mRNA per exosome. Consistently, the therapeutic exosomes derived by the strategy alleviated liver steatosis and atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice, similar as the exosomes produced by routine methods. CONCLUSIONS: Together, the proposed exosome booster strategy conquers the low yield bottleneck to some extent and would certainly facilitate the clinical translation of exosomes.

Chinese physical fitness standard for campus football players: A pilot study of 765 children aged 9 to 11.

Objectives: In 2022, 55 million Chinese children participate in campus football; however, there is no physical fitness standard, making it a priority task to enhance the current national program. This study aimed to explore a pilot method for the development of a reliable physical fitness standard. Methods: This study examined 765 male football players aged 9 to 11 in 2020 and 2022. The anthropometric and physical fitness assessments were conducted in accordance with the Chinese Football Association's field manuel. Physical fitness tests include sit and reach test, t test, 30 m run test, and vertical jump test. Physical fitness standard was modeled using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Data were fitted with appropriate GAMLSS distributions and smoothing term. P-splines were applied to smooth the model's parameters using the default local maximum likelihood method and link functions. Following diagnostics of fitted models, age-specific centile estimations were computed for physical fitness tests. In addition, players in each age group were categorized according to their body mass index as normal weight or overweight/obese. Welch's t-test was utilized to compare the group differences in physical fitness testing. The significance level was chosen at p < 0.05. Results: Sit and reach test, t test, 30 m run test, and vertical jump test data were fitted with original Sinh-Arcsinh, Box-Cox power exponential, Box-Cox power exponential, and Box-Cox Cole and Green, respectively. Physical fitness standard for each age group is presented as tabulated centiles (1p, 3p, 5p, 15p, 25p, 50p, 75p, 85p, 95p, 97p, 99p). Overweight/obese campus football players did significantly worse (p < 0.05) on the t test, 30 m run test, and vertical jump test than their normal-weight peers of the same age. Conclusion: This study developed the first physical fitness standard for 9 to 11-year-old campus football players in China. We made three recommendations to Chinese policymakers on sample size, data management, and field procedure for the creation of a national physical fitness standard.

Effects of message framing, psychological distance, and risk perception on exercise attitude in Chinese adolescents.

Objectives: Health communication campaign that promotes physical activity may aid in reducing the prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity in China. This study examined the effects of message framing and psychological distance on the exercise attitude of Chinese adolescents, along with the interactive role of risk perception. Methods: Participants in this study were between 10 and 19 years of age. Three experiments were conducted independently. In experiment 1, 76 participants were recruited to assess the effectiveness of message manipulation. In experiment 2, 40 participants were recruited to compare the effects of gain- and loss-framed messages on the exercise attitude. In experiment 3, 37 participants were recruited to explore the interaction between message framing (gain vs. loss), temporal distance (proximal vs. distal), and risk perception (low vs. high) on the exercise attitude. Exercise attitude and risk perception were assessed by Likert-type questionnaires. Results: There was a significant main effect of message framing (P < 0.05), with the gain-framed message inducing a stronger exercise attitude than the loss-framed message. There was a significant main effect of temporal distance (P < 0.05), with the proximal temporal distance condition inducing a stronger exercise attitude than the distal temporal distance condition. In addition, a significant interaction (P < 0.05) was observed, and the perception of obesity-related risk was a crucial moderator of the message framing and temporal distance. Regardless of whether they were exposed to a gain- or loss-framed message, the proximal temporal distance condition induced a stronger exercise attitude in participants with a high risk perception (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Messages promoting exercise that are framed as having a near-future gain effect and that emphasize disease risks are effective in motivating adolescents to engage in physical activity.

Effect of mass sports activity on prosocial behavior: A sequential mediation model of flow trait and subjective wellbeing.

Objectives: Participation in mass sports is one of the most efficient strategies for people to attain physical and mental health in China. Prosocial behavior has a positive effect on social development. This study developed a conceptual model with mass sports activity as the independent variable, prosocial behavior as the dependent variable, and flow trait and subjective wellbeing as the mediating variables. Methods: Participants (N = 351) completed an online survey. Mass sports activity, flow trait, subjective wellbeing, and prosocial behavior were measured using the physical activity rank scale-3 (PARS-3), short dispositional flow scale (SDFS), index of wellbeing (IWB), and prosocial tendencies measure (PTM), respectively. Descriptive statistics compared differences between sports population (PARS-3, ≥ 36) and non-sports population (PARS-3, <36). Mediation effect was analyzed using the PROCESS (Template, Model 6). Results: Sports population scored significantly higher (all P ≤ 0.05) on SDFS, IWB, and PTM than non-sports population. Participation in mass sports stimulated flow trait and thus improved prosocial behavior, with a mediation effect value of 0.061 (95% CI, 0.028-0.104), which accounted for 30.18% of the total effect. Participation in mass sports enhanced subjective wellbeing and thus improved prosocial behavior, with a mediation effect value of 0.044 (95% CI, 0.007-0.090), which accounted for 21.96% of the total effect. Flow trait and subjective wellbeing mediated the relationship between mass sports activity and prosocial behavior in a sequential manner, with a mediation effect value of 0.059 (95% CI, 0.035-0.090), which accounted for 29.23% of the total effect. Conclusion: The preliminary results of the mediation model validated the hypothesized sequential links between mass sports activity, flow trait, subjective wellbeing, and prosocial behavior. Greater participation in mass sports increases the likelihood of prosocial behavior.

Factors Influencing Dechlorane plus Distributions in Various Sheep Tissues.

Dechlorane plus (DP) is a potential persistent organic pollutant and its distribution in various tissues and organs of terrestrial organisms is currently unknown. DP concentrations in sheep tissues were determined in this study. The DP concentrations in the tissues decreased in the following order: abdominal fat > liver > stomach > heart > outer tenderloin > lung > hind leg meat > kidney > small intestine > tail fat > spleen > brain. Apart from brain and fat, anti-DP is enriched more readily than syn-DP in sheep tissues, but syn-DP is more readily enriched in brain and abdominal fat. The factors influencing DP distributions in sheep tissues were assessed by determining the DP to sheep serum albumin binding forces, binding types, and binding sites by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results indicated that anti-DP more readily binds to sheep serum albumin than does syn-DP. Therefore, sheep serum albumin will more readily transport anti-DP than syn-DP to sheep tissues, and anti-DP will be enriched more than syn-DP in the tissues. The molecular diameter of DP is the main factor affecting DP concentrations in sheep brain and fat because of the blood−brain barrier and because the main source of DP to abdominal fat is dermal contact.

Functional Training Focused on Motor Development Enhances Gross Motor, Physical Fitness, and Sensory Integration in 5-6-Year-Old Healthy Chinese Children.

Objective: Physical inactivity and sensory integration dysfunction are public health concerns among Chinese preschool children. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel functional training program focused on motor development for healthy children aged 5 to 6 years. Methods: A total of 101 healthy children aged 5 to 6 years in Tianjin were randomly assigned to the experimental group (N = 51), which received 12-week functional training featuring essential motor skills, whilst the control group (N = 50) continued with their kindergarten-based physical education curriculum. Test of Gross Motor Development-2, national physical fitness measurement, and sensory integration were evaluated before and after the intervention. Children's height, body weight, and the corresponding pre-intervention test scores were utilized as covariates to compare the post-intervention outcomes between the groups. Results: After the intervention, the experimental group scored considerably higher (P < 0.01) on the locomotor composite score, object control composite score, and overall gross motor score than the control group; the experimental group scored higher (P < 0.05) on the run, gallop, leap, stationary dribble, kick, striking a stationary ball, overhand throw, and underhand roll motor skill tests than the control group; the experimental group performed considerably better (P < 0.01) on the balance beam walking test and sit-and-reach test than the control group; and, the experimental group performed considerably better (P < 0.01) on the vestibular function, tactile defensiveness, and proprioception than the control group. Conclusion: A 12-week functional training focused on motor development effectively enhanced gross motor, physical fitness, and sensory integration in 5-6-year-old healthy Chinese children.

Epidemiology of Campus Football Injuries in Ningxia, China: Occurrence, Causes, and Management.

Objective: By 2022, the Chinese government intends to have more than 30 million primary-, middle- and high-school children and adolescents regularly participate in campus football. In contrast, epidemiology of campus football injuries is completely missing. The goal of this descriptive epidemiological study was to determine the current state of campus football injuries and then to recommend appropriate prevention and management strategies. Methods: This retrospective epidemiological study conducted a survey of students, physical education and football teachers in primary, middle and high schools in the Ningxia Autonomous Region to determine the campus football injuries that occurred throughout the preceding 12-month period. The survey comprised questions on demographic characteristics, the occurrence, causes, and management of campus football injuries. Results: A total of 1,285 students and 200 teachers returned eligible surveys. 25.7% of students had encountered injury accidents while participating in campus football activities. 31.3% of high school students, 23.8% of middle school students, and 19.2% of primary school students have sustained injuries. Football competition, accounting for 45.4% of all injuries, is the leading cause of injury. Football class teaching, which accounted for 3.0% of all injuries, had the lowest injury rate of any campus football activity. Students and teachers reported that a lack of safety awareness and injury prevention education were the primary causes of injuries. Only 18.7% and 11.4% of students are familiar with first aid basics and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, respectively. 10.6% and 7.5% of students lack any first aid basics and skills, respectively. 43.9% of students lack insurance coverage for athletic injuries. 62.5% and 38.5% of teachers reported that schools lack first aid training and an emergency plan for injuries, respectively. Conclusion: Students in Ningxia's campus football programs have a high injury risk. Injury prevention and management strategies lag significantly behind the mainstream nationwide promotion of campus football in China.

The Association Between the China's Economic Development and the Passing Rate of National Physical Fitness Standards for Elderly People Aged 60-69 From 2000 to 2020.

Objective: According to the seventh demographic census, China's elderly population reached 260 million, accounting for 18.7% of the total population, indicating that China is on the verge of transitioning from a relatively mild aging to a moderately aging society, and an aging society inevitably brings concerns about the elderly people's health. The purpose of this study was to better understand the effect of economic development on the physical fitness of the elderly people aged 60-69 in China during the first two decades of the twenty-first century, as well as to establish a correlation between China's gross domestic product (GDP) and changes in the elderly people's passing rate of national physical fitness standards. Methods: A linear regression analysis was performed on the data of GDP and the passing rate of national physical fitness standards of Chinese elderly people aged 60-69 in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2020. Results: The passing rate of national physical fitness standards for elderly people aged 60-69 increased linearly (R2 = 80.56%, p < 0.05), indicating that the physical fitness of the elderly tends to increase steadily with GDP expansion. Conclusions: Between 2000 and 2020, the annual improvement in the physical fitness of the elderly people in China is inextricably linked to rapid economic development. Increased financial investments in public sports services and a corresponding national fitness plan all contribute to an overall improvement in the physical fitness of the elderly people. This outcome is the effect of fiscal and policy coordination, which may represent a distinctive Chinese model and contribution to the global effort to manage and improve population physical fitness.

Adoptive transfer of metabolically reprogrammed macrophages for atherosclerosis treatment in diabetic ApoE -/- mice.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by inflammation in the arterial wall, which is known to be exacerbated by diabetes. Therapeutic repression of inflammation is a promising strategy for treating atherosclerosis. In this study, we showed that diabetes aggravated atherosclerosis in apolipoproteinE knockout (ApoE -/-) mice, in which increased expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (Acsl1) in macrophages played an important role. Knockdown of Acsl1 in macrophages (Mφ shAcsl1 ) reprogrammed macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, especially under hyperglycemic conditions. Injection of Mφ shAcsl1 reprogrammed macrophages into streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic ApoE -/- mice (ApoE -/-+ STZ) alleviated inflammation locally in the plaque, liver and spleen. Consistent with the reduction in inflammation, plaques became smaller and more stable after the adoptive transfer of reprogrammed macrophages. Taken together, our findings indicate that increased Acsl1 expression in macrophages play a key role in aggravated atherosclerosis of diabetic mice, possibly by promoting inflammation. Adoptive transfer of Acsl1 silenced macrophages may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis.

Effect of Exercise Training on Physical Fitness Among Young Tennis Players: A Systematic Review.

Background: Physical fitness comprises both health- and skill-related components that have been shown to correlate with the competitive ability of the athletes. Competitive ability of the athletes is strongly related to the positive or poor characteristics of physical fitness. Additionally, the adolescent stage is critical for the development of physical fitness. Physical fitness training for young tennis players should receive more attention. However, the current literature is deficient in in-depth reviews of the effects of exercise training on the physical fitness of young tennis players. Objective: This review is aimed to investigate the effects of exercise training on physical fitness among young tennis players. Methods: From October 2020, a comprehensive search was undertaken in four electronic databases (SCOPUS, PubMed, EBSCOhost (SPORTDiscus), and CINAHL Plus) and also on Google Scholar and other sources of gray literature references. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale and the over scientific evidence was determined using the best evidence synthesis (BES). This review included only studies that employed an experimental design to assess the physical fitness components of young tennis players. Results: Nine articles on exercise training met all inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. The studies were of a high standard of quality. The research findings are relatively credible. The results indicated that speed (n = 8) and agility (n = 8) were the most often investigated performance characteristics in exercise training interventions with young tennis players, followed by power (n = 7), strength (n = 4), and flexibility (n = 1). Exercise training significantly increased the physical fitness of young tennis players in terms of speed and agility. There is a lack of evidence about strength and flexibility. Meanwhile, there is conflicting evidence regarding the effect on power, and yet there is no evidence regarding the effect of exercise training on endurance. Conclusions: This systematic review established a compelling case for the beneficial effects of exercise training interventions on physical fitness in youngtennis players. The review identifies current research gaps (i.e., athlete gender, with a particular emphasis on female athletes) that should be addressed in future experimental studies. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero, identifier CRD 42020213145.

Ultrasound triggered topical delivery of Bmp7 mRNA for white fat browning induction via engineered smart exosomes.

BACKGROUND: Efficient and topical delivery of drugs is essential for maximized efficacy and minimized toxicity. In this study, we aimed to design an exosome-based drug delivery platform endowed with the ability of escaping from phagocytosis at non-target organs and controllably releasing drugs at targeted location. RESULTS: The swtichable stealth coat CP05-TK-mPEG was synthesized and anchored onto exosomes through the interaction between peptide CP05 and exosomal surface marker CD63. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was loaded into exosomes by direct incubation. Controllable removal of PEG could be achieved by breaking thioketal (TK) through reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was produced by Ce6 under ultrasound irradiation. The whole platform was called SmartExo. The stealth effects were analyzed in RAW264.7 cells and C57BL/6 mice via tracing the exosomes. To confirm the efficacy of the engineered smart exosomes, Bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7) mRNA was encapsulated into exosomes by transfection of overexpressing plasmid, followed by stealth coating, with the exosomes designated as SmartExo@Bmp7. Therapeutic advantages of SmartExo@Bmp7 were proved by targeted delivering Bmp7 mRNA to omental adipose tissue (OAT) of obese C57BL/6 mice for browning induction. SmartExo platform was successfully constructed without changing the basic characteristics of exosomes. The engineered exosomes effectively escaped from the phagocytosis by RAW264.7 and non-target organs. In addition, the SmartExo could be uptaken locally on-demand by ultrasound mediated removal of the stealth coat. Compared with control exosomes, SmartExo@Bmp7 effectively delivered Bmp7 mRNA into OAT upon ultrasound irradiation, and induced OAT browning, as evidenced by the histology of OAT and increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). CONCLUSIONS: The proposed SmartExo-based delivery platform, which minimizes side effects and maximizing drug efficacy, offers a novel safe and efficient approach for targeted drug delivery. As a proof, the SmartExo@Bmp7 induced local white adipose tissue browning, and it would be a promising strategy for anti-obesity therapy.