Successful Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Patient With Absent Right Coronary Artery Ostium: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Coronary artery anomalies present unique interventional challenges, particularly when associated with significant coronary artery disease. This case report contributes to the limited literature on congenital coronary artery anomalies, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches to optimize patient care. We present a case of a 70-year-old male with refractory angina and a rare congenital coronary anomaly characterized by the absence of the right coronary artery ostium, necessitating reliance on the left coronary system for myocardial perfusion. Cardiac catheterization revealed mid-left anterior descending artery stenosis, prompting percutaneous coronary intervention. Despite the anatomical complexities encountered, the procedure was successfully performed. This case underscores the importance of meticulous diagnostic evaluation, advanced imaging techniques, and a multidisciplinary approach to managing patients with rare coronary anomalies. This report also emphasizes the unique diagnostic and therapeutic considerations by providing a comprehensive literature review and identifying areas for further research to advance treatment strategies and improve outcomes.

A Case Report of Brugada Syndrome Associated With Physical Trauma.

Brugada syndrome is an autosomal dominant channelopathy that usually affects healthy young males without apparent structural heart disease. It is associated with a spectrum of variable and dynamic clinical manifestations, high risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Our patient demonstrated transient and dynamic EKG changes of both type 1 (coved) and type 2 (saddleback) ST elevation, suggestive of the Brugada pattern that was associated with physical chest trauma and stressful situations. While common triggers like fever and certain drugs are well-recognized, this case illustrates the potential for physical stress and trauma to unmask or aggravate Brugada syndrome, albeit without definitive evidence for a causal link. Ultimately, this report underscores the importance of considering a broad differential diagnosis, including Brugada syndrome, in patients presenting with unexplained syncope or characteristic EKG changes, even when traditional triggers are absent.

Idiopathic Ventricular Tachycardia in the Presence of Triple-Vessel Coronary Artery Disease: A Case Report.

Exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia undergoes ischemia evaluation; however, it is important to identify idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in patients with concomitant coronary artery disease and radiofrequency ablations can be lifesaving. We report a case of exercise-induced right and left ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia in a patient with triple vessel coronary artery disease.

Embolic Phenomena of Libman-Sacks Endocarditis and Antiphospholipid Syndrome.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) are at high risk of developing arterial or venous thromboembolism and a state of systemic hypercoagulability. Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE) is a type of non-bacterial endocarditis usually seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. These vegetations dislodge easily and can cause profound neurological and systemic complications in the form of emboli. We describe one such case of a young woman with known SLE who presented with an acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and was found to have APS with extensive mitral valve vegetation, indicating Libman-Sacks endocarditis on echocardiography. Recognizing the increasing frequency of both APS and LSE in patients with SLE and screening patients, especially the younger population with SLE, for APS is vital. Furthermore, in those patients presenting with embolic events, echocardiography plays a key role as it can help expedite the diagnosis of LSE. Our case report also reiterates that warfarin, when compared to direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC), is superior in decreasing future embolic events.

Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Presenting as Bradycardia, Renal Failure, Atrioventricular-Nodal Blockade, Shock, and Hyperkalemia (BRASH) Syndrome: A Case Report.

BRASH syndrome involves the chain of events resulting from the collective effects of Bradycardia, Renal failure, Atrioventricular (AV)-nodal blockade, Shock, and Hyperkalemia. BRASH syndrome can rapidly progress to cardiac arrest. Early recognition is crucial. We present a case of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) in an elderly woman who presented with BRASH syndrome shortly after an AV-nodal blocker was prescribed for atrial fibrillation.

Comparative Effectiveness of Various Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters in the Ablation of Typical Atrial Flutter.

INTRODUCTION: Although ablation of typical atrial flutter (AFL) can be easily achieved with radiofrequency energy (RF), no studies compare the effectiveness of different ablation catheters. Our study aimed to compare the efficacy of various types of ablation catheters in treating typical AFL. METHODS: We analyzed patients with AFL who underwent RF ablation by a single operator at our institution. Successful ablation was evidenced by a bidirectional conduction block (trans-isthmus conduction time ≥ 130 ms or double potentials ≥ 90 ms). Logistic regression was used to compare success rate and linear regression to compare lesion time. RESULTS: Out of 222 patients, only six did not meet the success criteria (2.7%). The catheters used were non-irrigated, large-tip, internally irrigated (Chili II Boston Scientific), and externally irrigated (non-force-sensing) catheters (Cool Path, Abbott). An externally irrigated force-sensing catheter (TactiCath, Abbott) was used with > 10 gm of force and (LPLD) setting (30 W- 45 °C- 60 s), and high-power short-duration (HPSD) setting (50 W- 43 °C - 12 s). No complications were encountered. The catheter type had no statistically significant association with ablation success. With the use of externally irrigated catheter with contract force-sensing and HPSD settings, statistically significantly shortening of lesion time was achieved 758.3 s, [CI - 1128.29, - 388.35 s] followed by LPLD by 419.0 s [CI - 808.49, - 29.47 s]. CONCLUSIONS: The typical atrial flutter radiofrequency ablation procedure had a high success rate, which was not influenced by the type of ablation catheter. Contact force ablation catheter and HPSD are associated with shorter total lesion time.

A Rare Case of a Panic Attack Inducing a Junctional Escape Rhythm on ECG.

We present a unique and rare case of a young female patient who presented with complaints typical of her prior panic attacks and was found to have a junctional escape rhythm on ECG. Upon resolution of her symptoms, a repeat ECG demonstrated a return to normal sinus rhythm. Given that alternative etiologies had been ruled out, it was postulated that her panic attack induced a transient junctional escape rhythm.

Extremally rare cause of AV block during typical atrial flutter ablation not related to conduction tissue injury.

BACKGROUND: 51-year-old female with extensive prior atrial surgery involving myxoma resection and patch septum repair and prior typical atrial flutter as well as peripatch reentry underwent redo radiofrequency ablation of typical atrial flutter. METHODS: After high density mapping was performed, and gap in the prior typical flutter line was ablated. RESULT: During the ablation transient atrioventricular (AV) block was noted. Subsequent remapping of the right atrium revealed that there was a narrow strip of tissue between the cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) and the coronary sinus (CS) os on which activation of the AV node was now depending. From all other directions, the AV node was surrounded by scar tissue. CONCLUSIONS: The most likely explanation for the transient AV block during the ablation procedure is that there was reversible injury to the tissue strip between the CTI and the CS os, which is critical for the activation of the AV node.

Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for Diastolic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis assessed the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and echocardiographic parameters of diastolic dysfunction (DD), which are used in the assessment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. METHODS: We searched the databases including Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL from inception up to December 26, 2020. The search was not restricted to time, publication status, or language. Two independent investigators screened the identified studies and extracted the data in duplicate. We conducted a meta-analysis using RevMan v.5. The risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane collaboration tools. Comparisons were made between patients with OSA, diagnosed in-laboratory polysomnography or home sleep apnea testing, and patients without OSA in relation to established markers of DD. RESULTS: Primary search identified 2,512 studies. A total of 18 studies including 2,509 participants were included. The two groups were free of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Significant structural changes were observed between the two groups. Patients with OSA exhibited greater left atrial volume index (LAVI) (3.94 95% CI [0.8, 7.07]; p = 0.000) and left ventricular mass index (11.10 95% CI [2.56, 19.65]; p = 0.000) as compared to control group. The presence of OSA was also associated with more prolonged deceleration time (10.44 ms 95% CI [0.71, 20.16]; p = 0.04), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (7.85 ms 95% CI [4.48, 11.22]; p = 0.000), and a lower ratio of early to late mitral inflow velocities (E/A) ratio (-0.62 95% CI [-1, -0.24]; p = 0.001) suggestive of early DD. The early mitral inflow velocity to mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/e') ratio (0.94 95% CI [0.44, 1.45]; p = 0.000) was increased. Linear correlation between severity of OSA and LAVI and IVRT parameters was observed but this association did not sustain for the E/A and E/e'. The ejection fraction was not significantly different between patients with OSA and healthy controls (-0.48 95% CI [-1.18, 0.23]; p = 0.18). CONCLUSION: An association between OSA and echocardiographic parameters of DD was detected that was independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors. OSA may be independently associated with DD perhaps due to higher LV mass. Investigating the role of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in reversing or ameliorating DD is recommended.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction update: A review of clinical trials and new therapeutic considerations.

Between 2013 and 2016 there were approximately 6.2 million adults in the United States living with heart failure; nearly half had an ejection fraction that was preserved. Despite the high prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), our understanding of this disease is limited and it still carries significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. At present, physicians are burdened by the inconclusive benefits of currently available treatment options. Recently the scientific community has seen an influx of new pathophysiology studies and outcome trials that have reshaped our understanding of HFpEF as a complex, multi-systemic disease. Pharmacological trials involving beta-blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, aldosterone antagonists, and angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitors have demonstrated encouraging results, but have yet to reach the significance of advancements made in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. This review aims to summarize landmark clinical trials that have influenced current treatment guidelines, and reports on emerging evidence supporting/refuting new treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification and device therapy.

High-Degree Atrioventricular Block in a Patient With Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report.

The first cases of COVID-19 infection were reported as pneumonia of unknown cause in China in December 2019. While respiratory complications remain the hallmark of the disease, multisystem involvement has been well documented. Cardiovascular involvement with potentially lethal myocarditis has been extensively reported in the literature. Reports of conduction system disturbances are much rarer, especially in patients without other signs of cardiac involvement. We present a case of an 88-year-old male with no prior cardiac history who presented to the hospital with obstipation. He was diagnosed with a small bowel obstruction and underwent a lysis of adhesions. During the hospitalization, he developed intermittent bradycardia with a high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. A decision was made to implant a permanent pacemaker. During a pre-procedure COVID-19 screen, he was found to be positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. He had no signs of myocardial injury, a transthoracic echocardiogram showed no abnormalities, and he remained free of any respiratory symptoms. While the involvement of the cardiac conduction system has been documented in patients with symptomatic COVID-19 infection, our patient only exhibited conduction abnormalities and remained free of other COVID-19 symptoms. The sole involvement of the conduction system by COVID-19 is rare, especially in patients with otherwise asymptomatic infections. There is no long-term data to suggest whether such conduction abnormalities are temporary or permanent. As such, patients might benefit from the implantation of a permanent pacemaker.

Treatment of Sleep Apnea with Positive Airway Pressure and Its Association with Diastolic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This meta-analysis assessed the effect of long-term (>6 weeks) noninvasive positive airway pressure (PAP) on diastolic function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: We searched the databases for randomized clinical trials including Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO CINAHL from inception up to December 20, 2019. The search was not restricted to time, publication status, or language. Two independent investigators screened the studies and extracted the data, in duplicate. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane collaboration tools. RESULTS: A total of 2,753 abstracts were resulted from literature search. A total of 9 randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of long-term (>6 weeks) PAP on diastolic function in patients with OSA including 833 participants were included. The following echo parameters were found in treated patients: a decrease in deceleration time (-39.49 ms CI [-57.24, -21.74]; p = 0.000), isovolumic relaxation time (-9.32 ms CI [-17.08, -1.57]; p = 0.02), and the ratio of early mitral inflow velocity to mitral annular early diastolic velocity (-1.38 CI [-2.6, -0.16]; p = 0.03). However, changes in left-atrial volume index and the ratio of early to late mitral inflow velocities were not statistically different. The risk of bias was mild to moderate among the studies. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that chronic treatment of moderate to severe OSA with noninvasive PAP is associated with improvement in echocardiographic findings of diastolic dysfunction.

Novel oral anticoagulants in intracardiac thrombosis resolution: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been regarded as the therapy of choice for intracardiac thrombosis for decades based mostly on observational data. The advent of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has displaced VKAs as the first-line therapy for multiple thrombotic disorders but not for intracardiac thrombosis. Although limited, there is growing evidence that DOACs are effective for intracardiac thrombosis and some data suggest that thrombus resolution might be superior to that with warfarin. CASE SUMMARY: Here, we present a series of six patients with left atrial appendage thrombi were treated with a venous thromboembolic dose of DOACs with resolution within 2-6 months with no reported complications. DISCUSSION: This case series adds to the accumulating evidence supporting the efficacy of DOACs in the treatment of intracardiac thrombi.

Unusual Venous Access for Device Implantation.

BACKGROUND Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) are mainstay therapy for a variety of patients with bradyarrhythmia as well as those at risk of sudden cardiac death and heart failure. At present, commonly used venous access are axillary, cephalic cutdown, and subclavian puncture. However, there are situations when these approaches cannot be employed because cannulation is not possible due to small size, spasm, absence, or occlusion of the vein. One of the alternative approaches is through an internal or external jugular vein. A jugular vein approach can be also used for upgrading CIED knowing that CIED is not commonly associated with venous occlusion. CASE REPORT We present 3 cases which used unusual venous access for placement of CIED using a jugular vein approach. CONCLUSIONS Recognizing patients who have difficult venous access for CIED and using alternative approaches, like a jugular vein approach, for device insertion is important to avoid unnecessary medical and technical complications.

Frequency of Complete Atrioventricular Block Complicating ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

OBJECTIVES: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can be associated with many conduction disturbances including complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). CAVB complicating STEMI resulted in an increased mortality before the modern era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to ascertain the rate and risk factors for CAVB in STEMI patients undergoing rapid reperfusion with PCI. METHODS: We analyzed 223 patients presenting with STEMI. Patient characteristics, procedural characteristics, and in-hospital data were compared between patients with and without CAVB. RESULTS: Out of 223 patients, 174 underwent PCI; the majority (87%) was African-American. CAVB was present in 8 patients (4.6%), and 6 of them had RCA occlusion. Independent predictors of CAVB included diabetes mellitus, female gender, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and inferior-lateral/lateral STEMI. Ten patients (5.7%) required temporary pacing at presentation; only 1 patient required permanent pacing before discharge. No patient with anterior STEMI developed CAVB. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and in-hospital mortality rate of CAVB in patients with STEMI who underwent primary PCI was reduced when compared to data from the thrombolytic era. This may be due to faster flow recovery in the infarct-related artery achieved with PCI.

Use of Barbed Suture for Wound Closure in Electrophysiology Device Procedures.

BACKGROUND: Barbed suture use in surgical fields such as gynecology and orthopedic surgery has been associated with faster wound closure, improved cosmesis, increased cost-effectiveness and potentially decreased rates of infection. However, the use of barbed suture in electrophysiology device procedures has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to (1) investigate the safety and effectiveness of barbed suture in wound closure in patients after EP implantable cardioverter defibrillators and loop recorders (CIED) procedures, (2) to determine whether these sutures have an advantage in device implant procedures by improving incision integrity, (3) and to find out whether these sutures would potentially lead to lower rates of infections compared to non-barbed sutures. METHODS: We retrospectively compared the closure success and complications in 413 patients undergoing CIED procedures without Quill sutures and with Quill sutures. The primary outcome was closure success and pocket infection/dehiscence within 3 months of CIED. RESULTS: Of the 413 patients who were followed up in 3 months, there was a non-significant trend toward a lower infection rate with barbed versus non-barbed suture 1.31%, vs 1.63% p= 0.78. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the safety and usefulness of barbed suture material for wound closure during CIED procedures.

Early Hemodynamic Changes during Head-Up Tilt Table Testing Can Predict a Neurocardiogenic Response in an African-American Patient Population.

BACKGROUND: Head-up tilt table testing (HUTT) is time-consuming and associated with increased patient morbidity. Hemodynamic changes that occur during the early phase of HUTT may be predictive of neurocardiogenic syncope. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in 119 consecutive African Americans ( 57 ± 19) who underwent HUTT for evaluation of syncope of unknown etiology. Positive responses were defined as the development of symptoms linked with a systolic blood pressure (BP) <90 mm Hg, heart rate <50 b.p.m. or sinus arrest >3 s. Hemodynamic variables during the passive phase of HUTT were analyzed and results were then classified as a function of various predictors. RESULTS: Sixty-two subjects (52%) had positive HUTT, and 57 (48%) had negative HUTT. Early changes in BP variables from baseline significantly predicted HUTT responses (p < 0.05). There was also a significant interaction between age and BP. An algorithm based on age and BP was developed which had positive and negative predictive values of 67.7 and 93%, respectively, with an accuracy of 79.8%. CONCLUSION: A novel algorithm utilizing the patients' age and changes in both systolic and diastolic BP during the early phase of HUTT enables the prediction of HUTT results without the use of vasoactive stimulation, allowing for rapid diagnosis, decreased patient morbidity and reduction in costs.

Use of vascular closure device is safe and effective in electrophysiological procedures.

PURPOSE: Little is known about the usefulness and safety of vascular closure devices (VCDs) in electrophysiological procedures. We present a retrospective analysis of our experience assessing the utility and outcomes of collagen vascular closure device (Angioseal) in patients that required periprocedural anticoagulation and multiple vascular access sites. METHODS: An retrospective chart review of patients who have undergone the deployment of VCD following electrophysiological procedures. RESULTS: In 26 patients (16 males, age 57 ± 15 years, weight 96 ± 21 kg), a total of 76 VCD were deployed. Seventy-three VCDs in femoral veins (right or left) and three in femoral artery. The mean number of VCD per patient was 3 (range, 2-4). VCD was successfully deployed in 75 out of 76 access sites. One patient was noted to have ecchymosis in both groins during follow-up visit. No other complications were noted. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that a collagen plug-based VCD designed for arterial closure can be safely and effectively used to close multiple venous accesses even in the same vein. This can be accomplished with a venotomy size up to 2 Fr larger than the size of the closure device.

Simplified automated right ventricular overdrive pacing for rapid diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic value of right ventricular overdrive pacing (RVOP) during supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) using a 2-catheter approach with automatic pacing from the right ventricular inflow (RVIT) and outflow tract (RVOT). METHODS: One hundred and thirty-six consecutive patients (with 138 arrhythmias, mean age 36 ± 20 years, range 4-95) were enrolled in this study. Only coronary sinus and ablation catheters were used. RVOP was delivered from RVIT and then from RVOT. Each attempt consisted of 10 synchronized beats delivered at a cycle length of 10-40 ms longer than the tachycardia cycle length. RESULTS: RVOP was sufficient to confirm the transition zone within the first 9 beats in the majority of SVTs. Atrial perturbation (acceleration, delayed) in the transition zone was detected in all patients with orthodromic atrioventricular (AV) reentry. Patients with typical AV nodal reentry, atypical AV nodal reentry and atrial tachycardia did not show atrial timing perturbation during fusion complexes of RVOP. CONCLUSIONS: Synchronized RVOP from RVIT or RVOT is an easy and accurate method for the quick and reliable differential diagnosis of SVT in various clinical settings, particularly when only a limited number of catheters are used.