Coronary Artery Embolism and Myocardial Infarction, case report.

Coronary embolism (CE) is a rare cause of non-atherosclerotic acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The clinical presentation is similar to ACS, and the diagnosis is supported by Shibata criteria. Atrial fibrillation is the main reported etiology in CE cases. Management includes percutaneous intervention with thromboaspiration and anticoagulation. The following case is a description of a patient with acute chest pain and recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) with a rapid ventricular response, is described. A thrombotic lesion in the distal right coronary artery (RCA) of embolic origin, was documented. Successful mechanical thromboaspiration was performed; intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) showed no thrombus, dissection, or atherosclerotic plaque. CE is an underdiagnosed cause of ACS; diagnosis relies on Shibata criteria, and patients experience worse outcomes in follow-up.

A new non-invasive index for the prediction of endotracheal intubation in patients with SARS COVID-19 infection, in the emergency department, pilot study.

BACKGROUND: In the current context of the SARS COVID-19 pandemic, where the main cause of death is respiratory failure, and since early recognition would allow timely measures to be implemented and probably improve outcomes, it is important to have tools that allow the emergency room to predict quickly and without the use of large resources which will need invasive mechanical ventilation. This study proposes using a new predictive index of noninvasive characteristics, based on the relationship between oxygenation and work of breathing measured by ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic function, for the need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with SARS-COV2 infection who are admitted to the emergency department. METHODS: A prospective predictive cohort study was performed, collecting all patients admitted to the emergency room with respiratory failure (not severe or in imminent respiratory arrest) and a confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Diaphragmatic excursion measurements were taken within the first 24 h after admission to the department. The relationship between diaphragmatic excursion and SAFI was calculated, establishing the ultrasound diaphragmatic excursion So2/FiO2 index (U.D.E.S.I). The index's performance was determined by analysis of sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: This pilot study analyzed the first 100 patients enrolled and found in-hospital mortality of 19%, all patients who died required mechanical ventilation, the right index showed a specificity of 82.4% with a sensitivity of 76.9%, likewise for the left index an overall specificity of 90.5% with a sensitivity of 65.3% was found. The ideal cut-off point for the right index is 1.485, and for the left index, the threshold point was 1.856. AUC of the right index is 0.798 (0.676-0.920) and of the left index 0.793 (0.674-0.911), when comparing them no significant differences were found between these values p = 0.871. CONCLUSION: The relationship of So2/FiO2 and diaphragm excursion measured by both right and left ultrasound could predict the need for mechanical ventilation of the patient with COVID-19 pneumonia in the emergency room and could constitute a valuable tool since it uses noninvasive parameters and is easily applicable at the patient's bedside. However, a more extensive study is needed to validate these preliminary results.

Mechanical Valve Thrombosis Secondary to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Case Report.

Although the association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and thromboembolic disease is well known, cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and mechanical valve thrombosis have not been described enough. Mechanical valve thrombosis is a medical emergency that is associated with a great impact on patients' morbidity and mortality. Here, we report a case of a patient with mechanical valve thrombosis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infections that required valve replacement with satisfactory postoperative recovery. A 52-year old female patient was presented with a previously implanted mechanical prosthesis (type - St. Jude Medical 29 mm; St. Paul, MN: St. Jude Medical, Inc.) eight years ago due to rheumatic fever, under anticoagulation with warfarin and valvular atrial fibrillation (permanent), congenital single kidney (glomerular filtration rate {GFR}: 89.9 mL/min), and hypothyroidism. She was admitted to the hospital with a high level of complexity due to respiratory difficulty and generalized edematous syndrome, and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed COVID-19 infection (20 days before admission); the patient was anticoagulated with warfarin (international normalized ratio {INR} at admission was 2.63 seconds). As per protocol, a CT-chest scan tomography was performed and showed organized pneumonia in the right apical lobe. We performed a transesophageal echocardiogram, which showed a thrombus (20 x 15 x 20 mm) in the lateral disc of the mechanical prosthesis, restricting its mobility. The patient presented signs of hypoperfusion (lactate levels: 4 mmol/L; urine per hour: 1 cc/kg) with associated low cardiac output syndrome, requiring double vasopressor support at the maximum dose (achieving a mean arterial pressure of 72 mmHg) due to the clinical condition and the large size of the thrombus, the cardiovascular surgeon, in agreement with the family, decides to carry out emergency valve replacement surgery with replacement of a mechanical prosthesis replacement (St. Jude No. 29; St. Paul, MN: St. Jude Medical, Inc.). The patient presented a satisfactory postoperative recovery, achieving INR goals, with subsequent discharge and follow-up at two months with transthoracic ultrasound, where normofunctional mitral prosthesis was demonstrated, without evidence of thrombi or intracavitary masses. Mechanical mitral valve thrombosis, secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection is a serious complication with poor prognosis that requires a high rate of suspicion, and timely diagnostic aids are essential to confirm the diagnosis. Managing this issue should be interdisciplinary and individualized considering the clinical condition of the patient and the associated comorbidities.

Mental disorders and drug use in victims of the armed conflict in three cities in Colombia

Introduction: Violence in its different forms increases the risk of mental disorders and the use of drugs. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mental disorders, and the use and abuse of drugs, as well as associated factors in victims of forced displacement in three cities in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a prevalence study with 1.026 participants between 13 and 65 years old. Participants completed four surveys: the World Health Organization World Mental Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the World Health Organization Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test, a survey on drug use based on the Inter-American System of Uniform Drug-Use Data under the Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission of the Organization of American States, and a survey on aspects related to forced displacement. Data were analyzed using the SPSS™, version 21, software. Results: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 17.7% for specific phobia, 16.4% for major depression, 9.9% for post-traumatic stress disorder, 8.9% for oppositional defiant disorder, 7.2% for separation anxiety disorder, 5.8% for conduct disorder, and 5.6% for attention deficit disorder. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 68.7%; 31,3% for tobacco; 11,2% for marihuana; 3.5% for cocaine; 2.0% for coca paste (basuco); 2.5% for non-prescription anxiolytic drugs, 2.3% for inhalants, and 0.7% of participants had injected drugs. Presenting any mental disorder was associated with being female (OR=1,61 IC95%: 1,21-2,14) and experiencing more than one forced displacement (OR=1,47 IC95%: 1,05-2,05). The use of any drug was associated with being male (OR=5,38 IC95%: 2,35-12,34). Conclusions: Compared to the general population, our study population exhibited high prevalence of mental disorders and drug use, emerging as a public health issue that calls for the design of plans and the implementation of programs aimed at recovering the mental health and well-being of this population.

Trastornos mentales y consumo de drogas en la población víctima del conflicto armado en tres ciudades de Colombia / Mental disorders and drug use in victims of the armed conflict in three cities in Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La violencia en sus diferentes modalidades incrementa el riesgo de trastornos mentales y de consumo de drogas. Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia de los trastornos mentales, del uso y abuso de drogas, así como los factores asociados en víctimas de desplazamiento forzado en tres ciudades colombianas. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio de prevalencia en una muestrade 1.026 personas entre los 13 y los 65 años de edad, a quienes se entrevistó utilizando el instrumento Composite International Diagnostic Interview y el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, así como un cuestionario sobre el consumo de drogas modificado a partir de la encuesta del Sistema Interamericano de Datos Uniformes sobre Drogas de la Comisión Interamericana para el Control del Abuso de Drogas de la Organización de Estados Americanos, y otro sobre aspectos relacionados con el desplazamiento forzado. El análisis se hizo mediante el programa estadístico SPSS™, versión 21. Resultados. La prevalencia de vida de los trastornos mentales fue la siguiente: fobia específica, 17,7 %; depresión mayor, 16,4 %; estrés postraumático, 9,9 %; trastorno oposicionista desafiante, 8,9 %; ansiedad por separación, 7,2 %; trastornos de conducta, 5,8 %, y déficit de atención, 5,6 %. La prevalencia de vida del consumo de alcohol fue de 68,7 %; de tabaco, 31,3 %, de marihuana, 11,2 %, de cocaína, 3,5 %, de basuco, 2,0 %, de inhalables, 2,3 %, y de medicamentos ansiolíticos sin receta, 2,5 %, en tanto que 0,7 % de los entrevistados se había inyectado drogas. Elpresentar cualquiera de los trastornos mentales se asoció con el sexo femenino (odds ratio, OR=1,61; IC95% 1,21-2,14), así como el haber sido sometido a más de un desplazamiento forzado (OR=1,47; IC951,05-2,05). El consumo de cualquiera de las drogas se asoció con ser hombre (OR=5,38; IC95% 2,35-12,34). Conclusiones. La alta prevalencia de trastornos mentales y de consumo de drogas en la población estudiada, comparada con la población general, constituye un problema de salud pública que justifica el diseño de planes y la implementación de programas orientados a la recuperación de su bienestar y salud mental.

Abstract Introduction: Violence in its different forms increases the risk of mental disorders and the use of drugs. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of mental disorders, and the use and abuse of drugs, as well as associated factors in victims of forced displacement in three cities in Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted a prevalence study with 1.026 participants between 13 and 65 years old. Participants completed four surveys: the World Health Organization World Mental Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the World Health Organization Alcohol Use and Disorders Identification Test, a survey on drug use based on the Inter-American System of Uniform Drug-Use Data under the Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission of the Organization of American States, and a survey on aspects related to forced displacement. Data were analyzed using the SPSS™, version 21, software. Results: Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders was 17.7% for specific phobia, 16.4% for major depression, 9.9% for post-traumatic stress disorder, 8.9% for oppositional defiant disorder, 7.2% for separation anxiety disorder, 5.8% for conduct disorder, and 5.6% for attention deficit disorder. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol use was 68.7%; 31,3% for tobacco; 11,2% for marihuana; 3.5% for cocaine; 2.0% for coca paste (basuco); 2.5% for non-prescription anxiolytic drugs, 2.3% for inhalants, and 0.7% of participants had injected drugs. Presenting any mental disorder was associated with being female (OR=1,61 IC95%: 1,21-2,14) and experiencing more than one forced displacement (OR=1,47 IC95%: 1,05-2,05). The use of any drug was associated with being male (OR=5,38 IC95%: 2,35-12,34). Conclusions: Compared to the general population, our study population exhibited high prevalence of mental disorders and drug use, emerging as a public health issue that calls for the design of plans and the implementation of programs aimed at recovering the mental health and well-being of this population.

[Trend in mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women and its relationship to socioeconomic factors in Colombia, 1998-2010]. / Tendencia de la mortalidad por causas externas en mujeres gestantes o puérperas y su relación con factores socioeconómicos en Colombia, 1998-2010.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the trend in mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women and its relationship to socioeconomic factors. METHODS: Descriptive study, based on the official registries of deaths reported by the National Statistics Agency, 1998-2010. The trend was analyzed using Poisson regressions. Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression models were constructed to explore the relationship between mortality and socioeconomic factors: human development index, Gini index, gross domestic product, unsatisfied basic needs, unemployment rate, poverty, extreme poverty, quality of life index, illiteracy rate, and percentage of affiliation to the Social Security System. RESULTS: A total of 2 223 female deaths from external causes were recorded, of which 1 429 occurred during pregnancy and 794 in the postpartum period. The gross mortality rate dropped from 30.7 per 100 000 live births plus fetal deaths in 1998 to 16.7 in 2010. A downward curve with no significant inflection points was shown in the risk of dying from this cause. The multiple linear regression model showed a correlation between mortality and extreme poverty and the illiteracy rate, suggesting that these indicators could explain 89.4% of the change in mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women each year in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women showed a significant downward trend that may be explained by important socioeconomic changes in the country, including a decrease in extreme poverty and in the illiteracy rate.

Tendencia de la mortalidad por causas externas en mujeres gestantes o puérperas y su relación con factores socioeconómicos en Colombia, 1998-2010 / Trend in mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women and its relationship to socioeconomic factors in Colombia, 1998-2010

OBJETIVO: Determinar la tendencia de la mortalidad por causas externas en mujeres gestantes o puérperas y su relación con factores socioeconómicos. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, basado en los registros oficiales de defunciones reportados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE), período 1998-2010. Se realizó un análisis de tendencia mediante regresiones de Poisson. Se construyeron correlaciones bivariadas y modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para explorar la relación entre la mortalidad y factores socioeconómicos como el índice de desarrollo humano, índice Gini, producto bruto interno, necesidades básicas insatisfechas, tasa de desempleo, pobreza, indigencia, índice de calidad de vida, tasa de analfabetismo y porcentaje de afiliación al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. RESULTADOS: Se presentaron 2 223 muertes por causas externas en mujeres, de las cuales 1 429 se encontraban en período de gestación y 794 en período puerperal. La razón bruta de mortalidad pasó de 30,7 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos más defunciones fetales en 1998 a 16,7 en 2010. Se presentó una tendencia decreciente en el riesgo de morir por esta causa sin puntos de inflexión significativos. El modelo de regresión lineal múltiple mostró una correlación entre la mortalidad y los indicadores socioeconómicos pobreza extrema y tasa de analfabetismo, sugiriendo que estos indicadores podrían explicar el 89,4% de la variabilidad de la mortalidad por causas externas en mujeres gestantes o puérperas por año en Colombia. CONCLUSIONES: La mortalidad por causas externas en mujeres en período de gestación o en período puerperal mostró una tendencia significativa a la reducción, este comportamiento podría ser explicado por el cambio en aspectos socioeconómicos de relevancia para el país, así como la reducción en la incidencia de la pobreza extrema y la tasa de analfabetismo.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the trend in mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women and its relationship to socioeconomic factors. METHODS: Descriptive study, based on the official registries of deaths reported by the National Statistics Agency, 1998-2010. The trend was analyzed using Poisson regressions. Bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression models were constructed to explore the relationship between mortality and socioeconomic factors: human development index, Gini index, gross domestic product, unsatisfied basic needs, unemployment rate, poverty, extreme poverty, quality of life index, illiteracy rate, and percentage of affiliation to the Social Security System. RESULTS: A total of 2 223 female deaths from external causes were recorded, of which 1 429 occurred during pregnancy and 794 in the postpartum period. The gross mortality rate dropped from 30.7 per 100 000 live births plus fetal deaths in 1998 to 16.7 in 2010. A downward curve with no significant inflection points was shown in the risk of dying from this cause. The multiple linear regression model showed a correlation between mortality and extreme poverty and the illiteracy rate, suggesting that these indicators could explain 89.4% of the change in mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women each year in Colombia. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from external causes in pregnant and postpartum women showed a significant downward trend that may be explained by important socioeconomic changes in the country, including a decrease in extreme poverty and in the illiteracy rate.

Ateneo anátomo-clínico del servicio de clínica médica del hospital interzonal "Dr. José Penna": deterioro del sensorio y fallo hemodinámico en un paciente anciano / Anatomical-clinical examination of the medical clinic service of the "Dr. José Penna" interzonal hospital: deterioration of the sensory and hemodynamic failure in an elderly patient

Los Servicios de Clínica Médica y de Patología del Hospital Interzonal «Dr. José Penna¼ realizan los Ateneos «Dr. Guillermo Ramón Alvarez¼, con una periodicidad quincenal desde el año 1995, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de la asistencia médica y de contribuir a la formación de postgrado de los residentes. En esta publicación se presenta el desarrollo de un Ateneo sobre Deterioro del Sensorio y Fallo Hemodinámico en un Paciente Anciano, paciente fallecido al que se le practicó necropsia y cuyo diagnóstico presuntivo fue complejo.

The Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology at the Hospital Interzonal «Dr. José Penna ¼ have been organizing the Case Conferences «Dr. Guillermo Ramón Alvarez¼, every fifteen days since 1995 with the purpose of improving the quality of medical assistance and contributing to the post-graduate education of interns. In this paper, the development of one of these Case Conferences for a complex presumptive diagnosis on Sensorium Deterioration and Hemodynamic Failure in an Aging Patient, who died and to whom a necropsy was performed, was presented.

Patología quirúrgica del bazo. Correlación clínico patológica / Surgical pathology of the spleen: pathological clinical correlation

El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las causas de esplenectomía en nuestra institución y establecer una correlación entre los diagnósticos clínicos y los hallazgos patológicos. Se estudiaron 79 piezas de esplenectomía durante el período comprendido entre enero de 1994 y enero de 2005. Cincuenta y dos casos (52) fueron catalogados como de causa traumática y 27 casos correspondieron a otras etiologías. El examen macroscópico de las piezas evidenció ruptura capsular y hemorragias parenquimatosas en la mayoría de los casos de naturaleza traumática. En las de origen no traumático, se hallaron abscesos, enfermedades hematológicas, infartos múltiples e hiperplasia linfofolicular. Observamos que la causa más frecuente en nuestro medio fue la de origen traumático, se- guida por las enfermedades hematológicas, infecciones e infartos. Se halló además una buena correlación entre los diagnósticos presuntivos y los hallazgos patológicos.

The objective of this paper is to determine the causes for splenectomy at our institution and to establish a correlation between clinical diagnosis and pa- thological findings. Seventy-nine (79) splenectomy pieces were studied between January 1994 and January 2005 at the Hospital Interzonal «Dr. José Penna¼ at Bahía Blanca. Fifty-two (52) cases were labeled as being of traumatic cause and 27 corresponded to other etiologies. Macroscopic examination of the pieces showed capsular rupture and parenchimatose bleeding in most traumatic nature cases. In those of non-traumatic origin, abscesses, hematologic diseases, multiple infarctions, and lymphofolicular hyperplasia were found. We observed that the most frequent cause in our hospital was of traumatic origin followed by hematologic diseases, infections, and infarctions. In addition, a good correlation between presumptive diagnosis and pathological findings was found.