Corrigendum: Lithium-ion battery second life: pathways, challenges and outlook.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1358417.].

Lithium-ion battery second life: pathways, challenges and outlook.

Net zero targets have resulted in a drive to decarbonise the transport sector worldwide through electrification. This has, in turn, led to an exponentially growing battery market and, conversely, increasing attention on how we can reduce the environmental impact of batteries and promote a more efficient circular economy to achieve real net zero. As these batteries reach the end of their first life, challenges arise as to how to collect and process them, in order to maximise their economical use before finally being recycled. Despite the growing body of work around this topic, the decision-making process on which pathways batteries could take is not yet well understood, and clear policies and standards to support implementation of processes and infrastructure are still lacking. Requirements and challenges behind recycling and second life applications are complex and continue being defined in industry and academia. Both pathways rely on cell collection, selection and processing, and are confronted with the complexities of pack disassembly, as well as a diversity of cell chemistries, state-of-health, size, and form factor. There are several opportunities to address these barriers, such as standardisation of battery design and reviewing the criteria for a battery's end-of-life. These revisions could potentially improve the overall sustainability of batteries, but may require policies to drive such transformation across the industry. The influence of policies in triggering a pattern of behaviour that favours one pathway over another are examined and suggestions are made for policy amendments that could support a second life pipeline, while encouraging the development of an efficient recycling industry. This review explains the different pathways that end-of-life EV batteries could follow, either immediate recycling or service in one of a variety of second life applications, before eventual recycling. The challenges and barriers to each pathway are discussed, taking into account their relative environmental and economic feasibility and competing advantages and disadvantages of each. The review identifies key areas where processes need to be simplified and decision criteria clearly defined, so that optimal pathways can be rapidly determined for each end-of-life battery.

Time to definitive fixation of pelvic and acetabular fractures.

BACKGROUND: The timing of definitive surgical stabilization is a controversial topic of pelvic and acetabular fracture (PAF) management. Historically, staged care with delayed definitive fixation was recommended; however, more recently, some centers have shown early definitive fixation to be feasible in most patients. We hypothesized that time to definitive fixation of PAF decreased without adverse outcomes. METHODS: A level 1 trauma center's prospective pelvic fracture database was retrospectively analyzed. A total of 341 of the 1,270 consecutive PAF patients had surgery between January 2009 and December 2018. Demographics, polytrauma status, hemodynamic stability, time to definitive operation, length of intensive care unit stay, hospital length of stay, mortality were recorded. Data is presented as mean ± SD, percentages. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. RESULTS: There were 34 ± 8 per year operatively treated PAF patients during the study period. The demographics (age, 44.1 ± 18 years; 74.5% males) and injury severity (Injury Severity Score, 20; interquartile range, 16-29) did not change. Time to definitive fixation on average was 85 ± 113 hours (range, 0.8-1286 hours). Linear regression analysis demonstrated a decrease in time to definitive fixation considering all patients (ß = -0.186, p = 0.003). pelvic ring fractures with polytrauma (ß = -1.404, p = 0.03). and hemodynamically unstable patients (ß = -1.428, p = 0.037). There was no significant change in mortality, length of stay, or intensive care unit length of stay for the overall cohort or any subgroup. CONCLUSION: Time to definitive fixation in PAF has decreased during the last decade, with the largest decrease in time to fixation occurring in the hemodynamically unstable and pelvic fracture with polytrauma cohorts. The timely definitive internal fixation is achievable without increased length of stay. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/care management, level IV.

What is the best fluid type for management of patients with an identified acute kidney injury?
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Acute kidney injury and fluid management are linked in a close and complex relationship. The exact nature of this relationship and the role of differing fluid composition in the development of acute kidney injury has been studied within several populations. Several recent large studies have highlighted that we should be judicious in our approach and aware of the risks and benefits different fluid management regimens pose to those at risk of developing an acute kidney injury. Despite this, no studies have yet adequately explored if there is a difference in outcomes for patients with an identified AKI who are subsequently managed with different fluid regimens. This brief review rationalizes the need for further investigation into what fluid type is best for the management of patients with an identified acute kidney injury. In the absence of any true evidence to provide guidance, we suggest that, in general, crystalloids should be given with specific attention to patients' tonicity, fluid balance, and acid-base status. The choice of IV fluids in AKI will be dependent on the clinical context and clinicians' best-judgement, until such time when definitive evidence exists to guide practice.
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