RESUMO
Visual circuit development is characterized by subdivision of neuropils into layers that house distinct sets of synaptic connections. We find that, in the Drosophila medulla, this layered organization depends on the axon guidance regulator Plexin A. In Plexin A null mutants, synaptic layers of the medulla neuropil and arborizations of individual neurons are wider and less distinct than in controls. Analysis of semaphorin function indicates that Semaphorin 1a, acting in a subset of medulla neurons, is the primary partner for Plexin A in medulla lamination. Removal of the cytoplasmic domain of endogenous Plexin A has little effect on the formation of medulla layers; however, both null and cytoplasmic domain deletion mutations of Plexin A result in an altered overall shape of the medulla neuropil. These data suggest that Plexin A acts as a receptor to mediate morphogenesis of the medulla neuropil, and as a ligand for Semaphorin 1a to subdivide it into layers. Its two independent functions illustrate how a few guidance molecules can organize complex brain structures by each playing multiple roles.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Drosophila , Morfogênese , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso , Neurópilo , Lobo Óptico de Animais não Mamíferos , Receptores de Superfície Celular , Semaforinas , Animais , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Semaforinas/metabolismo , Semaforinas/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Morfogênese/genética , Neurópilo/metabolismo , Lobo Óptico de Animais não Mamíferos/metabolismo , Lobo Óptico de Animais não Mamíferos/embriologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/embriologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila/embriologia , Mutação/genéticaRESUMO
With all the current misinformation on social media platforms about the COVID-19 vaccine and its potential effects on fertility, it is essential for healthcare providers to have evidenced-based research to educate their patients, especially those who are trying to conceive, of the risks to mothers and fetuses of being unvaccinated. It is well known that COVID-19 infection puts pregnant women at higher risk of complications, including ICU admission, placentitis, stillbirth, and death. In February of 2021, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) released a statement denying any link between COVID vaccination and infertility. ASRM later confirmed and stated that "everyone, including pregnant women and those seeking to become pregnant, should get a COVID-19 vaccine". In this review, we aim to provide a compilation of data that denies any link between vaccination and infertility for healthcare providers to be able to educate their patients based on evidence-based medicine. We also reviewed the effect of COVID-19 virus and vaccination on various parameters and processes that are essential to obtaining a successful pregnancy.