In vitro evaluation of the effect of two pediatric syrups on the microhardness and surface roughness of restoration materials.

Background: The prolonged use of pediatric syrups without adequate control of oral hygiene can cause effects on the physical characteristics of the restoration materials, which in turn can cause deterioration of the material and subsequent carious recurrence. Aim: To evaluate the effect of two long-term use syrups in children on the microhardness and surface roughness of three restorative materials. Material and Methods: Three study groups were formed, consisting of a conventional self-curing ionomer cement, a light-curing ionomer cement, and a light-curing composite resin. Each group had 40 specimens made with the respective restorative material; in addition, these were distributed in 2 subgroups with 20 specimens each, which were immersed in Paracetamol and Ferrous Sulfate in syrup following a protocol that consisted of 2 minutes each day for 28 days. Results: Over time (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days), when evaluating microhardness, the composite resin subgroup exposed to ferrous sulfate (p = 0.027) and the Ketac Molar ionomeric cement subgroup (p = 0.002) exposed to Paracetamol showed statistically significant differences; while, when evaluating surface roughness, the composite resin subgroups (p = 0.032) and Ketac Molar ionomeric cement (p = 0.01) exposed to ferrous sulfate showed a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: The more days of exposure to ferrous sulphate syrup, the less the microhardness of the composite resin decreases; something similar occurs with the microhardness of Ketac Molar ionomeric cement when exposed to Paracetamol syrup. Meanwhile, the surface roughness of the composite resin and Ketac Molar ionomeric cement increases considerably when exposed to ferrous sulphate. Key words:Ionomeric cement, Microhardness, Composite resins, Surface roughness.

Periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease: umbrella review.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease (PD) is an infectious and inflammatory condition that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It has been suggested that PD may be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Our study aimed to investigate the association between PD and CVD through an umbrella review. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted until April 2024 across various electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, SciELO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, and OpenGrey. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were considered for inclusion, without any limitations on time or language, provided they examined primary studies linking PD with CVD. The AMSTAR-2 tool was employed to assess the quality and overall confidence of the included studies. RESULTS: After the initial search, a total of 516 articles were identified. Following the application of selection criteria, 41 articles remained for further consideration. All these studies indicated an association between PD and CVD, with odds ratios and risk ratios ranging from 1.22 to 4.42 and 1.14 to 2.88, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic reviews with high overall confidence support the association between PD, tooth loss, and cardiovascular diseases. However, it is crucial to interpret these results with caution due to methodological limitations. The potential public health relevance justifies preventive and corrective oral health strategies. Additionally, the need for rigorous future research is highlighted to strengthen the evidence and guide effective public health strategies.

Ansiedad, depresión y calidad del sueño en estudiantes de Odontología / Anxiety, depression and sleep quality in dental students / Ansiedade, depressão e qualidade do sono em estudantes de Odontologia

La calidad del sueño en los estudiantes es un factor esencial que influye en el correcto desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos del aprendizaje, así como en la calidad de vida y la salud mental y física de los futuros profesionales. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre la ansiedad, la depresión y la calidad del sueño en estudiantes de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo observacional de cohorte transversal con la participación de 78 estudiantes, con edad promedio de 22.63±2.87 años, con una distribución de género de 32 varones (41,0 %) y 46 mujeres (59,0 %). Se utilizó la escala de valoración de Hamilton para la evaluación de la ansiedad y la depresión, con una consistencia interna de α = 0,88 y 0,86, respectivamente y el cuestionario de Pittsburgh para medir el índice de calidad del sueño (α = 0,87). Resultados: en el modelo predictivo los coeficientes estandarizados ß señalan que la ansiedad psíquica (ß = -,870; p<0,001), la depresión (ß = ,119; p<0,05) y el desarrollo de prácticas clínicas (ß = -0,019; p<0,05) fueron los factores que más contribuyeron significativamente al índice de calidad del sueño de los estudiantes. Conclusión: estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de abordar los problemas del sueño como parte integral del tratamiento de la ansiedad y la depresión, además de resaltar la necesidad de tener en cuenta la salud mental en la evaluación y el manejo de los trastornos del sueño

The quality of sleep-in students is an essential factor that influences the correct development of cognitive learning processes, as well as the quality of life and the mental and physical health of future professionals. Objective: to evaluate the relationship between anxiety, depression and sleep quality in students of the Dentistry program at the National University of the Altiplano of Puno. Materials and methods: observational cross-sectional cohort study with the participation of 78 students, with an average age of 22.63±2.87 years, with a gender distribution of 32 men (41.0%) and 46 women (59.0%). The Hamilton rating scale was used to evaluate anxiety and depression, with an internal consistency of α = 0.88 and 0.86, respectively, and the Pittsburgh questionnaire was used to measure the sleep quality index (α = 0.87). Results: in the predictive model, the standardized ß coefficients indicate that psychological anxiety (ß = -.870; p<0.001), depression (ß = .119; p<0.05) and the development of clinical practices (ß = -0.019; p<0.05) were the factors that contributed most significantly to the students' sleep quality index. Conclusion: these findings underscore the importance of addressing sleep problems as an integral part of the treatment of anxiety and depression, as well as highlighting the need to consider mental health in the assessment and management of sleep disorders

A qualidade do sono dos estudantes é um fator essencial que influencia o correto desenvolvimento dos processos de aprendizagem cognitiva, bem como a qualidade de vida e a saúde mental e física dos futuros profissionais. Objetivo: avaliar a relação entre ansiedade, depressão e qualidade do sono em estudantes do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Nacional do Altiplano de Puno. Materiais e métodos: estudo de coorte transversal observacional com a participação de 78 estudantes, com idade média de 22,63±2,87 anos, com distribuição por género de 32 homens (41,0%) e 46 mulheres (59,0%). A escala de avaliação de Hamilton foi utilizada para avaliar ansiedade e depressão, com consistência interna de α = 0,88 e 0,86, respectivamente, e o questionário de Pittsburgh foi utilizado para mensurar o índice de qualidade do sono (α = 0,87). Resultados: no modelo preditivo, os coeficientes ß padronizados indicam que a ansiedade psicológica (ß = -0,870; p<0,001), a depressão (ß = 0,119; p<0,05) e o desenvolvimento de práticas clínicas (ß = -0,019; p<0,05) foram os fatores que mais contribuíram significativamente para o índice de qualidade do sono dos estudantes. Conclusão: estas descobertas sublinham a importância de abordar os problemas do sono como parte integrante do tratamento da ansiedade e da depressão, bem como realçam a necessidade de considerar a saúde mental na avaliação e gestão dos distúrbios do sono

Ansiedad, depresión y calidad del sueño en estudiantes de Odontología

La calidad del sueño en los estudiantes es un factor esencial que influye en el correcto desarrollo de los procesos cognitivos del aprendizaje, así como en la calidad de vida y la salud mental y física de los futuros profesionales. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre la ansiedad, la depresión y la calidad del sueño en estudiantes de la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de tipo observacional de cohorte transversal con la participación de 78 estudiantes, con edad promedio de 22.63±2.87 años, con una distribución de género de 32 varones (41,0 %) y 46 mujeres (59,0 %). Se utilizó la escala de valoración de Hamilton para la evaluación de la ansiedad y la depresión, con una consistencia interna de α = 0,88 y 0,86, respectivamente y el cuestionario de Pittsburgh para medir el índice de calidad del sueño (α = 0,87). Resultados: En el modelo predictivo los coeficientes estandarizados ß señalan que la ansiedad psíquica (ß = -,870; p<0,001), la depresión (ß = ,119; p<0,05) y el desarrollo de prácticas clínicas (ß = -0,019; p<0,05) fueron los factores que más contribuyeron significativamente al índice de calidad del sueño de los estudiantes. Conclusión: Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de abordar los problemas del sueño como parte integral del tratamiento de la ansiedad y la depresión, además de resaltar la necesidad de tener en cuenta la salud mental en la evaluación y el manejo de los trastornos del sueño.

The quality of sleep-in students is an essential factor that influences the correct development of cognitive learning processes, as well as the quality of life and the mental and physical health of future professionals. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between anxiety, depression and sleep quality in students of the Dentistry program at the National University of the Altiplano of Puno. Materials and methods: Observational cross-sectional cohort study with the participation of 78 students, with an average age of 22.63±2.87 years, with a gender distribution of 32 men (41.0%) and 46 women (59.0%). The Hamilton rating scale was used to evaluate anxiety and depression, with an internal consistency of α = 0.88 and 0.86, respectively, and the Pittsburgh questionnaire was used to measure the sleep quality index (α = 0.87). Results: In the predictive model, the standardized ß coefficients indicate that psychological anxiety (ß = -.870; p<0.001), depression (ß = .119; p<0.05) and the development of clinical practices (ß = -0.019; p<0.05) were the factors that contributed most significantly to the students' sleep quality index. Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of addressing sleep problems as an integral part of the treatment of anxiety and depression, as well as highlighting the need to consider mental health in the assessment and management of sleep disorders.

A qualidade do sono dos estudantes é um fator essencial que influencia o correto desenvolvimento dos processos de aprendizagem cognitiva, bem como a qualidade de vida e a saúde mental e física dos futuros profissionais. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre ansiedade, depressão e qualidade do sono em estudantes do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Nacional do Altiplano de Puno. Materiais e métodos: Estudo de coorte transversal observacional com a participação de 78 estudantes, com idade média de 22,63±2,87 anos, com distribuição por género de 32 homens (41,0%) e 46 mulheres (59,0%). A escala de avaliação de Hamilton foi utilizada para avaliar ansiedade e depressão, com consistência interna de α = 0,88 e 0,86, respectivamente, e o questionário de Pittsburgh foi utilizado para mensurar o índice de qualidade do sono (α = 0,87). Resultados: No modelo preditivo, os coeficientes ß padronizados indicam que a ansiedade psicológica (ß = -0,870; p<0,001), a depressão (ß = 0,119; p<0,05) e o desenvolvimento de práticas clínicas (ß = -0,019; p<0,05) foram os fatores que mais contribuíram significativamente para o índice de qualidade do sono dos estudantes. Conclusão: Estas descobertas sublinham a importância de abordar os problemas do sono como parte integrante do tratamento da ansiedade e da depressão, bem como realçam a necessidade de considerar a saúde mental na avaliação e gestão dos distúrbios do sono.

Effect of Treating Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women to Reduce the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: An Umbrella Review.

Background: The aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of periodontal disease (PD) treatment in pregnant women to reduce the risk of preterm birth (PB) and low birth weight (LBW) by conducting an umbrella review. Methods: A comprehensive search for the literature up to April 2024 was conducted across multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, Scielo, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, and OpenGrey. We specifically targeted systematic reviews (SRs) with or without meta-analyses, irrespective of language or time constraints, focusing on primary studies examining the effect of PD treatment in pregnant women to reduce the risk of PB and LBW. Various types of non-systematic reviews, intervention studies, observational studies, preclinical and basic research, summaries, comments, case reports, protocols, personal opinions, letters, and posters were excluded from consideration. The quality and overall confidence of the included studies were assessed using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Results: After the initial search, 232 articles were identified, of which only 24 met the selection criteria after exclusion. The majority of these studies indicated that periodontal treatment reduces the risk of PB and LBW. Conclusions: According to the findings and conclusions drawn from the SRs with a high overall confidence level, PD treatment in pregnant women reduces the risk of PB and LBW.

Association between early childhood caries and nutritional status in children in a peruvian social program: a cross-sectional study / Asociación entre caries de la primera infancia y estado nutricional en niños de un programa social peruano: un estudio transversal

Introduction: Early childhood caries is still very prevalent, mainly in developing countries, and it is related to the quality of life of children due to early tooth loss. Objective: The study objective was to determine the association between dental caries and its clinical consequences on nutritional status in children of the "Vaso de Leche (Glass of Milk)'' social program, in Puno City, Peru, during the year 2020. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study; the sample consisted of 740 children between 1 and 5 years old who met the selection criteria; the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries were evaluated using the PUFA index and the prevalence of caries with def-t; the nutritional status was determined by the weight and height of the child according to protocols (NTS No. 357 - MINSA /2017/ DGIESP); the data were analyzed with the SPSS-v25 program, the association between variables was evaluated with the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's Rho test, considering significance at a p-value <0.05. Results: No significant relationship was found when dental caries was evaluated with the nutritional condition (p<0.05). However, when the def-t index values were related to the nutritional condition of the children, a significant difference was found (p<0.05). There was no significant difference with the PUFA index (p>0.05). Conclusions: There is no association between early childhood caries and nutritional status in children aged between 3 and 5 years; however, a significant relationship was found between the values of the def-t index and the nutritional status of the children.

Introducción: La caries infantil temprana sigue siendo muy prevalente, principalmente en los países en desarrollo, y está relacionada con la calidad de vida de los niños debido a la pérdida temprana de dientes Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la asociación entre la caries dental y sus consecuencias clínicas sobre el estado nutricional en niños del programa social "Vaso de Leche", en la ciudad de Puno, Perú, durante el año 2020. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, estudio descriptivo-correlacional, transversal; la muestra estuvo conformada por 740 niños entre 1 y 5 años que cumplieron con los criterios de selección, se evaluaron las consecuencias clínicas de la caries dental no tratada mediante el índice PUFA y la prevalencia de caries con d-t; el estado nutricional se determinó mediante el peso y talla del niño según protocolos (NTS N°357 MINSA/2017/DGIESP; los datos se analizaron con el programa SPSS-v25, la asociación entre variables se evaluó con el chi); -cuadrado, U de Mann-Whitney y Rho de Spearman, considerando significancia a un valor de p<0,05. Resultado: No se encontró relación significativa cuando se evaluó la caries dental con la condición nutricional (p<0,05). Sin embargo, cuando los valores del índice d-t se relacionaron con la condición nutricional de los niños, se encontró una diferencia significativa (p<0,05). No hubo diferencia significativa con el índice PUFA (p>0,05). Conclusión: No existe asociación entre caries de la primera infancia y el estado nutricional en niños de 3 a 5 años; sin embargo, se encontró una relación significativa entre los valores del índice d-t y el estado nutricional de los niños.

Using sequential applications of a novel silver diamine fluoride gel and sodium fluoride varnish to arrest severe early childhood caries lesions: A clinical trial with single group assignment.

BACKGROUND: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) gel was developed to overcome the clinical limitations of liquids with children. The authors conducted a clinical trial to determine caries lesion arrest in primary teeth at 1-year follow-up when 38% SDF gel and 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish were applied sequentially at the same appointment. Parent satisfaction was assessed. METHODS: The study design was an open-label prospective, clinical trial with single group assignment. Participants were 237 children aged 3 through 4 years at enrollment and from 5 centros educativos iniciales (preschools). Eligible children had 1 or more d3 (cavitation into dentin) active caries lesions. Teeth with active caries lesions (cavitation confined to enamel [d2] or d3) were treated by applying 1 or 2 drops of viscous 38% SDF gel (Advantage Silver Dental Arrest Gel, Elevate Oral Care, LLC) dabbing the excess with cotton. Treated teeth were covered with 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish (Fluorimax, Elevate Oral Care, LLC) to mask the taste. Treatment was repeated at 5 months postexamination. The primary outcome was caries lesion (d2-d3) arrest at 1 year. RESULTS: Two hundred nineteen children were available at the 1-year follow-up. There was a median of 21 (interquartile range [IQR], 13-34) active carious surfaces (d2-d3) at baseline. Median arrested carious surfaces was 92.6% (IQR, 81.1%-100.0%; 95% CI, 86.8% to 95.2%). When parents were asked whether they were bothered by the color change of teeth, the median response on a 10-point scale in which 1 equaled not bothered at all and 10 equaled very bothered was 1.0 (IQR, 1.0-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: Two applications of 38% SDF gel and 2.5% sodium fluoride varnish arrested greater than 90% of carious surfaces at 1 year and with high levels of parental satisfaction. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Combined treatment was highly efficacious in a population with many caries lesions. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The registration number is NCT05395065.

Telemedicina durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en una ciudad altoandina: Estudio en línea a pacientes / Telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in a high Andean city: Online patient study / Telemedicina durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em uma cidade do alto dos Andes: estudo de pacientes on-line

Con la llegada de la pandemia del COVID-19, el gobierno peruano realizó modificaciones en el sistema de salud, dando paso al decreto legislativo N° 117-2020, para el servicio de telemedicina dentro del sector de la salud pública y privada, entendiéndose como la comunicación entre el paciente y el profesional médico a través de un dispositivo como computadora o teléfono. Objetivo. Identificar los niveles de satisfacción en la atención del servicio por telemedicina de los pacientes de una clínica privada de especialidades médicas en la ciudad de Puno durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Materiales y métodos. El diseño del estudio fue observacional, prospectivo; previo consentimiento informado, se aplicó el cuestionario The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form [PSQ-18] de manera virtual a 56 pacientes mayores de 18 años seleccionados de manera no probabilística durante la pandemia mediante la telemedicina en una clínica de Puno durante el 2020 y 2021. Resultados. El 55,4% de los pacientes se mostraron parcialmente satisfechos y el 39,3% indicaron estar satisfechos; encontrándose asociación estadística significativa entre la satisfacción de la atención de salud mediante telemedicina con la edad del paciente (p<0,01*); las dimensiones del cuestionario mostraron medias ligeramente altas, destacando las dimensiones Accesibilidad y comodidad (12,93±3,13); Calidad técnica (12,34±3,56); Trato interpersonal (6,45±1,32); aspectos financieros (6,32±1,52) y satisfacción general (6,11±1,88). Conclusiones. Las dimensiones referidas a la calidad técnica, comodidad y accesibilidad fueron reportadas con mayores niveles de satisfacción, estos hallazgos contribuyen a la evidencia sobre la aceptación de la telemedicina como una alternativa viable para brindar atención de calidad.

With the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Peruvian government made changes in the health system, giving way to Legislative Decree No. 117-2020, for the telemedicine service within the public and private health sector, understood as the communication between the patient and the medical professional through a device such as a computer or telephone. Objective. To identify the levels of satisfaction with the telemedicine service provided to patients in a private medical specialty clinic in the city of Puno during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. The study design was observational, prospective; prior informed consent, The Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form [PSQ-18] was applied virtually to 56 patients over 18 years of age selected in a non-probabilistic manner during the pandemic through telemedicine in a clinic in Puno during 2020 and 2021. Results. 55.4% of the patients were partially satisfied and 39.3% were satisfied; a significant statistical association was found between satisfaction with health care through telemedicine and the patient's age (p<0.01*); the dimensions of the questionnaire showed slightly high averages, highlighting the dimensions Accessibility and comfort (12.93±3.13); Technical quality (12.34±3.56); Interpersonal treatment (6.45±1.32); financial aspects (6.32±1.52) and general satisfaction (6.11±1.88). Conclusions. The dimensions referring to technical quality, comfort and accessibility were reported with higher levels of satisfaction, these findings contribute to the evidence on the acceptance of telemedicine as a viable alternative to provide quality care.

Com a chegada da pandemia da COVID-19, o governo peruano realizou mudanças no sistema de saúde, dando lugar ao Decreto Legislativo nº 117-2020, para o serviço de telemedicina no setor de saúde pública e privada, entendido como a comunicação entre o paciente e o profissional médico por meio de um dispositivo como computador ou telefone. Objetivo. Identificar a satisfação do paciente com o atendimento de telemedicina em uma clínica privada de especialidades médicas na cidade de Puno durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Materiais e métodos. O desenho do estudo foi observacional, prospectivo; após o consentimento informado, o Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form [PSQ-18] foi aplicado virtualmente a 56 pacientes maiores de 18 anos selecionados de forma não probabilística durante a pandemia por meio da telemedicina em uma clínica em Puno durante 2020 e 2021. Resultados. 55,4% dos pacientes estavam parcialmente satisfeitos e 39,3% estavam satisfeitos; foi encontrada uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre a satisfação com o atendimento de saúde por telemedicina e a idade do paciente (p<0,01*); as dimensões do questionário apresentaram médias ligeiramente elevadas, com destaque para as dimensões Acessibilidade e conforto (12,93±3,13); Qualidade técnica (12,34±3,56); Tratamento interpessoal (6,45±1,32); Aspectos financeiros (6,32±1,52) e Satisfação geral (6,11±1,88). Conclusões. As dimensões referentes à qualidade técnica, ao conforto e à acessibilidade foram relatadas com níveis mais altos de satisfação. Esses achados contribuem para as evidências sobre a aceitação da telemedicina como uma alternativa viável para fornecer atendimento de qualidade.

Association between the Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight with Periodontal Disease in Pregnant Women: An Umbrella Review.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this review is to determine the association between the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in newborns and periodontal disease in pregnant women. METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out until November 2021 in the following biomedical databases: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scielo, LILACS and Google Scholar. Studies reporting the association between the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in newborns with periodontal disease in pregnant women, which were systematic reviews, in English and without time limits were included. AMSTAR-2 was used to assess the risk of the included studies, and the GRADEPro GDT tool was used to assess the quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendation of the results. RESULTS: The preliminary search yielded a total of 161 articles, discarding those that did not meet the selection criteria, leaving only 15 articles. Seven articles were entered into a meta-analysis, and it was found that there is an association between the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in newborns with periodontal disease in pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in newborns with periodontal disease in pregnant women.

Efectos del xilitol en el crecimiento bacteriano frente a Streptococcus sanguinis: Estudio in vitro

Streptococcus sanguinis forma parte del biofilm bucal, tiene función decisoria en el desarrollo de las enfermedades bucales prevalentes y a nivel sistémico actúa como patógeno oportunista. Objetivo: Evaluar in vitro los efectos del xilitol en el crecimiento bacteriano frente a Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Métodos: la muestra del estudio fue distribuida en 6 grupos: 4 grupos experimentales (xilitol 1M; 0,75M; 0,50M y 0,25M), un control negativo (agua destilada) y un control positivo (clorhexidina); el análisis estadístico se hizo mediante el software estadístico Infostat y se empleó las pruebas t-Student, ANOVA y Tukey para contrastar la hipótesis. Resultados: diferentes concentraciones de xilitol (0,25M; 0,50M; 0,75M y 1M) causaron un halo de inhibición entre 9,89 - 12,89 mm (24 horas) y 10,85 - 13,45 mm (48 horas). Conclusiones: diferentes concentraciones de xilitol inhiben el crecimiento bacteriano del Streptococcus sanguinis, este efecto inhibitorio aumenta a mayor concentración y tiempo de exposición.

Streptococcus sanguinis faz parte do biofilme oral, tem papel decisivo no desenvolvimento de doenças bucais prevalentes e atua como patógeno oportunista em nível sistêmico. Objetivo: Avaliar in vitro os efeitos do xilitol no crescimento bacteriano contra Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Métodos: A amostra do estudo foi distribuída em 6 grupos: 4 grupos experimentais (1M; 0,75M; 0,50M e 0,25M xilitol), um controle negativo (água destilada) e um controle positivo (clorexidina); a análise estatística foi feita com o software estatístico Infostat e os testes t-Student, ANOVA e Tukey para testar a hipótese. Resultados: diferentes concentrações de xilitol (0,25M; 0,50M; 075M e 1M) causou um halo de inibição entre 9,89 - 12,89 mm (24 horas) e 10,85 - 13,45 mm (48 horas). Conclusões: diferentes concentrações de xilitol inibem o crescimento bacteriano de Streptococcus sanguinis, este efeito inibitório aumenta com maior concentração e tempo de exposição.

Streptococcus sanguinis forms part of the oral biofilm, has a decisive role in the development of prevalent oral diseases and acts as an opportunistic pathogen at the systemic level. Aims: To evaluate in vitro the effects of xylitol on bacterial growth against Streptococcus sanguinis (ATCC 10556). Methods: The study sample was distributed into 6 groups: 4 experimental groups (1M; 0,75M; 0,50M and 0,25M xylitol), a negative control (distilled water) and a positive control (chlorhexidine). The statistical analysis was done using the statistical software Infostat and the tests used t-Student, ANOVA and Tukey to test the hypothesis. Results: different concentrations of xylitol (0,25M; 0,50M; 0,75M and 1M) caused an inhibition halo between 9,89 - 12,89 mm (24 hours) and 10,85 - 13,45 mm (48 hours). Conclusions: different concentrations of xylitol inhibit the bacterial growth of Streptococcus sanguinis, this inhibitory effect increases with higher concentration and exposure time.

Efecto de una pasta dental con xilitol sobre Streptcococcos mutans en pacientes con ortodoncia fija / Effect of a toothpaste with xylitol on Streptcococcus mutans in patients with fixed orthodontics / Efeito de um creme dental xilitol sobre Streptcococcus mutans em pacientes com ortodontia fixa

La terapia ortodóntica produce una mayor acumulación de placa bacteriana en los pacientes, observándose cambios ecológicos orales que causan aumento del número de estreptococos mutans, por lo que es importante una adecuada higiene bucal que ayude a disminuir las bacterias y prevenir la caries. Objetivo. El propósito fue comparar el efecto del uso de una pasta dental con xilitol, en el recuento de Streptcococcos mutans en pacientes con aparatología ortodóntica fija. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental de cegamiento simple. La muestra estuvo constituida por 34 pacientes adolescentes con aparatología ortodontica fija de ambo sexos que cumplieron los criterios establecidos, todos fueron instruidos en una técnica de cepillado y designados al azar a uno de los dos grupos: grupo experimental 17 pacientes que usaron una pasta dental con xilitol y 17 pacientes en el grupo control que utilizaron una pasta dental convencional con flúor. A ambos grupos se les tomó y procesó microbiológicamente placa bacteriana al inicio del estudio y a las 3 y 5 semanas para evaluar el recuento de streptococos mutans. Resultados. La prueba T-Student demostró que hubo menos unidades formadoras de colonias en los pacientes que utilizaron pasta dental con xilitol siendo significativa la diferencia en la quinta semana de uso (˂ 0.0001). Conclusiones. Existe mayor efectividad de la pasta dental con xilitol, en relación a la pasta dental solo con flúor en el recuento de Streptococos mutans, sin embargo, los pacientes de ambos grupos tuvieron menos unidades formadoras de colonias.

Orthodontic therapy produces a greater accumulation of bacterial plaque in patients, with oral ecological changes that cause an increase in the number of mutans streptococci, so it is important to have an adequate oral hygiene that helps to reduce bacteria and prevent caries. Objective. The purpose was to compare the effect of the use of a toothpaste with xylitol on the Streptococcus mutans count in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Material and methods. A single-blinded quasi-experimental study was carried out. The sample consisted of 34 adolescent patients with fixed orthodontic appliances of both sexes who met the established criteria. All were instructed in a brushing technique and randomly assigned to one of two groups: 17 patients in the experimental group used a toothpaste with xylitol and 17 patients in the control group used a conventional toothpaste with fluoride. Both groups had bacterial plaque taken and processed microbiologically at the beginning of the study and at 3 and 5 weeks to evaluate the streptococcus mutans count. Results. The T-Student test showed that there were fewer colony-forming units in patients who used xylitol toothpaste with the difference being significant at the fifth week of use (˂ 0.0001). Conclusions. There is greater effectiveness of toothpaste with xylitol in relation to toothpaste with fluoride alone in the Streptococcus mutans count; however, patients in both groups had fewer colony-forming units.

A terapia ortodôntica produz um maior acúmulo de placa bacteriana nos pacientes, com alterações ecológicas orais causando um aumento no número de estreptococos mutantes, razão pela qual uma higiene oral adequada é importante para ajudar a reduzir as bactérias e prevenir cáries. Objetivo. O propósito era comparar o efeito do uso de uma pasta de dentes com xilitol na contagem de Streptococcus mutans em pacientes com aparelhos ortodônticos fixos. Material e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo quase-experimental mono-cego. A amostra consistiu de 34 pacientes adolescentes com aparelhos ortodônticos fixos de ambos os sexos que preenchiam os critérios estabelecidos. Todos foram instruídos em uma técnica de escovação e distribuídos aleatoriamente em um dos dois grupos: 17 pacientes do grupo experimental que usaram uma pasta de dentes com xilitol e 17 pacientes do grupo controle que usaram uma pasta de dentes convencional com flúor. Ambos os grupos tiveram a placa bacteriana retirada e processada microbiologicamente na linha de base e com 3 e 5 semanas para avaliar a contagem de estreptococos mutantes. Resultados. O teste T-Student mostrou que havia menos unidades formadoras de colônias em pacientes que usavam pasta de dentes de xilitol, sendo a diferença significativa na quinta semana de uso (˂ 0,0001). Conclusões. A pasta de dente com xilitol é mais eficaz do que a pasta de dente com flúor apenas no Streptococcus mutans, entretanto, os pacientes de ambos os grupos tinham menos unidades formadoras de colônias.

[Validation of a belief scale regarding adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia]. / Validación de una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplementos de hierro en madres de niños con anemia.

Introduction: Introduction: anemia in children can cause cognitive and motor deficits that can lead to difficulties in academic performance, physical endurance, affecting health and well-being Objective: to develop and validate a scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia (SBAIST) living in a high altitude region of Peru. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in 192 mothers of children with anemia living in a high altitude region of Peru. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used to develop and validate the SBAIST. Expert judgment analysis (Aiken's V) was used for content validity and exploratory factor analysis for construct validity. Reliability was determined by internal consistency. Results: for content validity, Aiken's V test showed concordant values for relevance (0.60 to 0.90), relevance (0.75 to 0.95), clarity (0.80 to 0.90) and total scale (0.75 to 0.92). Cronbach's alpha values per question ranged from α = 0.70 to 0.81, and for total scale was α = 0.75. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reflected Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) values of 0.733, Bartlett's test of sphericity indicated a value of 968.680 (p < 0.001). The eigenvalues in the five dimensions reflected values from 1.05 to 4.03. The percentage of variance for factor 1 (barriers = 33.58 %), factor 2 (severity = 12.61 %), factor 3 (action cues = 10.78 %), factor 4 (barriers = 8.07 %), factor 5 (susceptibility = 7.63 %), and for the total scale was 74.12 %. Conclusion: HBM is a useful tool that allowed validation of the scale of beliefs about adherence to iron supplementation treatment in mothers of children with anemia living at high altitude in Peru.

Introducción: Introducción: la anemia en los niños puede provocar deficiencias cognitivas y motoras que pueden conducir a dificultades en el rendimiento académico y la resistencia física, afectando a la salud y el bienestar. Objetivo: desarrollar y validar una escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia (ECATSH) que viven en una región de altitud del Perú. Métodos: se efectuó un estudio transversal en 192 madres de niños con anemia que viven en una región de elevada altitud del Perú. Se utilizó el modelo de creencias de salud (MCS) para desarrollar y validar la ECATSH. Para la validez del contenido se utilizó el análisis de juicio de expertos (V de Aiken) y para la validez del constructo, el análisis factorial exploratorio. La confiabilidad se determinó por consistencia interna. Resultados: en la validez del contenido, la prueba V de Aiken reflejó valores concordantes para la pertinencia (0,60 a 0,90), relevancia (0,75 a 0,95), claridad (0,80 a 0,90) y la escala total (0,75 a 0,92). Los valores de la alfa de Cronbach por pregunta oscilaron desde α = 0,70 hasta 0,81, y para la escala total fue de α = 0,75. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) reflejó valores de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) de 0,733, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett indicó un valor de 968,680 (p < 0,001). Los valores propios en las cinco dimensiones reflejaron valores desde 1,05 hasta 4,03. El porcentaje de la varianza para el factor 1 (barreras = 33,58 %), factor 2 (gravedad = 12,61 %), factor 3 (señales de acción = 10,78 %), factor 4 (barreras = 8,07 %), factor 5 (susceptibilidad = 7,63 %) y total de la escala fue de 74,12 %. Conclusión: el MCS es una herramienta útil que permitió validar la escala de creencias sobre la adherencia al tratamiento con suplemento de hierro en madres de niños con anemia que viven a elevada altitud del Perú.

Analysis of REM sleep without atonia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome determined by domiciliary polysomnography: a cross sectional study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Our aim is to evaluate the presence of REM sleep without atonia (RWA), the objective hallmark of REM sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD), as prodromal marker of Parkinson's disease (PD), in an adult cohort of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS). METHODS: Sleep quality was assessed by means of Pittsburgh quality scale index (PSQI), and RBD symptoms by means of RBD questionnaire-Hong-Kong (RBDQ-HK). Attended domiciliary video-Polysomnography (v-PSG) were performed in 26 adults (18-51 years, 14 females) 22qDS patients. Electromyogram during REM sleep was analyzed by means of SINBAR procedure at 3-second time resolution (miniepochs). RESULTS: An overall poor sleep quality was observed in the cohort and high RBDQ-HK score in 7 of the 26 patients, two additional patients with positive dream enactment reported by close relatives had low score of RBDQ-HK. Nevertheless, SINBAR RWA scores were lower than cut-off threshold for RWA (mean 5.5%, range 0-12.2%). TST and the percentage of light sleep (N1) were increased, with preserved proportions of N2 and N3. Participants reported poor quality of sleep (mean PSQI > 5), with prolonged sleep latency in the v-PSG. No subjects exhibit evident dream enactment episodes during recording sessions. CONCLUSIONS: RWA was absent in the studied cohort of 22qDS adult volunteers according to validated polysomnographic criteria. High RBDQ-HK scores do not correlate with v-PSG results among 22qDS individuals.

Acción antibacteriana de colutorios de uso ortodóntico sobre Streptococcus Mutans / Antibacterial action of mouthwashes for orthodontic use on Streptococcus Mutans / Ação antibacteriana de bochechos para uso ortodôntico sobre Streptococcus Mutans

El tratamiento con ortodoncia fija produce en los pacientes una mayor acumulación de biofilm dental, siendo necesario una adecuada higiene bucal complementada con colutorios bucales. OBJETIVO: el propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la acción antibacteriana de colutorios de uso ortodóntico sobre el Streptococcus Mutans en pacientes con aparatología ortodóncica fija. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio de diseño cuasiexperimental, comparativo, de corte longitudinal, de abordaje cuantitativo ciego simple, con un tamaño de muestra de 20 pacientes distribuidos en dos grupos de estudio para el recuento de UFC, además un control positivo y otro negativo para determinar el halo inhibitorio. RESULTADOS: los colutorios bucales Vitis® Orthodontic y Ortolacer tuvieron una disminución en el recuento de las UFC de Streptococcus Mutans hasta un 48,3% (p=0,00) y 53,2% (p=0,00) respectivamente; asimismo, hay una mayor acción antibacteriana sobre el Streptococcus Mutans del colutorio Vitis® Orthodontic que el colutorio Ortolacer (p-valor=0,009); así mismo, con un p valor = 0,000 < 0,05 a las 24 y 48 horas existe una diferencia estadística significativa en anaerobiosis que indica que el colutorio Vitis® Orthodontic genera un mayor halo inhibitorio sobre el Streptococcus Mutans. CONCLUSIONES: los colutorios bucales Vitis® Orthodontic y Ortolacer disminuyen el recuento de las UFC de Streptococcus Mutans en pacientes. Además, ambos colutorios en anaerobiosis tienen acción inhibitoria sobre el Streptococcus Mutans. Sin embargo, hay una mayor acción antibacteriana del colutorio Vitis® Orthodontic sobre el Streptococcus Mutans.

Fixed orthodontic treatment produces a greater accumulation of dental biofilm in patients, and adequate oral hygiene complemented with mouthwashes is necessary. OBJECTIVE: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial action of mouthwashes for orthodontic use on Streptococcus Mutans in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental, comparative, longitudinal, single-blind, quantitative approach study was carried out with a sample size of 20 patients distributed in two study groups for the CFU count, as well as a positive and a negative control to determine the inhibitory halo. RESULTS: vitis Orthodontic and Ortolacer mouthwashes had a decrease in the CFU count of Streptococcus Mutans up to 48.3% (p=0.00) and 53.2% (p=0.00) respectively; likewise, there is a greater antibacterial action on Streptococcus Mutans of Vitis® Orthodontic mouthwash than Ortolacer mouthwash (p-value=0.009); Likewise, with a p-value = 0.000 < 0.05 at 24 and 48 hours there is a significant statistical difference in anaerobiosis indicating that Vitis® Orthodontic mouthwash generates a greater inhibitory halo on Streptococcus Mutans. CONCLUSIONS: Vitis® Orthodontic and Ortholacer mouthrinses decrease the CFU count of Streptococcus Mutans in patients. In addition, both mouthwashes in anaerobiosis have inhibitory action on Streptococcus Mutans. However, there is a greater antibacterial action of Vitis® Orthodontic mouthwash on Streptococcus Mutans.

O tratamento ortodôntico fixo leva a um aumento do acúmulo de biofilme dentário nos pacientes, e é necessária uma higiene bucal adequada complementada com lavagens bucais. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação antibacteriana de lava bucais para uso ortodôntico em Streptococcus Mutans em pacientes com aparelhos ortodônticos fixos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: um estudo quase-experimental, comparativo, longitudinal, monobloco e quantitativo foi realizado com uma amostra de 20 pacientes distribuídos em dois grupos de estudo para a contagem da UFC, assim como um controle positivo e um negativo para determinar a auréola inibitória. RESULTADOS: os enxaguatórios bucais Vitis® Orthodontic e Ortolacer tiveram uma redução na contagem de Streptococcus Mutans na UFC de até 48,3% (p=0,00) e 53,2% (p=0,00) respectivamente; também, há uma maior ação antibacteriana no Streptococcus Mutans de Vitis® Orthodontic de que os enxaguatórios bucais Ortolacer (p=0,009); Da mesma forma, com um valor p = 0,000 < 0,05 às 24 e 48 horas há uma diferença estatística significativa na anaerobiose indicando que Vitis® Orthodontic mouthwash gera uma maior auréola inibitória no Streptococcus Mutans. CONCLUSÕES: Vitis® Orthodontic e Ortolacer mouthrinses diminuem a contagem de CFU de Streptococcus Mutans em pacientes. Além disso, ambos os bochechos em anaerobiose têm ação inibitória sobre Streptococcus Mutans. Entretanto, há uma maior ação antibacteriana do Vitis® Orthodontic mouthwash em Streptococcus Mutans.

Regeneración ósea guiada en el tratamiento de quiste dentígero bilateral: Reporte de caso / Regeneração óssea guiada no tratamento do cisto dentígero bilateral: Relato de caso / Bone regeneration guided in treatment of bilateral dentigerous cyst: Case report

El propósito del presente artículo es mostrar un caso de quiste dentígero bilateral de gran extensión asociado a dientes per-manentes. Paciente de sexo masculino de 11 años de edad, que fue referido al Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Militar Central de Lima- Perú. Al examen clínico presentaba abultamiento en zona de dientes 33 y 43, asintomático. La tomografía computarizada cone beam mostró imágenes hipodensas, bien definidas, asociada a dientes no erupcionados. El tratamiento fue la enucleación de los quistes y la extracción de los dientes comprometidos bajo anestesia general, fue realizado la regeneración ósea guiada con plasma rico en fibrina más injerto óseo y membrana de colágeno, esto debido al gran riesgo de fractura mandibular. El examen histopatológico confirmó el diagnóstico presuntivo de quiste dentígero. Dos meses después de la cirugía se observa una notable y rápida neoformación ósea. Este caso destaca la importancia del análi-sis clínico y tomográfico previo al tratamiento quirúrgico, con el objetivo de obtener el mejor tratamiento para el paciente.

The purpose of this article is to show a case of large bilateral dentigerous cyst associated with permanent teeth. Male patient of 11 years-old, who was referred to the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the Central Military Hospital of Lima-Perú. The clinical examination showed asymptomatic bulging in areas of teeth 33 and 43. Cone beam computed tomography showed hypodense, well-defined images associated with unerupted teeth. The treatment was the enucleation of the cysts and the extraction of the compromised teeth under general anesthesia, the guided bone regeneration was performed with plasma rich in fibrin plus bone graft and collagen membrane, this due to the great risk of mandibular fracture. The histopathological examination confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of dentigerous cyst. Two months after surgery, a remarkable and rapid bone neoformation is observed. This case highlights the importance of clinical and tomographic.

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar um caso de grande extensão de cisto dentígero bilateral associado a dentes permanentes. Paciente do sexo masculino de 11 anos de idade, encaminhado ao Serviço de Cirurgia Bucomaxilofacial do Hospital Militar Central de Lima-Peru. Ao exame clínico mostrou abaulamento assintomático nas áreas dos dentes 33 e 43. A tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico mostrou imagens hipodensas e bem definidas associadas a dentes não irrompidos. O tratamento foi a enucleação dos cistos e a extração dos dentes comprometidos sob anestesia geral, a regeneração óssea guiada foi realizada com plasma rico em fibrina mais enxerto ósseo e membrana de colágeno, devido ao grande risco de fratura mandibular. O exame histopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico presuntivo de cisto dentígero. Dois meses após a cirurgia, observa-se uma notável e rápida neoformação óssea. Este caso destaca a importância da análise clínica e tomográfica antes do tratamento cirúrgico, a fim de obter o melhor tratamento para o paciente.

Evaluación de signos vitales, conducta y nivel de sedación en pacientes no cooperadores bajo sedación consciente con óxido nitroso

Objetivo: El propósito fue evaluar la efectividad de la sedación inhalada con óxido nitroso en la conducta, variación de signos vitales, el nivel de sedación y la molestia durante el tratamiento odontológico de niños no cooperadores. Metodología: La muestra fue de 26 niños de ambos sexos de 3 a 6 años, con una media de 4,6 años, que cumplieron con criterios de selección; conducta no cooperadora según la escala de Frankl, ASA I, ayuno preoperatorio, y cuyos padres hayan consentido que sus hijos participen en el estudio. La administración del óxido nitroso se realizó, considerando las directrices de sedación de la Academia Americana de Odontología Pediátrica, Los tratamientos fueron operatoria dental en lesiones de caries con grado 4 y 5 según el Sistema Internacional para la Detección y Evaluación de Caries. Resultados: La conducta negativa mejora significativamente con la aplicación del óxido nitroso a un nivel de significancia del 5%. Los signos vitales durante el tratamiento dental con óxido nitroso variaron dentro de los parámetros normales y no se evidenciaron efectos secundarios. Conclusiones: La sedación inhalada con óxido nitroso es efectiva y segura para pacientes no cooperadores durante el tratamiento dental.

Riesgo estomatológico e impacto de las afecciones bucales en la calidad de vida de preescolares del ambito rural en Puno / Stomatological risk and impact of oral disorders in the quality of life in rural field ofpreschool Puno

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación entre el riesgo estomatológico y el impacto de las afecciones bucales en la calidad de vida de niños de 3 a 5 años de edad del distrito de Plateria-Puno. Material y M‚ todos: La muestra estuvo constituida por 115 años de 3 a 5 años. Para medir el riesgo estomatológico del niño se evaluó; experiencia de caries según el sistema internacional de valoración y detección de caries, indice de placa blanda de Lãe y Silness y la frecuencia diaria de consumo de azucares extrinsecos; y se utilizó la encuestatipo cuestionario early child-hood oral health impact scale para medir la percepción del impacto de las afeccionesbucales en la calidad de vida de los niños la cual fue respondida por las madres, para el an lisis de los datos obtenidos se empleó el analista estadístico SPSS versión 18 y la comprobación de la hipótesis se realizó mediante la prueba no param‚trica Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman...

Introduction: It study had to Aim to determinate the relationship of stomatological risk and the impact of the oral cavity diseases in the quality of the life of Children of 3-5 years old from Plateria district of Puno, 2014. Materials and Methods: The sample was formed by 115 children of 3-5 years old; to measure risk stomatology was evaluated decay experience according ICDAS, soft plaque index of Lãe and Silness and daily consume frequency ofextrinsic sugar in children and standard questionnaire ECOHIS to measures the perception from impact of the oral cavitydiseases in the quality of life of children that was answered by the mothers, for data analysis was used analyst stadisticSPSS 18 and for testing the hypothesis was used the probe no-parametric the Spearman correlation coefficient...

Características esqueléticas evaluadas por los análisis cefalométricos de Jaraback, McNamara y DiPaolo en niños peruanos de 5 a 12 años de edad / Characteristic skeletal in children who went to the Pediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Service from Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University on 2005 year. McNamara, Jarabak and DiPaolo cephalometric analysis were used

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar las características esqueléticas en niños que acudieron al Servicio de Post-grado de Odontología Pediátrica de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Herediaen el año 2005. Se utilizó los análisis cefalométricos de McNamara, Jarabak y Di Paolo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 73 radiografías cefalométricas, siendo el sexo femeninoel más predominante (72.6 por ciento). La edad del grupo poblacional se encontró dentro de los 5 a 12 años de edad, teniendo un promedio de 8.5 años. La muestra fue dividida en dos grupos, niños mayores de 9 años y menores de 9 años. Los parámetros de inclusión de muestra consideraron: simetría facial, perfil facial aceptable, oclusión clínicamente aceptable, relación molar clase I, relación canina I y overbite yoverjet aceptables. Según el análisis de varianzas la mayoría de valores de las medidas cefalométricas encontradosen los niños de 9 a 12 años de edad, para los análisis de McNamara y Jarabak son estadísticamente diferentes (p < 0.05). De acuerdo a la distribución de datos se empleó la prueba de T-pareada y ôUõ Mann Whitney para evaluar la significancia entre sexos, no encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el grupo de 9 a 12 años. Según grupo de edad se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, siendo mayores los valores en niños y niñas mayores de 9 años cuando se aplicó la prueba de Kruskal Wallis (p < 0.05). Según el análisis de Di Paolo, los niños del estudio tuvieron un patrón facial balanceado, y el tipo facial predominante fue el normodivergente.

The aim of the study was a determinate characteristic skeletal in children who went to the pediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Service from Cayetano Heredia Peruvian University on 2005 year. McNamara, Jarabak and Di Paolo cephalometric analysis were used. The sample was conformed by 73 cephalometric x-rays, being the most predominant the feminine sex (72.6 per cent). The population group age was within 5 to 12 years old. The average was 8.5 the sample was divided in two groups; children that were more than 9 years and less than 9 years old. The sample inclusion parameters considered: symmetry, acceptable face profile, clinically acceptable occlusion, Molar Relation Class I, Canine Relation Class I and acceptable overbite and overjet. According to variables analysis, most of the cephalometric measures values found in the study of children within 9 to 12 years old, to McNamara, Jarabak analyses are statistically different (p less than 0.05). According to data distribution, T-paired test and U Mann Whitney test were used to access significance between sexes, no differences statistically significant were found. According to age group statistically significant differences were found, being higher the values in children more than 9 years old when Kruskal Wallis test was applied (p less than 0.05). According to Di Paolo analysis, these children had a balanced face pattern, and predominate face type was norm divergent.