Longitudinal and bidirectional associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and emotional support among disaster-affected men and women.

Research has demonstrated a negative association between social support and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This has been interpreted as a protective influence of social support against the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Research on the opposite association is more limited, but findings suggest that PTSS have a negative impact on social support. There is conflicting evidence that these effects are moderated by gender. Few studies have assessed both associations and gender moderation in a postdisaster context. We examined the longitudinal and bidirectional effects of emotional support and PTSS and whether gender moderates these effects among U.S. survivors of the 2017-2018 season. Participants (N = 1,347) were assessed at four time points over 1 year. Bidirectional effects were assessed using cross-lagged, autoregressive analyses with the combined sample (Model 1) and grouped by gender (Model 2) to assess gender moderation. The results supported small bidirectional negative effects of social support and PTSS on one another from one assessment point (e.g. Wave 1) to the subsequent point (e.g., Wave 2) for all waves, ßs = -.07-.15, p < .001-p = .040. Multigroup analyses suggested the effects were not significantly different by gender. Overall, the results suggest that social support and PTSS may mutually diminish one another. Such effects may result in a positive or negative cascade wherein high PTSS may lead to lower social support and, therefore, even higher PTSS and vice versa. These findings support the importance of including social support in interventions to promote PTSS prevention and recovery.

A Descriptive Analysis of the Interactions During Clinical Supervision.

This study intends to analyze some skills trained during supervision. In it we describe sets of interactions (based on the American Psychological Association [APA], 2006; competency domains) happened between the supervisor and the supervisee during the supervision process. Interactions from twelve supervisor-supervisee dyads during asynchronous and direct, and individual and group supervision sessions were video recorded for this purpose. The recordings helped to determine, classify, and define behavioral response classes in each dyad's interactions. Percentages of time spent in each behavior class were computed. A reliability of 95% CI [0.91, 0.95] among observers was obtained. The behavior classes in which more time was spent were assessment, intervention, and conceptualization skills. Behavior classes in which less time was spent were related to emotional and interpersonal processes. These findings are discussed by linking the evidence-based theory on supervision with the time spent in each behavior class.

Extended Behavior-Context Relations: a Molar View of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy.

This paper seeks to reinterpret current tenets of functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) using some assumptions of molar behaviorism. In it, a conceptual alternative to the molecular approach is proposed to explain the mechanisms of change of FAP. To achieve this goal, the utility and limitations of using discrete responses and stimuli as units of analysis are discussed. As an alternative, this paper suggests, as proposed by molar behaviorism, using activities as the unit of analysis. The use of activities as the unit of analysis would allow analyses of clinical behavior as choices in different time scales and measurements of clinical behavior using time allocation. Using choice behavior to analyze data allows analyses of behavior in terms of its short-term and long-term value. It is argued that time allocation as a unit of measure is more appropriate than the rate of behavior because it allows the continuous measurement of behavior and comparisons of disparate behaviors as they occur during therapy sessions. Finally, a multi-scale analysis would allow the articulation of long-term and short-term contingencies that are related to therapy and behavioral change.

Qualidade de conteúdo, o grande desafio para os editores científicos / Calidad del contenido, el gran desafío para los editores científicos / Quality of content, the great challenge for scientific editors

Discutem-se alguns problemas que atualmente afetam a qualidade do conteúdo das revistas científicas e ressalta-se o papel dos editores como responsáveis pela definição tanto da direção (o que se fará) como da profundidade (até que ponto se avançará) das pesquisas. Propõe-se que a relação ótima entre ambas se alcança a partir de um equilíbrio entre as três logias: terminologia, epistemologia e metodologia. Sob esta fundamentação, apresenta-se uma taxonomia para avaliação e análise de projetos de pesquisa, artigos e pareceres científicos. Conclui-se com propostas de ação específicas para todos os atores envolvidos na geração e difusão do conhecimento (autores, revisores, agências de fomento, instituições que publicam revistas e editores científicos), orientadas a melhorar a qualidade do conteúdo das publicações.

El artículo discute algunos de los problemas que actualmente afectan a la calidad del contenido de las revistas científicas y se resalta el rol de los editores como los responsables de definir tanto la dirección (lo qué se hará) como la profundidad (cuánto se llevará a cabo) de la investigación en una determinada área. Se propone que la relación óptima entre dirección y profundidad se logra a partir de un equilibrio entre las tres logías: la terminología, la epistemología y la metodología. Partiendo de esta premisa, el artículo presenta una taxonomía para el análisis de proyectos de investigación, artículos y dictámenes científicos. Se concluye con propuestas de acción específicas dirigidas a todos los actores involucrados en la generación y difusión del conocimiento (autores, dictaminadores, organismos de financiación, instituciones que publican revistas y editores científicos), orientadas a mejorar la calidad del contenido de las publicaciones.

The article discusses some of the problems that currently affect the quality of content of journals and highlights the role of editors as those responsible for defining both the direction (what will be done) and depth (how far it will go) of research in a certain area. The optimal relationship between direction and depth is proposed to be achieved through a balance among the three logies: terminology, epistemology and methodology. Based on this premise, the article presents a taxonomy for the analysis of research projects, scientific papers and referee reports, and suggests specific actions aimed at improving the content quality of journals, targeted at all those involved in the generation and dissemination of knowledge (authors, reviewers, funding agencies, publishers, and, last but not least, scientific editors).

Dictámenes en revistas científicas: lo que necesitan los editores y autores, lo que hacen los evaluadores / Ditames em revistas científicas: o que os editores e autores precisam, o que os avaliadores fazem / Journal referee reports: what editors and authors need, what referees do

Con el objetivo de conocer si los pares evaluadores que participaron en la Revista Colombiana de Psicología, en los años 2010 y 2011, proporcionaron al editor los recursos para tomar una decisión fundamentada sobre la publicación de un artículo, así como herramientas al autor para mejorar su manuscrito, se realizó un análisis de contenido a 96 conceptos. Se encontró que los evaluadores se centraron más en aspectos relacionados con el mérito científico del artículo e hicieron comentarios precisos; sin embargo, solo la mitad de ellos realizaron comentarios constructivos. Se discute la relevancia de la responsabilidad de los pares evaluadores de mejorar la calidad de los artículos, además de decidir sobre su publicación.

In order to determine whether or not the peer reviewers who worked with the Revista Colombiana de Psicología in 2010 and 2011 provided the editor with the resources necessary to make an informed decision regarding publication decisions and the authors with the tools needed to improve their manuscripts, a content analysis of 96 concepts was conducted. Findings showed that referees concentrated more on aspects related to the scientific value of the article, and provided precise comments in most cases. However, only half of the reviewers provided constructive feedback. The article discusses the reviewers’ responsibility in improving the quality of the articles, in addition to deciding on their publication.

Com o objetivo de conhecer se os pares avaliadores que participaram na Revista Colombiana de Psicología, nos anos 2010 e 2011, proporcionaram ao editor os recursos para tomar uma decisão fundamentada sobre a publicação de um artigo, assim como ferramentas para o autor melhorar seu manuscrito, realizou-se uma análise de conteúdo a 96 conceitos. Encontrou-se que os avaliadores se centraram mais em aspectos relacionados com o mérito científico do artigo e fizeram comentários precisos; contudo, só a metade deles realizaram comentários construtivos. Discute-se a relevância da responsabilidade dos pares avaliadores de melhorar a qualidade dos artigos, além de decidir sobre sua publicação.

El efecto de una inversión conductual sobre la persistencia en humanos / Effect of behavioral investments on persistence in humans

El efecto de los costos hundidos se define como la tendencia a continuar en un curso de acción una vez se ha hecho una inversión. Se evaluó si este efecto ocurre con una inversión conductual y si las respuestas forzadas y libres afectan por igual la persistencia. Se expusieron 90 estudiantes, divididos en tres grupos, a tres condiciones con 0, 60 y 110 respuestas forzadas en programas RF 350. Se encontró que la persistencia aumentaba a medida que se hacían más respuestas en libertad. Se concluyó que el efecto de los costos hundidos también ocurre con una inversión conductual y que sólo tiene efecto si la persona elige cada inversión.

The sunk costs effect is defined as the tendency to persist in an endeavoronce an investment has been made. This project evaluated whether this effect occurs after making a behavioral investment and if forced and freeresponses have similar effects upon subsequent behavioral persistence. Subjects, 90 students, divided in three groups, were exposed to three conditions of 0, 60 and 110 forced responses in FR 350 schedules. Persistence increased as free responses increased, suggesting that the sunk cost effect is produced by a freely chosen behavioral investment. It was concluded that the sunk cost effect is produced by a behavioral investment and that happens only if each instance of investment is freely chosen.