Changes in the concentration and composition of urban aerosols during the COVID-19 lockdown.

This work investigates the impact of COVID-19 restrictive measures on the mass concentrations of PM1 and PM10, and their chemical components (water-soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, and major and trace metals) at an urban site in the western Mediterranean. The evolution of gaseous pollutants (NOx, O3 and some volatile organic compounds) was also analyzed. The concentrations measured during the lockdown in 2020 were compared to those obtained during the same period over the preceding five years. The average decrease in the levels of NOx and traffic-related volatile organic compounds was higher than 50 %, while O3 concentrations did not exhibit significant variations during the study period. Our results show that temporal variations in PM1 and PM10 concentrations were strongly affected by the frequency of Saharan dust events. When these episodes were excluded from the analysis period, a 35 % decrease in PM1 and PM10 levels was observed. Traffic restrictions during the lockdown led to important reductions in the concentrations of elemental carbon and metals derived from road dust (e.g. Ca and Fe) and break wear (e.g. Cu). Regarding secondary inorganic aerosols, nitrate showed the largest reductions as a consequence of the drop in local emissions of NOx.

Chemistry of dry and wet atmospheric deposition over the Balearic Islands, NW Mediterranean: Source apportionment and African dust areas.

Wet and dry aerosol deposition samples were collected from September 2010 to August 2012 at a remote background site in the Mallorca Isle (Western Mediterranean). Ions and major and trace elements were determined in soluble and insoluble fractions. Temporal variations of chemical components are discussed and interpreted. The overall pattern associated to long-range-transport air masses is studied: Dry/Wet deposition ratios, charges and composition depend clearly on the meteorological scenario. E.g. Dry/Wet ratio is 1:1 when air comes from North Africa, in contrast to a 1:9 ratio under the mainland Europe influence. Moreover, an innovating source apportionment study was conducted integrating both dry and wet deposition samples. Six sources were revealed, including marine aerosols (32%); two different mineral factors, African dust (15%) and regional dust (12%); two anthropogenic factors, one related to road traffic (8%) and another to regional sources (17%); and a mixed factor having biomass burning emissions and others sources (17%). Temporal variations and influence from long-range-transport air masses are also investigated. Fertilization deposition trends have also been explored, observing nutrients settling, as well as nitrate and sulphate, due to their agricultural interest. An important peak during January-February 2012 is studied in depth. Having in mind the strong impact of African dust on the global deposition budget, the analysis of elemental ratios between key dust components was investigated in order to identify major source areas affecting Western Mediterranean: Western Sahara, Algeria-Hoggar Massif and Tunisia-Libya. Differences among these regions are evident. E.g. the impact of industrial emissions is well-detected under outbreaks from Tunisia-Libya, with relatively high content of Ni and Pb.

Characterization of hydrocarbons in aerosols at a Mediterranean city with a high density of palm groves.

Samples of PM1 and PM10 were collected for 1 year at an urban background station in the city of Elche (southeastern Spain) and analyzed to determine the content of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A few samples were also gathered at a second sampling point established at one of the several palm tree gardens of the city in order to evaluate the influence of biogenic emissions on the urban levels of n-alkanes. Diagnostic parameters obtained for aliphatic hydrocarbons (carbon maximum number (C max), carbon preference index (CPI), and wax n-alkane content (%WNA)) revealed a higher contribution of biogenic n-alkanes in PM10 than in PM1. Moreover, the values of %WNA indicated that the levels of n-alkanes in Elche were more affected by emissions from terrestrial vegetation than in other urban areas, particularly in the palm tree grove location (%WNA = 29 for PM10). PAH diagnostic ratios pointed to traffic as the main anthropogenic source of hydrocarbons in Elche, with predominance of diesel versus gasoline vehicle emissions. The average levels of total PAHs (~1 ng m(-3)) were noticeably lower than the values registered at other urban areas in Europe, most likely because emissions from other sources are scarce. Both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons showed higher levels in the cold season due to the lower atmospheric dispersion conditions, the increase in traffic exhaust emissions, and the lower ambient temperatures that reduce the evaporation of semivolatile species.

Frecuencia, estado y efectividad de los tratamientos de conductos radiculares efectuados en clínicas de la facultad de odontología, Universidad de El Salvador, período 2011-2014 / Frequency, status and effectiveness of root canal treatments carried out in clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of El Salvador, period 2011-2014

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia, estado y efectividad de los Tratamientos de Conductos Radiculares (TCR) efectuados en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de El Salvador en el período 2011-2014. Metodología: La investigación incluyó una muestra de 466 dientes monorradiculares y multirradiculares con TCR, de pacientes atendidos en la Facultad de Odontología durante el período 2011-2014. Se realizó evaluación clínica y radiográfica, registrándose los datos de cada paciente en una guía de observación en donde se obtuvieron resultados de frecuencia, estado y efectividad de dientes con TCR, presencia o ausencia de dolor, movilidad, entre otros hallazgos. Los datos se vaciaron en el programa SPSS v.18. Resultados: Se encontraron 466 dientes presentes con TCR, 132 en el 2011, 147 en el 2012, 103 en el 2013 y 84 en el 2014. El 59.2% de los casos presentaron buen estado clínico y radiográfico, el 38.2% mal estado y 2.6% de dientes perdidos al momento de la evaluación y el 59.2% de los TCR fue efectivos. Conclusiones: En los cuatro años se obtuvo una frecuencia de tratamientos que oscila entre 84 a 147 dientes. Se determinó que el 59.2% estaban en buen estado y efectivos.

Objective: Determine the frequency, status and effectiveness of the root canal treatment (RCT) made in the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of El Salvador in the period 2011-2014. Methodology: The research included a sample of 466 single-rooted and multirooted teeth with RCT, of patients treated at the Dental School during the period 2011-2014. A clinical and radiographic research was made in each patient, the data were recorded in an observation guide in wich results of frequency, status and effectiveness of the teeth with RCT were obtained, teeth with or without pain, mobility, and other findings. The data was cleared in the SPSS v.18 program. Results: 466 teeth with RCT were found, 132 in 2011, 147 in 2012, 103 in 2013 and 84 in 2014. The 59.2% of the teeth with RCT was found in good clinical and radiographic status, 38.2% in poor condition and only 2.6% of the teeth were absent when they were evaluated. Only the effectiveness of 59.2% of the teeth with RCT was effective. Conclusions: In four years it was obtained a frequency of treatments ranging from 84 to 147 teeth. It was determined that only 59.2 % of the teeth with RCT were in good condition and effective.

Atrio-oesophageal fistula after transcatheter radiofrequency ablation.

A 68-year-old woman presented 3 weeks following unsuccessful transcatheter radiofrequency ablation (TcRFA) for treatment of her chronic atrial fibrillation. Neurological signs manifested on day 2 of admission with generalised tonic-clonic seizures and reduced Glasgow Coma Score. She was treated for presumed central nervous system (CNS) infection, intubated and transferred to the intensive care unit. CT of the head showed bilateral oedema secondary to acute embolic stroke. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus viridans, and lumbar puncture findings were consistent with CNS infection. Echocardiography showed only a septostomy puncture from the atrial fibrillation ablation procedure. Thoracic CT demonstrated air in the left atrium, consistent with the diagnosis of atrio-oesophageal fistula, a rarely reported iatrogenic complication of TcRFA. MRI of the head showed significant neurological injury with innumerable embolic infarcts. After discussion with her family regarding the significant neurological insult, and with no signs of any clinical improvement, the patient died on day 8 of admission.

Simulation evaluation using a modified Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the process of evaluating senior nursing students in the simulation laboratory using a modified Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR). BACKGROUND: The LCJR is a clinical evaluation tool used to measure outcomes in simulated learning settings. The LCJR was revised to provide numeric grading and clarity regarding expectations of clinical competency. METHOD: The study was conducted over two years with students enrolled in their final bachelor of science in nursing semester (Phase I, n = 86; Phase 2, n = 102) using high-fidelity simulation. RESULTS: The modified rubric measured student performance more holistically than a procedural checklist and provided objective criteria for evaluation. CONCLUSION: A well-constructed rubric provides a mechanism to evaluate student performance in simulation by focusing on clinical reasoning essential for patient safety and allowing numeric evaluation of performance.

Evaluación del plan de acogida de los alumnos de nuevo ingreso de la facultad de enfermería, fisioterapia y podología de la universidad de Sevilla. España / Evaluation plan welcome new students entering the college of nursing and physiotherapy podiatry university of Seville. Spain

Introducción: Dentro de la Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología de la Universidad de Sevilla hemos puesto en marcha, por primera vez, una Jornada que incluye el Plan de Acogida al alumnado de nuevo. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar el Plan de Acogida organizado por el Centro Universitario, con el fin de detectar las debilidades y fortalezas del mismo. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, trasversal, cuantitativo, observacional y comparativo. La muestra quedó constituida por 205 alumnos de nuevo ingreso de dicha Facultad. El instrumento utilizado es una encuesta de elaboración propia que tiene 22 ítems. Dichos ítems constan de una gradación (tipo likert) del 1 al 5. Para el análisis de datos se empleó el paquete estadístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versión 17.0 para Windows. Resultados: Obtuvimos una puntuación media de 4.22 con una desviación típica de 0.67 respecto a la comprensión de la información de la Facultad por parte de la muestra. La satisfacción general de las Jornadas de acogida, obtuvo una puntuación media de 4.39 con una desviación típica de 0.73. Discusión y Conclusiones: Se evidencia una mayor tendencia al ingreso desde la Formación Profesional en el Grado de Podología, un 9.04% y 5.32% que accede por Selectividad. Con los datos obtenidos, extraemos que el índice de satisfacción obtenido en nuestras jornadas, superan las realizadas en otras Universidades. La evaluación de la satisfacción por parte de los alumnos de nuevo ingreso en la Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología de la Universidad de Sevilla, ha resultado ser una experiencia muy positiva, por lo que sería recomendable llevar a cabo el Plan de Acogida en cursos venideros.

Introduction: Within the Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Sevilla have launched for the first time, a journey that includes plans for welcoming new students. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the Plan Reception hosted by the University Center, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of it. Materials and Methods: We conducted a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative, observational and comparative. The sample was constituted by 205 new students of the Faculty. The instrument used is a survey made on the premises who is 22 items. These items consist of a graded (Likert) of 1 to 5. For data analysis we used the statistical package Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 for Windows. Results: We obtained an average score of 4.22 with a standard deviation of 0.67 compared to the understanding of the information in the Faculty by the sample. Overall satisfaction of the conference host, got an average score of 4.39 with a standard deviation of 0.73. Discussion and Conclusions: The trend shows increasing revenue from vocational training in the degree of Podiatry, 9.04% versus 5.32% for accessing selectivity. With the data obtained, we extract the index of satisfaction obtained in our days, than those in other universities. Assessing the satisfaction of the new students at the School of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Seville, has proved a very positive experience, it would be advisable to conduct the courses Reception Plan come.

Manifestaciones vasculares de la enfermedad de Behçet. Reporte de dos casos / Vascular manifestations of Behçet's disease. Report of two cases

Estudiamos dos pacientes que presentan el síndrome caracterizado por inflamación de vasos sanguíneos (vasculitis), compromiso neurológico y lesión ocular en uno de ellos.Esta enfermedad es de origen desconocido, crónica y no contagiosa.Las manifestaciones clínicas de estapatología pueden confundirse con otrasenfermedades también sistémicas, porello se deben precisar los signos y síntomas que se presentan con frecuencia,porque el diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico y a largo plazo.Preocupan estas complicaciones yaque producen gran discapacidad y porlo tanto se les debe identificar precozmente

We study two patients who presentthe syndrome characterized by inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis),neurological commitment and ocularinjury in one of them.This disease is of unknown origin,chronic and not contagious. The clinicalmanifestations of this pathology can get confused with other diseases also systemic, so the signs and symptoms that they present currently must be specified,because the diagnosis is fundamentally clinical and long-term.These complications worry sincethey produce great disability and there fore it is necessary to identify them prematurely.

Malformación de Dandy-Walker en el adulto / Dandy-Walker malformation in on adult

Esta patologia es una rara malformación cerebral congénita de fosa posterior. Los pacientes que la padecen, presentan retraso en el desarollo, agrandamiento de circunferencia de cabeza con síntomas y signos de hidrocefalia. La triada característica es: ausencia o hipoplasia del vermis de cerewbelo, agrandamiento de fosa posterior con elevación de senos transversos y dilatación del cuarto ventrículo. La hidrocefalia está considerada como complicación de esta compleja malformación. Casi siempre se observa en el período perinatal o en la infancia temprana. Reportamos el caso de presentación infrecuente en paciente de 51 años, y hacemos aproximación de características clínicas, evaluaciones y hallazgos patológicos de proceso