Prevalence and factors associated with depression in healthcare personnel during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the Department of Piura, Peru.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the magnitude of mental illnesses such as depression, not only in the general population, but also in healthcare personnel. However, in Peru the prevalence, and the associated factors for developing depression in healthcare personnel, are not known. The objective was to determine the prevalence and identify the factors associated with depression in healthcare personnel, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out from May to September in healthcare establishments. A sample of 136 health workers were included and a survey was applied to collect the data. Depression as a dependent variable was measured using the Zung self-report scale. To identify the associated factors, the bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression with STATA v 14. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression was 8.8% (95%CI, 4.64-14.90). Having a family member or friend who had died from COVID-19 was associated with depression (OR = 6.78; 95%CI, 1.39-32.90; p = 0.017). Whereas the use of personal protective equipment was found to be a protective factor against developing depression (OR = 0.03; 95%CI, 0.004-0.32; p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 10 healthcare professionals and technicians developed depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in this study. In addition, having relatives or friends who had died from COVID-19 was negatively associated with depression and use of personal protective equipment was identified as a protective factor.

Prevalencia de Giardia lamblia por ecorregiones en preescolares y escolares peruanos: Propuesta de estratificación de riesgo

Introducción. La giardiasis es ocasionada por el protozoario intestinal Giardia lamblia, su transmisión tiene variabilidad geográfica y a pesar de ser muy frecuente, no existe una herramienta de estratificación de riesgo para priorizar las intervenciones. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de G. lamblia en preescolares y escolares peruanos por ecorregiones entre 1990 a 2018. Métodos. A partir de un metaanálisis previo, se realizó un subanálisis por ecorregiones de la prevalencia de G. lamblia en 26 estudios en preescolares y escolares peruanos entre 1990 a 2018. Se extrajeron los datos por distrito y utilizando Google Earth fueron clasificados en ecorregiones. La heterogeneidad fue analizada mediante la prueba de Q de Cochrane y el sesgo de publicación mediante el método de Egger con StatsDirect versión 3.2.7. Se utilizó el método de riesgo absoluto para estratificar la prevalencia a nivel de distrito y se definió 4 estratos en base a los percentiles o arbitrariamente. Resultados. Se identificaron 43 datos de prevalencia a nivel de distrito que incluyeron 7606 participantes. Las prevalencias combinadas más altas por el método de efectos aleatorios de G. lamblia fueron de 47,0% intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%: 40,0 -54,0) en el desierto del Pacífico; 27,9% (IC95%: 22,8 - 33,2) en selva baja y 26,9% (IC95%: 22,5 -31,5) en la Puna. Conclusiones. De cada 100 preescolares y escolares que viven en las ecorregiones del desierto del Pacífico, selva baja y Puna, 47, 28 y 27 menores de edad, respectivamente, están infectados con G. lamblia. Asimismo, se propone 4 estratos de riesgo en función de la prevalencia: esporádico (0 a <1%), hipoendémico (1 a <25%), mesoendémico (≥ 25 a <50%) e hiperendémico (≥50%).

Introduction. Giardiasis is caused by an intestinal protozoan, Giardia lamblia. Despite its high prevalence and geographical transmission variability, there is no risk stratification tool available to prioritize interventions. Objective. To estimate the prevalence of G. lamblia in Peruvian preschoolers and schoolchildren by ecoregion from 1990 to 2018. Methods. Based on a previous meta-analysis, we conducted a G. lamblia prevalence sub-analysis by ecoregions from data of 26 studies in Peruvian preschoolers and school-aged children between 1990 and 2018. The data was extracted by district, a classification by ecoregions was made through Google Earth. Heterogeneity was analyzed using Cochrane Q test and publication bias applying the Egger method with StatsDirect version 3.2.7. The absolute risk method was performed to stratify the prevalence at district level, and 4 strata were defined based on percentiles or arbitrarily. Results. Forty-three district-level prevalence data was estimated, including 7,606 participants. The highest pooled prevalences by the random effects method of G. lamblia were 47.0% (95% CI: 40.0-54.0) in the Pacific desert, 27.9% (95% CI: 22.8-33.2) in the lowland forest and 26.9% (95% CI 22.5-31.5) in the Puna. Conclusions. Of every 100 preschoolers and school-aged children living in the Pacific desert, lowland forest, and in the Puna ecoregions, 47, 28, and 27 minors are infected with G. lamblia, respectively. Likewise, 4 risk strata are proposed based on prevalence: sporadic (0 to <1%), hypoendemic (1 to <25%), mesoendemic (≥25 to <50%) and hyperendemic (≥50%).

Associated factors of the co-occurrence of trachoma and soil-transmitted helminthiases in children 1 to 9 years old in rural communities of the Amazon basin in Loreto Department, Peru: Results from a population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of the occurrence of trachoma in Peru, and studies have shown that soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) are affecting rural communities in the Amazon basin in Loreto Department. This study was done to estimate trachoma prevalence, STH prevalence, and the associated factors for both diseases in children aged 1-9 years in rural communities of Peru. METHODOLOGY: A population-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in rural communities of Loreto. A standardized survey questionnaire with individual and household risk factors related to both diseases was used. Ocular examination was done for all participants aged one year and above, and eye swab samples were collected from children with follicular trachoma (TF). Anthropometric measurements, stool samples for STH, and blood samples for hemoglobin measurement were taken from children. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: TF prevalence was 7.74% (95% CI 5.08-11.63%), STH prevalence was 49.49% (95% CI 25.00-52.43%), and prevalence of co-occurrence of both diseases was 5.06% (95% CI 2.80-8.98%) in children aged 1-9 years. Being at age 3-8 years old (AOR = 6.76; 95% CI 1.346-33.947), have an unclean face (AOR = 24.64; 95% CI 6.787-89.444), and having been dewormed in the last six months (AOR = 2.47; 95% CI 1.106-5.514), were risk factors of TF. Being a female (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.103-0.457) was associated with decreased odds of TF. Having been dewormed in the last six months (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI 0.139-0.628) was a preventative factor for STH. Risk factors for children with both diseases mirrored the findings for risk factors for individual diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Neglected tropical diseases and associated risk factors overlap in communities living in vulnerable conditions in the Amazon basin of Peru. These findings support the need to implement integrated interventions, including mass drug administration, water, sanitation, and hygiene for both diseases in the study area.

Implementation of ANN-Based Auto-Adjustable for a Pneumatic Servo System Embedded on FPGA.

Artificial intelligence techniques for pneumatic robot manipulators have become of deep interest in industrial applications, such as non-high voltage environments, clean operations, and high power-to-weight ratio tasks. The principal advantages of this type of actuator are the implementation of clean energies, low cost, and easy maintenance. The disadvantages of working with pneumatic actuators are that they have non-linear characteristics. This paper proposes an intelligent controller embedded in a programmable logic device to minimize the non-linearities of the air behavior into a 3-degrees-of-freedom robot with pneumatic actuators. In this case, the device is suitable due to several electric valves, direct current motors signals, automatic controllers, and several neural networks. For every degree of freedom, three neurons adjust the gains for each controller. The learning process is constantly tuning the gain value to reach the minimum of the mean square error. Results plot a more appropriate behavior for a transitive time when the neurons work with the automatic controllers with a minimum mean error of ±1.2 mm.

[Prevalence and factors associated with depression in health personnel during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the department of Piura, Peru]. / Prevalencia y factores asociados a depression Prevalencia y factores asociados a depresión en personal de salud durante la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 en el departamento de Piura, Perú.

INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the magnitude of mental illnesses such as depression, not only in the general population, but also in health personnel. However, in Peru the prevalence is not known and the associated factors for developing depression in health personnel are not known. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and identify the factors associated with depression in health personnel, in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out between the months of May-September in health establishments. A sample of 136 health workers were included and a survey was applied to collect the data. Depression as a dependent variable was measured using the Zung self-report scale. To identify the associated factors, the bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression with STATA v 14. RESULTS: The prevalence of depression was 8.8% CI 95% (4.64-14.90), likewise, the antecedent of having a family member or friend died from COVID-19 with a p value of 0.017 and OR of 6.78 (CI: 1.39-32.90). On the other hand, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) was found to be a protective factor against the development of depression with p value 0.003 and OR of 0.03 (CI: 0.004-0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 1 in 10 among health professionals and technicians developed depression during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in this study. In addition, the history of having relatives or friends killed by COVID-19 was negatively associated with depression and the use of PPE was identified as a protective factor for depression.

Comparison between Different Channel Coding Techniques for IEEE 802.11be within Factory Automation Scenarios.

This paper presents improvements in the physical layer reliability of the IEEE 802.11be standard. Most wireless system proposals do not fulfill the stringent requirements of Factory Automation use cases. The harsh propagation features of industrial environments usually require time retransmission techniques to guarantee link reliability. At the same time, retransmissions compromise latency. IEEE 802.11be, the upcoming WLAN standard, is being considered for Factory Automation (FA) communications. 802.11be addresses specifically latency and reliability difficulties, typical in the previous 802.11 standards. This paper evaluates different channel coding techniques potentially applicable in IEEE 802.11be. The methods suggested here are the following: WLAN LDPC, WLAN Convolutional Codes (CC), New Radio (NR) Polar, and Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based Turbo Codes. The tests consider an IEEE 802.11be prototype under the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and industrial channel models. The results suggest that the best performing codes in factory automation cases are the WLAN LDPCs and New Radio Polar Codes.

Factors associated with pre-surgical complications in patients with cystic echinococcosis from endemic areas of Peru. / Factores asociados a complicaciones prequirúrgicas en pacientes con equinococosis quística de áreas endémicas del Perú.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors to pre-surgical complications in patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE) in endemic areas of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study of cases (n=43) and controls (n=127) not paired was designed, with a case-control ratio of 1:3 based on a secondary source. The case was defined as the patient with CE who presented with pre-surgical complications related or not with the disease and the control without pre-surgical complication. The response variable was preoperative complication and the exposition ones were age, gender, degree of instruction, occupation, number, size (diameter in centimeters) and location of the cyst. To identify the risk factors, a bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain the crude odds ratios (cOR) and then the variables with significant association were adjusted by a multivariate logistic regression analysis using the Stata® version 14 software, obtaining theadjusted odds ratios (aOR). RESULTS: Fifty eight point eight percent (24/43) of the cases were women and the median age was 35 years and 59.1% (75/127) of the controls correspond to the female gender and the median age was 27 years. The multivariate logistic regression analysis found that being over 56 years old has an aOR 2.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.007-8.433) and having ≥3 cysts has an aOR 4.26 (95% CI: 1.62-11.22) for present pre-surgical complications in patients with CE. CONCLUSION: It was identified that being over 56 years old and having ≥3 cysts are risk factors for presenting pre-surgical complications in CE.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados a complicaciones prequirúrgicas en pacientes con equinococosis quística (EC) en áreas endémicas del Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un estudio de casos (n = 43) y controles (n = 127), sin emparejamiento, de fuente secundaria con una relación de caso-control de 1:3. Se definió como «caso¼ al paciente con EC que presentó complicaciones prequirúrgicas relacionadas o no con la enfermedad y el control sin complicación prequirúrgica. La variable respuesta fue complicación prequirúrgica y las de exposición fueron edad, género, grado de instrucción, ocupación, número de quistes, tamaño (diámetro en centímetros) y localización del quiste. Para identificar los factores de riesgo, primero se calcularon los odds ratio crudos (ORc) mediante regresión logística; luego las variables que mostraron asociación significativa se ajustaron mediante análisis multivariado de regresión logística utilizando Stata® versión 14, y se obtuvieron los odds ratio ajustados (ORa). RESULTADOS: El 55,8% (24/43) de los casos fueron mujeres y la mediana de edad fue 35 años. Entre los controles, el 59,1% (75/127) fueron mujeres y la mediana de edad fue 27 años. En el análisis de regresión logística multivariado, se encontró que tener más de 56 años tiene un ORa de 2,91 (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 1,01-8,43) y tener ≥3 quistes tiene un ORa de 4,26 (IC 95%: 1,62-11,22) para presentar complicaciones prequirúrgicas en pacientes con EQ. CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores asociados para presentar complicaciones prequirúrgicas en EQ fueron el tener más de 56 años y el tener ≥3 quistes.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cases of acute Chagas disease in the Peruvian Amazon basin, 2009-2016. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de casos de enfermedad de Chagas aguda en la cuenca amazónica peruana, 2009-2016.

Acute Chagas disease (ACD) cases are reported sporadically in Peru. In this report we describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of eight new ACD cases detected by the surveillance system in the Amazon basin, between 2009 and 2016. The average age was 12,7 ±13.7 years, range between 1 to 44 years and 4/8 cases were men. One case was associated with acute diarrheal disease, another with Leptospirosis, and two with urinary tract infection. The global case fatality-rate was 12.5% ​​(1/8). Late detection is a frequent characteristic related with low diagnostic suspicion in patients with a history of fever. The TcI and TcIV lineage was identified as the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Eight new cases of ACDs are reported, of which seven were children.

Los casos de la enfermedad de Chagas aguda (ECA) se reportan en forma esporádica en el Perú. En este artículo se describe las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de ocho nuevos casos de ECA detectados por el sistema de vigilancia en la cuenca amazónica, entre 2009 y 2016. La media de la edad fue 12,7 ± 13,7 años, rango de 1 a 44 años y 4/8 casos fueron varones. Un caso se asoció a enfermedad diarreica aguda, otro a leptospirosis y dos a infección del tracto urinario. La tasa de letalidad global fue 12,5% (1/8). La detección tardía es una característica frecuente relacionada a una escasa sospecha diagnóstica en pacientes con historial de fiebre. Se identificó el linaje TcI y TcIV del agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Se reporta ocho nuevos casos de ECA, de los cuales siete fueron menores de edad.

Factores asociados a complicaciones prequirúrgicas en pacientes con equinococosis quística de áreas endémicas del Perú / Factors associated with pre-surgical complications in patients with cystic echinococcosis from endemic areas of Peru

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a complicaciones prequirúrgicas en pacientes con equinococosis quística (EC) en áreas endémicas del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio de casos (n=43) y controles (n=127), sin emparejamiento, de fuente secundaria con una relación de caso-control de 1:3. Se definió como «caso¼ al paciente con EC que presentó complicaciones prequirúrgicas relacionadas o no con la enfermedad y el control sin complicación prequirúrgica. La variable respuesta fue complicación prequirúrgica y las de exposición fueron edad, género, grado de instrucción, ocupación, número de quistes, tamaño (diámetro en centímetros) y localización del quiste. Para identificar los factores de riesgo, primero se calcularon los odds ratio crudos (ORc) mediante regresión logística; luego las variables que mostraron asociación significativa se ajustaron mediante análisis multivariado de regresión logística utilizando Stata® versión 14, y se obtuvieron los odds ratio ajustados (ORa). Resultados: El 55,8% (24/43) de los casos fueron mujeres y la mediana de edad fue 35 años. Entre los controles, el 59,1% (75/127) fueron mujeres y la mediana de edad fue 27 años. En el análisis de regresión logística multivariado, se encontró que tener más de 56 años tiene un ORa de 2,91 (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 1,01-8,43) y tener ≥3 quistes tiene un ORa de 4,26 (IC 95%: 1,62-11,22) para presentar complicaciones prequirúrgicas en pacientes con EQ. Conclusión: Los factores asociados para presentar complicaciones prequirúrgicas en EQ fueron el tener más de 56 años y el tener ≥3 quistes.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify risk factors to pre-surgical complications in patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE) in endemic areas of Peru. Materials and methods: Study of cases (n=43) and controls (n=127) not paired was designed, with a case-control ratio of 1:3 based on a secondary source. The case was defined as the patient with CE who presented with pre-surgical complications related or not with the disease and the control without pre-surgical complication. The response variable was preoperative complication and the exposition ones were age, gender, degree of instruction, occupation, number, size (diameter in centimeters) and location of the cyst. To identify the risk factors, a bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain the crude odds ratios (cOR) and then the variables with significant association were adjusted by a multivariate logistic regression analysis using the Stata® version 14 software, obtaining the adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Results: Fifty eight point eight percent (24/43) of the cases were women and the median age was 35 years and 59.1% (75/127) of the controls correspond to the female gender and the median age was 27 years. The multivariate logistic regression analysis found that being over 56 years old has an aOR 2.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.007-8.433) and having ≥3 cysts has an aOR 4.26 (95% CI: 1.62-11.22) for present pre-surgical complications in patients with CE. Conclusion: It was identified that being over 56 years old and having ≥3 cysts are risk factors for presenting pre-surgical complications in CE.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de casos de enfermedad de Chagas aguda en la cuenca amazónica peruana, 2009-2016 / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cases of acute Chagas disease in the Peruvian Amazon basin, 2009-2016

RESUMEN Los casos de la enfermedad de Chagas aguda (ECA) se reportan en forma esporádica en el Perú. En este artículo se describe las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de ocho nuevos casos de ECA detectados por el sistema de vigilancia en la cuenca amazónica, entre 2009 y 2016. La media de la edad fue 12,7 ± 13,7 años, rango de 1 a 44 años y 4/8 casos fueron varones. Un caso se asoció a enfermedad diarreica aguda, otro a leptospirosis y dos a infección del tracto urinario. La tasa de letalidad global fue 12,5% (1/8). La detección tardía es una característica frecuente relacionada a una escasa sospecha diagnóstica en pacientes con historial de fiebre. Se identificó el linaje TcI y TcIV del agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Se reporta ocho nuevos casos de ECA, de los cuales siete fueron menores de edad.

ABSTRACT Acute Chagas disease (ACD) cases are reported sporadically in Peru. In this report we describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of eight new ACD cases detected by the surveillance system in the Amazon basin, between 2009 and 2016. The average age was 12,7 ±13.7 years, range between 1 to 44 years and 4/8 cases were men. One case was associated with acute diarrheal disease, another with Leptospirosis, and two with urinary tract infection. The global case fatality-rate was 12.5% ​​(1/8). Late detection is a frequent characteristic related with low diagnostic suspicion in patients with a history of fever. The TcI and TcIV lineage was identified as the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Eight new cases of ACDs are reported, of which seven were children.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de casos de enfermedad de Chagas aguda en la cuenca amazónica peruana, 2009-2016 / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cases of acute Chagas disease in the Peruvian Amazon basin, 2009-2016

RESUMEN Los casos de la enfermedad de Chagas aguda (ECA) se reportan en forma esporádica en el Perú. En este artículo se describe las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de ocho nuevos casos de ECA detectados por el sistema de vigilancia en la cuenca amazónica, entre 2009 y 2016. La media de la edad fue 12,7 ± 13,7 años, rango de 1 a 44 años y 4/8 casos fueron varones. Un caso se asoció a enfermedad diarreica aguda, otro a leptospirosis y dos a infección del tracto urinario. La tasa de letalidad global fue 12,5% (1/8). La detección tardía es una característica frecuente relacionada a una escasa sospecha diagnóstica en pacientes con historial de fiebre. Se identificó el linaje TcI y TcIV del agente etiológico de la enfermedad de Chagas. Se reporta ocho nuevos casos de ECA, de los cuales siete fueron menores de edad.

ABSTRACT Acute Chagas disease (ACD) cases are reported sporadically in Peru. In this report we describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of eight new ACD cases detected by the surveillance system in the Amazon basin, between 2009 and 2016. The average age was 12,7 ±13.7 years, range between 1 to 44 years and 4/8 cases were men. One case was associated with acute diarrheal disease, another with Leptospirosis, and two with urinary tract infection. The global case fatality-rate was 12.5% ​​(1/8). Late detection is a frequent characteristic related with low diagnostic suspicion in patients with a history of fever. The TcI and TcIV lineage was identified as the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Eight new cases of ACDs are reported, of which seven were children.

[Factors behind people's reluctance towards dengue vector control actions in three districts in northern Peru]. / Factores detrás de la renuencia al control vectorial del dengue en tres distritos del norte del Perú.

OBJECTIVES: To identify factors behind a community's reluctance to dengue vector control efforts in three districts of the Piura region in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fieldwork was conducted in May 2015 in the districts of Mori, Rinconada, Llicuar, and Sullana on the northern coast of Peru. Qualitative research methods were employed to understand varying perspectives of individuals involved in the dengue issue. Techniques such as interviewing and observation were used. Interviews included open-ended, in-depth questions. Individual interviews, focus groups, and home visits of community members were performed. RESULTS: Reluctance was based on four arguments: 1. Fumigation is ineffective; 2. Personnel intervening are untrustworthy; 3. The timing of activities is unsuitable; and 4. The larvicide used affected water quality and taste. There was clear heterogeneity in reluctant groups: community members with high economic status, residents in high-risk or "red zone" areas, families with someone working as a healthcare professional, and houses with an ill or disabled member. CONCLUSIONS: The arguments behind reluctance as well as the composition of groups reluctant to vector control during dengue outbreaks in the districts examined were heterogeneous. Control strategies must take this heterogeneity into account.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue en estudiantes de educación primaria en Chorrillos, Lima, Perú / Knowledge, attitudes and practices about dengue fever in elementary school students in Chorrillos, Lima, Peru

Objetivos. Evaluar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue, medidas de prevención y control, e identificar los factoresasociados a su desconocimiento, en alumnos de una institución educativa estatal. Diseño. Estudio observacional transversal. Lugar. Institución educativa estatal en Chorrillos, Lima, Perú. Participantes. Alumnos de educación primaria. Métodos. En el año 2013, seencuestaron 142 alumnos del quinto y sexto grado de educación primaria y se exploró la percepción en 12 brigadieres en base a latécnica proyectiva. Principales medidas de resultados. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre dengue. Resultados. El 53,5 % (76)era varón y el promedio de edad fue 11,2 con ± 1,05 años. El 33,1 % (47; IC95% 25,4 a 41,4) de los estudiantes tenía un conocimientobásico de dengue y 53,5% (76) identificaron la forma de transmisión vectorial del dengue. El 29,6 % (42; IC95% 22,2 a 37,8) de losescolares reconocieron las larvas y 54,2% (77) la forma adulta del vector. El 5,6% (8) y 2,1% (3) de los encuestados identificaronel larvicida y el cambio de arena húmeda de los floreros como medidas de prevención de la infestación domiciliaria. El 75,4% (75;IC95% 67,4 a 82,2) de los niños aceptarían participar en la búsqueda del vector, con diferencias significativas entre los niños y lasniñas (p=0,049238). El no haber recibido información previa se asoció a no tener conocimiento básico de dengue (OR=3,7; IC95%1,7 a 8,3; p= 0,0004676). Conclusiones. Los conocimientos de los estudiantes sobre los signos y síntomas y la forma de transmisióndel dengue, las características del vector y las medidas de prevención del dengue fueron bajos y el no recibir información se asocióal desconocimiento del dengue.

Objectives. To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices on dengue fever, measures for prevention and control, and to identifyfactors related to unawareness in public elementary school students in the district of Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. Design. Cross sectionalobservational study. Setting. State elementary institution in Chorrillos district, Lima, Peru. Participants. Students of elementary school.Methods. In the year 2013, 142 students from fifth and sixth grade answered a survey questionnaire. We explored the perceptionamong 12 school brigadiers using the projective technique. Main outcome measures. Knowledge, attitudes and practices aboutdengue. Results. In the study, 53.5% students were boys (76), mean age 11.2 ± 1.05 years old; 33.1% (47; CI95% 25.4-41.4) had basicknowledge about dengue; 53.5% (76) were able to identify dengue virus’ mechanism of vertical transmission; 29.6% of students (42;CI95% 22.2-37.8) were able to identify the larvae and 54.2% (77) identified the adult flying mosquito. Only 5.6% (8) and 2.1% (3) knewrespectively of larvicides and using wet sand in flower vases as measures of control at home; 75.4% of the boys (75; CI95% 67.4-82.2)were willing to participate in active control of the mosquito vector, with statistical difference between boys and girls (p = 0.049238). Nothaving previous information led to not having basic knowledge about dengue (OR = 3.7; CI95% 1.7–8.3) (p = 0.0004676) Conclusion. The knowledge among students about clinical features, mode of transmission, vector and measures of prevention and control of thedengue virus were low because they had not received appropriate information.

Factores de riesgo para el abandono del tratamiento de tuberculosis pulmonar sensible en un establecimiento de salud de atención primaria, Lima, Perú / Risk factors for drug-sensitive tuberculosis therapy failure in a primary care health center in Lima, Peru

Identificar los factores asociados al abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso en un centro de salud de atención primaria del distrito de Chorrillos, Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles retrospectivo no pareado. Se definió como caso a los pacientes que abandonaron el tratamiento por un periodo de 30 días consecutivos o más y como controles a los pacientes que terminaron el tratamiento antituberculoso. Se evaluó el puntaje de riesgo de abandono que se realiza en el centro de salud (>22), así como variables demográficas. Se calculó el odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) usando regresión logística. Resultados: Se incluyó 34 controles y 102 casos. En el análisis multivariado se encontró que quienes cursaron menos de seis años de educación (OR: 22,2; IC95%: 1,9-256,1) así como quienes tenían un puntaje > a 22 puntos en la prueba de riesgo de abandono (OR= 21,4; IC95%: 6,3-72,4) tenían mayor probabilidad de abandonar el tratamiento antituberculoso. Conclusión: El abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso está asociado con tener menos de seis años de educación y un score mayor a 22 puntos en la prueba de abandono de tratamiento antituberculoso...

Objective: To identify associated factors with failure of antituberculous therapy in a primary health center in Chorrillos, Lima, Peru. Material and methods: Retrospective case control study with a 1:3 case-control ratio. A case was defined as a patient who discontinued the treatment for a period of 30 consecutive days or more, and a control as a patient successfully completing antituberculous therapy. The score for risk of failure measured in the health center (>22) and demographic variables were assessed. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression. Results: Thirty-four cases and 102 controls were included. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated to a greater likelihood for a failure in antituberculous therapy were to have less than six years of education (OR: 22,2; 95% IC: 1,9-256,1) and to obtain a score greater or equal than 22 points in the test for risk of failure (OR= 21,4; 95% IC: 6,3-72,4). Conclusions: Failure of antituberculous therapy was associated with having less than six years of educationand a score greater than or equal to 22 points in the test for risk of failure...

Factores detrás de la renuencia al control vectorial del dengue en tres distritos del norte del Perú / Factors behind people's reluctance towards dengue vector control actions in three districts in northern Peru

Identificar los factores detrás de la renuencia de la población a las acciones que conforman el control vectorial del dengue en tres distritos de la región Piura en el Perú. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en mayo de 2015 en los distritos de Cura Mori, Rinconada Llicuar y Sullana en la costa norte del Perú. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa con la finalidad de lograr el entendimiento e inclusión de la perspectiva de los actores involucrados en la problemática del dengue. Para ello, se empleó como técnicas la entrevista y la observación. Las entrevistas fueron abiertas en profundidad y se aplicaron de forma individual y grupal al equipo técnico responsable del control espacial y focal, así como a la población mediante visitas domiciliarias. Resultados. La renuencia estuvo basada en cuatro argumentos identificados: que la fumigación no es efectiva, la desconfianza frente al personal que realiza las intervenciones, que el horario de las actividades es inadecuado y que el larvicida empleado afectaba la calidad y sabor del agua. Se identificaron grupos renuentes heterogéneos constituidos por población de buena condición económica, residentes en áreas de alta peligrosidad o ôzonas rojasõ, familias compuestas por algún personal de salud y viviendas con algún miembro enfermo o con discapacidad. Conclusiones. Los argumentos para la renuencia así como los grupos renuentes al control vectorial durante la epidemia de dengue en los distritos explorados son heterogéneos, por lo que las estrategias para su recuperación deben considerar estos aspectos...

To identify factors behind a communityÆs reluctance to dengue vector control efforts in three districts of the Piura region in Peru. Materials and methods. Fieldwork was conducted in May 2015 in the districts of Mori, Rinconada, Llicuar, and Sullana on the northern coast of Peru. Qualitative research methods were employed to understand varying perspectives of individuals involved in the dengue issue. Techniques such as interviewing and observation were used. Interviews included open-ended, in-depth questions. Individual interviews, focus groups, and home visits of community members were performed. Results. Reluctance was based on four arguments: 1. Fumigation is ineffective; 2. Personnel intervening are untrustworthy; 3. The timing of activities is unsuitable; and 4. The larvicide used affected water quality and taste. There was clear heterogeneity in reluctant groups: community members with high economic status, residents in high-risk or ôred zoneõ areas, families with someone working as a healthcare professional, and houses with an ill or disabled member. Conclusions. The arguments behind reluctance as well as the composition of groups reluctant to vector control during dengue outbreaks in the districts examined were heterogeneous. Control strategies must take this heterogeneity into account...