Low-dose radiotherapy for greater trochanteric pain syndrome-a single-centre analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine predictive factors associated with a good response (GR) to and efficacy of low-dose radiotherapy (LDRT) in patients with greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS). METHODS: Patients with GTPS were irradiated on a linear accelerator with 0.5-1.0 Gy per fraction to a total dose of 3.0-4.0 Gy per series. The endpoint was subjective good response (GR) to treatment 2 months after completion of the last LDRT series, defined as complete pain relief or marked improvement assessed using the von Pannewitz score. A positive response to steroid injection (SI) was defined as pain relief of at least 7 days. Patient and treatment-related characteristics were evaluated with respect to LDRT outcomes. RESULTS: Outcomes were assessed for 71 peritrochanteric spaces (PTSs; 65 patients, 48 females, with mean age of 63 [44-91] years). Prior SI had been given to 55 (77%) PTSs and 40 PTSs received two series of LDRT. Two months after completion of LDRT, GR was reported in 42 PTSs (59%). Two series of LDRT provided a significantly higher rate of GR than one series (72.5 vs. 42% PTSs, p = 0.015). Temporary pain relief after prior SI predicted GR to LDRT compared with PTSs which had not responded to SI (73 vs. 28% PTSs, p = 0.001). A regional structural abnormality, present in 34 PTSs (48%), was associated with a reduction of GR to LDRT (44 vs. 73% PTSs, p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: LDRT is an effective treatment for GTPS. Administration of two LDRT series, prior response to SI, and absence of structural abnormalities may predict significantly better treatment outcomes.

[Septic arthritis]. / Die septische Arthritis.

Septic arthritis Abstract. A painful, red, and swollen joint may have different causes. Septic arthritis is one of the most serious conditions and should be diagnosed and treated right away. In the native joint, an infection can damage the cartilage within the first 24 hours with impacts on joint function including lingering joint problems leading to possible future joint destruction. An interdisciplinary approach is essential for achieving optimal results. Most infections are caused by bacteria from the patient's own microbiome. In general, the incidence of native joint infections is growing, whether it is due to more appropriate diagnostics, or an actual increase cannot be determined at this point. In case of an acute infection, the patients usually describe a relatively short and acute period of pain, redness, and swelling of the affected joint. For diagnostic purposes the common blood serum laboratory work-up serves as a basis, complemented by puncture of the affected joint. Cell count and cell differentiation in the synovial liquid, microbiological and histopathological workup serve as gold standard in detecting septic arthritis. Septic arthritis lacks a distinctive presentation and other inflammatory conditions, like CPPD and gout must be considered. Prior to antibiotic therapy, joint lavage is the most important method to reduce bacterial load, leading to an improved outcome. Prognosis is determined by a swift diagnosis and initiation of therapy. The patient's comorbidities are significant, especially immunocompromising factors such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes or immunomodulating therapy. In case of a second focus of infection, chronic kidney disease or older age, patients are at greater risk for an inferior outcome.

The impact of specific fracture characteristics of low-energy fractures of the pelvis on mortality.

BACKGROUND: Pelvic fractures in older patients are associated with relevant morbidity and mortality. Both might be determined by fracture morphology and/or patient characteristics. The aim of this project is to investigate the prognostic value of specific fracture characteristics with respect to overall survival and to compare it with an established classification system. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients ≥ 60 years, treated conservatively for a CT-scan verified, low-energy pelvic ring fracture between August 2006 and December 2018. Survival data was available from patients' charts and cantonal or national registries. The prognostic value of fracture characteristic describing the anterior and posterior involvement of the pelvic ring was investigated. This analysis was repeated after patients were stratified into a high-risk vs a low-risk group according to patient characteristic (age, gender, comorbidities, mobility, living situation). This allowed to assess the impact of the different fracture morphologies on mortality in fit vs. frail senior patients separately. RESULTS: Overall, 428 patients (83.4% female) with a mean age of 83.7 years were included. Two thirds of patients were still living in their home and mobile without walking aid at baseline. In-hospital mortality was 0.7%, overall, one-year mortality 16.9%. An independent and significant association of age, gender and comorbidities to overall survival was found. Further, the occurrence of a horizontal sacral fracture as well as a ventral comminution or dislocation was associated with an increased mortality. The effect of a horizontal sacral fracture was more accentuated in low-risk patients while the ventral fracture components showed a larger effect on survival in high-risk patients. CONCLUSION: Specific fracture characteristics may indicate a higher risk of mortality in conservatively treated patients with a low-energy pelvic ring fracture. Hence, they should be taken into account in future treatment algorithms and decisions on patient management.

Focusing on individual morphological fracture characteristics of pelvic ring fractures in elderly patients can support clinical decision making.

INTRODUCTION: Pelvic ring fractures in the elderly are often caused by minor trauma. Treatment of these patients is currently based on fracture classification, clinical course, and ability to mobilize. Our aim was to identify morphological fracture characteristics with potential prognostic relevance and evaluate their association with clinical decision making and outcome, as well as their interobserver reliability. METHODS: Five fracture characteristics were investigated as potential variables: 1. Extent of the dorsal pelvic ring fracture (absent, unilateral, bilateral); 2. Extent of the ventral pelvic ring fracture (absent, unilateral, bilateral); 3. Presence of a horizontal sacral fracture; 4. Ventral dislocation; 5. Ventral comminution. These characteristics were assessed retrospectively in a series of 548 patients. The association of their presence with the decision to perform surgery, failure of conservative treatment and the length of hospital stay (LOS) was determined. Further, the inter-observer reliability for the specific characteristics was calculated and the relation with survival assessed. RESULTS: Four of the five evaluated characteristics showed an association with clinical decision making and patient management. In particular the extent of the dorsal fractures (absent vs. unilateral vs. bilateral) (OR = 7.0; p < 00.1) and the presence of ventral comminution/dislocation (OR = 2.4; p = 0.004) were independent factors for the decision to perform surgery. Both the extent of the dorsal fracture (OR = 1.8; p < 0.001) and the presence of ventral dislocation (OR = 1.7; p = 0.003) were independently associated with a prolonged overall LOS. The inter-observer agreement for the fracture characteristics ranged from moderate to substantial. A relevant association with increased mortality was shown for horizontal sacral and comminuted ventral fractures with hazard ratios (HR) of 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1, 2.5; p = 0.008) and HR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.0, 2.2; p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: In the elderly, the extent of the dorsal fractures and the presence of ventral comminution/dislocation were associated to the decision to undergo surgery, failure of conservative treatment and length of stay. Survival was related to horizontal sacral fractures and ventrally comminuted fractures. These characteristics thus represent a simplified but highly informative approach for the evaluation of pelvic ring fractures in the elderly. This approach can support clinical decision making, promote patient-centred treatment algorithms and thus improve the outcome of individualized care.

Flouroscopic Control of Tibial Torsion After Intramedullary Nailing: A Technical Trick.

SUMMARY: After intramedullary nailing of tibia shaft fractures, torsional malalignment greater than 10 degrees occur in up to 41% of operated legs. The reason is the difficult clinical assessment of rotation intraoperatively, the large variation in absolute torsion of the tibia, and the absence of established reliable methods to fluoroscopically evaluate tibial rotation and compare with the contralateral side. We present here a fast and low-tech intraoperative method on how to achieve identical tibial torsion of the operated and noninjured side. The method can be used for tibia shaft and metaphyseal fractures and only requires a normal C-arm fluoroscope with 2 monitors. First, a true lateral image of the knee on the noninjured side with the femoral condyles aligned is obtained. Second, with the leg and the C-arm rotation and tilt fixed, the fluoroscope is moved parallel to the patient axis and a lateral ankle image is obtained and saved. The fibula position relative to the tibia at the level of the Volkmann tubercle on the lateral view defines the torsion of the tibia. The sequence described above is repeated on the operated side after implantation of the nail before proximal locking. On the operated side, the fibula position relative to the tibia should be identical to the noninjured side before proximal locking takes place. Otherwise, a rotational malalignment is present and must be corrected. The comparison between operated and noninjured side is easy on a fluoroscope with 2 monitors. The complete examination takes a few minutes and has minor additional radiation exposure. We performed the intraoperative torsion control in 10 patients and performed a postoperative low-dose Computer Tomography-control of the torsion of both legs and found the rotational deformity to be less than 10 degrees in all patients.

Abductor Muscle Strength Deficit in Patients After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to assess and quantify hip abductor muscle strength deficits after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and to determine associations with external factors. METHODS: Studies reporting on hip abductor muscle strength before and/or after THA performed for osteoarthritis or atraumatic osteonecrosis of the hip were considered for inclusion. Data sources were Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Muscle strength on the affected side was compared with the healthy contralateral side or with control subjects. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: Nineteen studies reporting on 875 subjects met the inclusion criteria. Patients scheduled for THA had a mean strength deficit of 18.6% (95% confidence interval (CI) [-33.9, -3.2%]) compared with control subjects. Abductor muscle strength then increased by 20.2% (CI [5.6, 34.8%]) at 4-6 months, 29.6% (CI [4.7, 54.4%]) at 9-12 months, and 49.8% (CI [-31.0, 130.6%]) at 18-24 months postoperatively compared with preoperative values. For unilateral THA, the mean torque ratio was 86.3% (CI [75.4, 97.2%]) and 93.4% (CI [75.1, 111.6%]) before and >24 months after THA, respectively. Study quality was low to moderate. CONCLUSION: Hip abductor muscle strength deficits may gradually improve during 24 months after THA possibly without complete recovery. Cautious interpretation of these findings is warranted because high-quality evidence is largely missing.

Scope and Limits of Teriparatide Use in Delayed and Nonunions: A Case Series.

Nonunion is known to occur in up to 10% of all bone fractures. Until recently, the treatment options considered in cases of delayed union and nonunion focused on revision surgery and improvement of local healing. Lately, teriparatide has been introduced as an osteoanabolic factor that induces fracture healing in cases with delayed or nonunions. We report on a series of five cases of delayed and nonunions treated with teriparatide: delayed unions of an atypical femoral fracture, of a multifragmentary clavicle fracture, and of a periprosthetic humeral fracture; nonunion of a tibial and fibular fracture; and infected nonunion of a tibial and fibular fracture. Based on this series, the indications and limits of application of teriparatide in cases of impaired fracture healing are discussed. Due to the "off-label" character of this application, informed consent, and cost coverage from the healthcare insurance must be obtained prior to treatment. In our experience and according to the limited existing literature, teriparatide is a safe feasible treatment in cases of delayed and nonunions with a reasonable need of resources. While adequate biomechanical stability remains the cornerstone of fracture healing, as well as healing of nonunions, teriparatide could help avoid repetitive surgeries, especially in atrophic delayed and nonunions, as well as in patients with impaired fracture healing undergoing bisphosphonate therapy. There is an urgent need for widely accepted definitions, standardized protocols, as well as further clinical trials in the field of impaired fracture healing.

[Periprosthetic Joint Infections - An Overview]. / Infekte in der Gelenkendoprothetik.

Periprosthetic Joint Infections - An Overview Abstract. Diagnostics and treatment of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) is an interdisciplinary challenge. The key for success in the treatment of PJI is a rapid and adequate diagnostic and treatment in close cooperation between the general practitioner (GP), a specialised orthopaedic surgeon and an infectious disease specialist (ID). Acute PJI mostly occur peri- and early postoperative but can occur also lifelong due to haematogenous / lymphogenic seeding of the germs on the prosthesis. Both situations must be considered as an emergency scenario and patients should be transferred to the operating surgeon or even in a specialised centre for further diagnostics and treatment immediately. An acute infection (either < 4 weeks after implantation or < 3 weeks after the onset of symptoms with haematogenous / lymphogenic seeding) can frequently be cured by debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) and should be the favoured approach in this scenario. In chronic PJI an interdisciplinary approach with complete exchange of the implant combined with an elaborated antibiotic therapy is always needed. Optimised and targeted diagnostic as well as an interdisciplinary planning of the treatment are mandatory for curing the infection, therefore patients with chronic PJI should be referred to a specialised centre. Surgery alone without adequate antibiotic therapy will mostly result in failure to cure PJI, same is true for exclusive antibiotic therapy without an adequate surgical procedure.

Influence of Vanadium 4+ and 5+ Ions on the Differentiation and Activation of Human Osteoclasts.

BACKGROUND: In the pathophysiology of implant failure, metal ions and inflammation-driven osteoclasts (OC) play a crucial role. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vanadium (V) ions induce differentiation of monocytic OC precursors into osteoresorptive multinucleated cells. In addition, the influence of V ions on the activation and function of in vitro generated OC was observed. METHODS: Human monocytes and osteoclasts were isolated from peripheral blood monocytic cells (PBMCs). Exposition with increasing concentrations (0-3 µM) of V4+/V5+ ions for 7 days followed. Assessment of OC differentiation, cell viability, and resorptional ability was performed by standard colorimetric cell viability assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenil)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression, and functional resorption assays on bone slides during a period of 21 days. RESULTS: No significant differences were noted between V4+/V5+ ions (p > 0.05). MTS showed significant reduction in cellular viability by V concentrations above 3 µM (p < 0.05). V concentrations above 0.5 µM showed negative effects on OC activation/differentiation. Higher V concentrations showed negative effects on resorptive function (all p < 0.05) without affecting cell viability. V4+/V5+ concentrations below 3 µM have negative effects on OC differentiation/function without affecting cell survival. CONCLUSION: Vanadium-containing implants may reduce implant failure rate by influencing osteoclast activity at the bone-implant interface. V-ligand complexes might offer new treatment options by accumulating in the bone.

Direct transplantation of native pericytes from adipose tissue: A new perspective to stimulate healing in critical size bone defects.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Fractures with a critical size bone defect (e.g., open fracture with segmental bone loss) are associated with high rates of delayed union and non-union. The prevention and treatment of these complications remain a serious issue in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. Autologous cancellous bone grafting is a well-established and widely used technique. However, it has drawbacks related to availability, increased morbidity and insufficient efficacy. Mesenchymal stromal cells can potentially be used to improve fracture healing. In particular, human fat tissue has been identified as a good source of multilineage adipose-derived stem cells, which can be differentiated into osteoblasts. The main issue is that mesenchymal stromal cells are a heterogeneous population of progenitors and lineage-committed cells harboring a broad range of regenerative properties. This heterogeneity is also mirrored in the differentiation potential of these cells. In the present study, we sought to test the possibility to enrich defined subpopulations of stem/progenitor cells for direct therapeutic application without requiring an in vitro expansion. METHODS: We enriched a CD146+NG2+CD45- population of pericytes from freshly isolated stromal vascular fraction from mouse fat tissue and tested their osteogenic differentiation capacity in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model for critical size bone injury. RESULTS: Our results confirm the ability of enriched CD146+NG2+CD45- cells to efficiently generate osteoblasts in vitro, to colonize cancellous bone scaffolds and to successfully contribute to regeneration of large bone defects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents proof of principle for the direct use of enriched populations of cells with stem/progenitor identity for therapeutic applications.

Postoperative segmental hypermobility after cervical arthroplasty: A possible pathomechanism for outcome failure.

We present a 41-year-old man who underwent a cervical discarthroplasty (CDA) C5-6 procedure with an increase of the segmental range of motion from 2.8° to 6.9° and an increase in disc height from 5.8mm preoperatively to 10.4mm postoperatively with an unfavorable long-term clinical outcome. Both anterior cervical discectomy with fusion (ACDF), as well as CDA have been proven to be successful procedures in the management of cervical radiculopathy with good to excellent outcomes and low complication rates. The rationale for CDA over ACDF highlights the preservation of segmental motion and reduction of the incidence of adjacent segment disease. This case report suggests that a hypermobility syndrome and also an overcorrection of the cervical range of motion may be responsible for an unfavorable outcome after CDA.

Characterization of indeterminate spleen lesions in primary CT after blunt abdominal trauma: potential role of MR imaging.

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for characterization of indeterminate spleen lesions in primary computed tomography (CT) of patients with blunt abdominal trauma. Twenty-five consecutive patients (8 female, 17 male, mean age 51.6 ± 22.4 years) with an indeterminate spleen lesion diagnosed at CT after blunt abdominal trauma underwent MRI with T2- and T1-weighted images pre- and post-contrast material administration. MRI studies were reviewed by two radiologists. Age, gender, injury mechanism, injury severity score (ISS), management of patients, time interval between CT and MRI, and length of hospital stay were included into the analysis. Patient history, clinical history, imaging, and 2-month clinical outcome including review of medical records and telephone interviews served as reference standard. From the 25 indeterminate spleen lesions in CT, 11 (44 %) were traumatic; nine (36 %) were non-traumatic (pseudocysts, n=5; hemangioma, n=4) and five proven to represent artifacts in CT. The ISS (P<0.001) and the length of hospital stay (P=0.03) were significantly higher in patients with spleen lesions as compared with those without. All other parameters were similar among groups (all, P>0.05). The MRI features ill-defined lesion borders, variable signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images depending on the age of the hematoma, focal contrast enhancement indicating traumatic pseudoaneurysm, perilesional contrast enhancement, and edema were most indicative for traumatic spleen lesions. As compared with CT (2/25), MRI (5/25) better depicted thin subcapsular hematomas as indicator of traumatic spleen injury. In conclusion, MRI shows value for characterizing indeterminate spleen lesions in primary CT after blunt abdominal trauma.

Allergy or tolerance: reduced inflammatory cytokine response and concomitant IL-10 production of lymphocytes and monocytes in symptom-free titanium dental implant patients.

Hypersensitivity reactions to titanium (Ti) are very rare. Thus, we assessed the proinflammatory response and also potential tolerance favoring in vitro reactivity of human blood lymphocytes and monocytes (PBMC) to Ti in healthy individuals (14 without, 6 with complication-free dental Ti implants). The proliferation index (SI) in lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) and production of cytokines linked to innate immune response (IL-1 ß , IL-6, and TNF α ) or immune regulation (IL-10) were assessed in response to TiO2 particles or Ti discs. In both groups, the Ti-LTT reactivity was not enhanced (e.g., SI < 3). The control antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) gave adequate reactivity (median SI individuals without/with implant: 20.6 ± 5.97/19.58 ± 2.99). Individuals without implant showed higher cytokine response to Ti materials than individuals with symptom-free implants; for example, TiO2 rutile particle induced increase of IL-1 ß 70.27-fold/8.49-fold versus control medium culture. PBMC of 5 of the 6 individuals with complication-free Ti implants showed an ex vivo ongoing production of IL-10 (mean 4.18 ± 2.98 pg/mL)-but none of the 14 controls showed such IL-10 production. Thus in vitro IL-1 ß -, IL-6-, and TNF- α production reflects "normal" unspecific immune response to Ti. This might be reduced by production of tolerogenic IL-10 in individuals with symptom-free Ti dental implants.

Central head perforation, or "cut through," caused by the helical blade of the proximal femoral nail antirotation.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the specific type and incidence of implant failure in patients with a proximal femur fracture treated with a proximal femoral nail antirotation. This device has a helical-shaped blade as a neck-head holding device, instead of the lag screw used in other intramedullary nails. The advantage of the blade is believed to originate from bone impaction and a larger bone-implant interface in comparison with the lag screw design, with consequential greater mechanical resistance to torsion in the cancellous bone. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at the state hospital of Winterthur, Switzerland. From December 2006 until November 2008, 210 consecutive patients were treated with a pertrochanteric femur fracture (OTA type 31-A1, 31-A2, and 31-A3) using a proximal femoral nail antirotation. One hundred and twelve patients were followed up clinically for a minimum of 12 months after discharge. Clinical and radiologic assessment of fracture healing and/or implant failure was investigated. RESULTS: We report 7 cases of implant failure with a "Cut Through," defined as a postoperative central perforation of the spiral blade into the hip joint, without any displacement of the neck-head fragment. CONCLUSIONS: Cut through needs to be distinguished from the well-known anterocranial perforation combined with a varus displacement of the neck-head fragment, known as "Cut Out," seen with intramedullary nails utilizing lag screws. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

[Decompressive craniectomy in acute stroke - The different perspective]. / Dekompressionskraniektomie bei ischämischen Hirninfarkten - Die chirurgische Perspektive.

Extensive space occupying strokes occur in about 1-10% of all ischaemic supratentorial infarctions. Both the high mortality and morbidity primarily result from secondary brain damage due to an accompanying brain edema. Therefore, the primary therapeutic target in patients with space occupying strokes is the control of the brain edema and the consecutively elevated intracranial pressure. If intracranial pressure cannot be controlled by conservative treatment methods, a decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a possible treatment option in selected patients to reduce intracranial pressure. In this review recommendations from the surgeon's perspective are given concerning the indication and timing of DC in patients with space occupying supra- and infratentorial cerebral infarctions.

Influence of metal ions on human lymphocytes and the generation of titanium-specific T-lymphocytes.

BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence to suggest the involvement of the immune system by means of activation by metal ions released via biocorrosion, in the pathophysiologic mechanisms of aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants. However, the detailed mechanisms of how metal ions become antigenic and are presented to T-lymphocytes, in addition to how the local inflammatory response is driven, remain to be investigated. METHODS: Human T-lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of a variety of metal ions before investigating functional and phenotypic changes using flow cytometric analysis. Additionally, human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDC) loaded with metal ions were used as antigen-presenting cells and incubated with naive T-lymphocytes with the aim of generating titanium-specific T-lymphocytes. RESULTS: Using an autologous in vitro model, with mDC treated with Titanium (IV), we were able to induce Titanium (IV)-specific T-lymphocytes. These T-lymphocytes responded in a dose-related manner to Titanium (IV), while they did not cross-react with Titanium (III) or other metal ions, indicating that the new antigenic peptide complexes formed by Titanium (IV) are highly specific. CONCLUSION: This study showed that mDC exposed to Titanium (IV) are able to induce the generation of Titanium (IV)-specific T-lymphocytes, demonstrating the strong and specific antigenicity of Titanium (IV) ions released by biocorrosion.

Health-related quality of life following spinal cordectomy for syringomyelia.

BACKGROUND: Spinal cordectomy has been described as an effective treatment option in paraplegic patients for the treatment of syringomyelia to manage spasticity, pain and ascending neurological dysfunction. The objective of this study was to investigate the long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after cordectomy in patients with intractable symptoms caused by syringomyelia. METHODS: Seventeen patients underwent spinal cordectomy for syringomyelia between February 2000 and July 2009. The etiology of syringomyelia was traumatic in 16 patients and spinal ependymoma in one patient. The mean follow-up was 3.8 years (range, 0.9-10.3). The HRQoL was assessed pre- and postoperatively using the EuroQol (EQ; degree of discomfort: 1 = none, 2 = moderate and 3 = extreme) and the short-form SF-36 quality of life score (SF-36). All patients underwent a telephone interview. RESULTS: The mean pre- and postoperative EuroQol-levels for mobility were 1.8 and 1.5; for self-care, 1.9 and 1.5; for usual activities, 2.1 and 1.5; for pain/discomfort, 2.3 and 2.0; and for anxiety/depression, 1.7 and 1.5, respectively. The mean overall EQ visual analogue scale improved postoperatively from 42 points (range, 15-80) to 67 points (range, 10-95) (p = 0.006). The component summary measure for mental health (SF-36) significantly improved postoperatively (p = 0.01). A telephone interview revealed a high subjective patient satisfactory (94.1%) in terms of postoperative sequelae. Following the intervention, 58.8% of all patients were employed full or part-time. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal cordectomy may increase the quality of life and can be considered as an ultimo ratio therapy in a selective group of patients with intractable symptoms caused by syringomyelia.

Biocorrosion and uptake of titanium by human osteoclasts.

All metals in contact with a biological system undergo corrosion through an electrochemical redox reaction. This study investigated whether human osteoclasts (OC) are able to grow on titanium and aluminum, and directly corrode the metals leading to the release of corresponding metal ions, which are believed to cause inflammatory reactions and activate osteoclastic differentiation. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated long-term viable OC cultures on the surface of titanium and aluminum foils. Atomic emission spectrometry investigations showed significantly increased levels of aluminum in the supernatant of OC cultured on aluminum; however, all measurements in the supernatants of cell cultures on titanium were below detection limits. Despite this, confocal microscopy analysis with Newport Green DCF diacetate ester staining depicted intense fluorescence throughout the cytoplasm and nucleolus of OC cultured on titanium foils. Comparable fluorescence intensities were not observed in monocytes and control cells cultured on glass. The present study demonstrated that human osteoclast precursors are able to grow and differentiate toward mature OC on titanium and aluminum. Furthermore, it established that the mature cells are able to directly corrode the metal surface and take up corresponding metal ions, which subsequently may be released and thereby induce the formation of osteolytic lesions in the periprosthetic bone, contributing to the loosening of the implant.