Effects of Diet and Exercise on Circadian Rhythm: Role of Gut Microbiota in Immune and Metabolic Systems.

A close relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and the circadian rhythm, which is mainly regulated by the central-biological-clock system and the peripheral-biological-clock system. At the same time, the intestinal flora also reflects a certain rhythmic oscillation. A poor diet and sedentary lifestyle will lead to immune and metabolic diseases. A large number of studies have shown that the human body can be influenced in its immune regulation, energy metabolism and expression of biological-clock genes through diet, including fasting, and exercise, with intestinal flora as the vector, thereby reducing the incidence rates of diseases. This article mainly discusses the effects of diet and exercise on the intestinal flora and the immune and metabolic systems from the perspective of the circadian rhythm, which provides a more effective way to prevent immune and metabolic diseases by modulating intestinal microbiota.

Comparative analysis of intestinal microbiota composition and transcriptome in diploid and triploid Carassius auratus.

Polyploidy and the microbiome are crucial factors in how a host organism responds to disease. However, little is known about how triploidization and microbiome affect the immune response and disease resistance in the fish host. Therefore, this study aims to identify the relationship between intestinal microbiota composition, transcriptome changes, and disease resistance in triploid Carassius auratus (3nCC). In China's central Dongting lake water system, diploid (2nCC) and triploid Carassius auratus were collected, then 16S rRNA and mRNA sequencing were used to examine the microbes and gene expression in the intestines. 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated that triploidization altered intestinal richness, as well as the diversity of commensal bacteria in 3nCC. In addition, the abundance of the genus Vibrio in 3nCC was increased compared to 2nCC (P < 0.05). Furthermore, differential expression analysis of 3nCC revealed profound up-regulation of 293 transcripts, while 324 were down-regulated. Several differentially expressed transcripts were related to the immune response pathway in 3nCC, including NLRP3, LY9, PNMA1, MR1, PELI1, NOTCH2, NFIL3, and NLRC4. Taken together, triploidization can alter bacteria composition and abundance, which can in turn result in changes in expression of genes. This study offers an opportunity for deciphering the molecular mechanism underlying disease resistance after triploidization.

Non-orthogonal polarization encoding/decoding assisted by structured optical pattern recognition.

The complex vector beams yield up an abundance of polarization information that has not yet been well utilized in information encoding. In this paper, we propose a polarization encoding scheme with the non-orthogonal polarization states using a stationary vector beam. Recognizing those non-orthogonal polarization states is assisted by the structured patterns of the single vector beams under different polarization projections. We show that one can achieve different capacities of encoding bits by changing the step of the polarization angle with the single vector beam. We also demonstrate the non-orthogonal polarization encoding scheme can be well decoded with the machine learning classification algorithm. A 64×64 gray image is successfully transmitted by using 4 bits/symbol encoding-decoding scheme with 99.94 % transmission accuracy. Besides, by extending the encoding-decoding scheme to 8 bits/symbol based on the same single vector beam, we achieve a higher transmission rate with 65.58% transmission accuracy. Our work holds promise for small-angle non-orthogonal polarization encoding for free-space optical communications.