Relationship between sex hormones, reproductive stages and ADHD: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to summarize current available evidence for the relationship between sex hormones or reproductive life stages (adrenarche in males and females, menarche, pregnancy, postpartum and menopause) and ADHD. METHODS: We systematically reviewed studies investigating the relationship between sex hormones and symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity in individuals with an ADHD diagnosis or equivalent assessment of symptoms with validated scales. Articles were screened sequentially by two reviewers who were clinically and academically familiar with ADHD. Studies were rated according to Oxford Levels of Evidence (CEBM 2009). RESULTS: Four studies matched inclusion criteria. One article was a case report of a female with ADHD and premenstrual syndrome experiencing worsening symptoms prior to each period (Quinn, J Clin Psychol 61:579-587, 2005). Another was a review article analysing literature relating to the effect of hormones on ADHD symptoms and supporting that a relationship exists between ADHD symptoms and sex hormone levels, without further characterization (Haimov-Kochman and Berger, Front Hum Neurosci 8, 2014). Giotakos and colleagues found no relationship between Wender Utah scores and sex hormone levels (Giotakos et al., J Forensic Psychiatry Psychol 16:423-433, 2005). An exploratory study by Ostojic and Miller found evidence for an association between early pubertal onset, inattention and risk-taking behaviour (Ostojic and Miller, J Atten Disord 20:782-791, 2016). CONCLUSION: The literature on the relationship between sex hormones and ADHD is limited. Available studies present contradicting information. It is not known how this lack of evidence affects the treatment of ADHD during the lifespan. Further research is required to correctly characterize the mechanisms behind ADHD symptoms and its potential association with sex hormones.

Self-directed Technology-Based Therapeutic Methods for Adult Patients Receiving Mental Health Services: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Technological interventions used to treat illnesses and promote health are grouped under the umbrella term of digital therapeutics. The use of digital therapeutics is becoming increasingly common in mental health. Although many technologies are currently being implemented, research supporting their usability, efficacy, and risk requires further examination, especially for those interventions that can be used without support. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to identify the evidence-based, self-directed, technology-based methods of care that can be used in adult patients after they are discharged from mental health services. The interventions reviewed are automated with no human input required (either at the patient's or at the technology's end), so the patients can implement them without any support. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) guidelines in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and OVID. The inclusion criteria were self-directed, automated, and technology-based interventions related to mental health, primarily for adults, having a solid evaluation process. The interventions had to be self-directed, in that the participants could use the technology without any external guidance. RESULTS: We identified 36 papers that met the inclusion criteria: 26 randomized controlled trials, 9 nonrandomized controlled trial quantitative studies, and 1 qualitative study. The technologies used included websites, automated text messaging, phone apps, videos, computer software, and integrated voice response. There were 22 studies focused on internet-based cognitive behavioral therapies as a therapeutic paradigm compared with the waitlist, web-based human-delivered therapy, and other interventions. Among these studies, 14 used paradigms other than the internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy. Of the 8 studies comparing guided and unguided digital care, 3 showed no differences, 3 favored guided interventions, and 2 favored unguided interventions. The research also showed that dropout rates were as high as 80%, citing potential problems with the acceptability of the suggested technologies. CONCLUSIONS: There is limited research on the efficacy and suitability of self-directed technology-based care options for mental health. Digital technologies have the potential to bridge the gap between ambulatory care and independent living. However, these interventions may need to be developed collaboratively with the users to encourage their acceptability and to avoid high dropout rates.

The differential impact of pediatric COVID-19 between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of fatality and ICU admission in children worldwide.

BACKGROUND: The overall global impact of COVID-19 in children and regional variability in pediatric outcomes are presently unknown. METHODS: To evaluate the magnitude of global COVID-19 death and intensive care unit (ICU) admission in children aged 0-19 years, a systematic review was conducted for articles and national reports as of December 7, 2020. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020179696). RESULTS: We reviewed 16,027 articles as well as 225 national reports from 216 countries. Among the 3,788 global pediatric COVID-19 deaths, 3,394 (91.5%) deaths were reported from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), while 83.5% of pediatric population from all included countries were from LMIC. The pediatric deaths/1,000,000 children and case fatality rate (CFR) were significantly higher in LMIC than in high-income countries (HIC) (2.77 in LMIC vs 1.32 in HIC; p < 0.001 and 0.24% in LMIC vs 0.01% in HIC; p < 0.001, respectively). The ICU admission/1,000,000 children was 18.80 and 1.48 in HIC and LMIC, respectively (p < 0.001). The highest deaths/1,000,000 children and CFR were in infants < 1 year old (10.03 and 0.58% in the world, 5.39 and 0.07% in HIC and 10.98 and 1.30% in LMIC, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights that there may be a larger impact of pediatric COVID-19 fatality in LMICs compared to HICs.