Type of Victimization Exposure, Perpetrator Type, and Timing of Victimization: The Impact on Behavioral Health Outcomes.

The effect of abuse victimization in correctional samples has been researched previously, particularly with an eye toward these experiences on justice-involved youth and prison samples' offending and recidivism behavior. The role of this type of victimization, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, and polyvictimization, is less studied in jail populations. The effect of abuse victimization is also less researched among other outcomes, including behavioral health disorders (BHDs) and substance use disorder (SUD). While the effect of abuse, generally, has been examined, less is known about how abuse perpetrator type and timing of abuse impact justice-involved individuals' outcomes. Using logistic regressions, we examined the influence of abuse perpetrator type (non-stranger or stranger) and timing (before childhood, after childhood, or before and after childhood) in a population of jailed adults from one state (n = 4,713). Outcomes studied included internalizing BHDs, externalizing BHDs, and severe SUD. Results indicated that abuse perpetrated by a non-stranger yielded a greater impact on mental illness compared to abuse perpetrated by a stranger. In contrast to abuse experienced as an adult, childhood abuse was more consistently associated with internalizing and externalizing disorders but was not related to severe SUD, with an exception of physical abuse. Further, BHDs and SUD were strongly associated with each other. Overall, polyvictimization had the strongest effect on the outcomes compared to either physical abuse or sexual abuse alone. Our findings suggest that screening for abuse experiences as a potential destabilizing factor in justice-involved populations could improve case management and interventions for people incarcerated in jails. Results also highlight the importance of distinguishing between the perpetrator type of abuse and timing of abuse.

Kinetics and MR-Based Monitoring of AAV9 Vector Delivery into Cerebrospinal Fluid of Nonhuman Primates.

Here we evaluated the utility of MRI to monitor intrathecal infusions in nonhuman primates. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) spiked with gadoteridol, a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, enabled real-time visualization of infusions delivered either via cerebromedullary cistern, lumbar, cerebromedullary and lumbar, or intracerebroventricular infusion. The kinetics of vector clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. Our results highlight the value of MRI in optimizing the delivery of infusate into CSF. In particular, MRI revealed differential patterns of infusate distribution depending on the route of delivery. Gadoteridol coverage analysis showed that cerebellomedullary cistern delivery was a reliable and effective route of injection, achieving broad infusate distribution in the brain and spinal cord, and was even greater when combined with lumbar injection. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection resulted in strong cortical coverage but little spinal distribution. Lumbar injection alone led to the distribution of MRI contrast agent mainly in the spinal cord with little cortical coverage, but this delivery route was unreliable. Similarly, vector clearance analysis showed differences between different routes of delivery. Overall, our data support the value of monitoring CSF injections to dissect different patterns of gadoteridol distribution based on the route of intrathecal administration.

Targeted Delivery and Tolerability of MRI-Guided CED Infusion into the Cerebellum of Nonhuman Primates.

This study explored the feasibility of intraparenchymal delivery (gadoteridol and/or Serotype 5 Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein [AAV5-eGFP]) into the cerebellum of nonhuman primates using real-time magnetic resonance imaging-guided convection enhanced delivery (MRI-CED) technology. All animals tolerated the neurosurgical procedure without any clinical sequela. Gene expression was detected within the cerebellar parenchyma at the site of infusion and resulted in transduction of neuronal cell bodies and fibers. Histopathology indicated localized damage along the stem of the cannula tract. These findings demonstrate the potential of real-time MRI-CED to deliver therapeutics into the cerebellum, which has extensive reciprocal connections and may be used as a target for the treatment of neurological disorders.

Factors in the Selection of Surface Disinfectants for Use in a Laboratory Animal Setting.

Because surface disinfectants are an important means of pathogen control within laboratory animal facilities, these products must have an appropriate spectrum of antimicrobial activity. However, many other factors must also be considered, including effects on human health, environmental safety, and animal behavior. Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite often are considered to be the 'gold standard' for surface disinfection, but these products can be corrosive, caustic, and aversive in odor. This study was designed to identify disinfectants that are as effective as hypochlorite solutions but more acceptable for use in a laboratory animal setting. An antiviral disinfectant-efficacy assay was developed by using viral vectors that expressed green fluorescence protein as surrogates for wild-type viruses of concern in laboratory animals. Efficacy testing revealed that most of the products were highly effective when used against viral vectors in suspension. However, when the disinfectants were challenged by buffering virus in protein or drying virus on nonporous surfaces, the hypochlorite and peroxymonosulfate products performed the best. Review of safety data sheets for the agents indicated that a peroxide-based product was considerably safer than the other products tested and that the pH of most products was not conducive to disposal down a drain. Behavioral testing of Swiss Webster, C57Bl/6, and BALB/c mice showed that the hypochlorite- and peroxide-based products were clearly aversive, given that the mice consistently avoided these products. All of these factors must be considered when choosing the appropriate disinfectant.