Impacto del padre en el desarrollo de la conducta prosocial de niños y niñas durante la primera infancia: una revisión sistemática

Los bebés exhiben una amplia gama de comportamientos prosociales, que incluyen ayudar, compartir, consolar y cooperar. En la infancia, estos comportamientos se vuelven más sofisticados y socialmente apropiados. El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar y revisar sistemáticamente la literatura que ha incorporado el estudio de la figura paterna y su impacto en el desarrollo de la conducta prosocial en los niños/as entre los 0 y 5 años. Método, utilizando la metodología PRISMA, se realiza una búsqueda y análisis de artículos científicos en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science, considerando criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Resultados, se seleccionaron 28 artículos y el análisis de sus resultados indica que el padre tiene un impacto en el desarrollo de la conducta prosocial de los niños entre los 0 y 5 años. El ejercicio del rol paterno y el apoyo entregado por el padre, favorece que el niño/a manifieste conductas prosociales desde la infancia temprana, en la relación con sus figuras significativas y con terceros, de forma directa e indirecta, en los distintos contextos de socialización.

Infants exhibit a wide range of prosocial behaviors, including helping, sharing, comforting, and cooperating. In infancy, these behaviors become more sophisticated and socially appropriate. The aim of this research is to systematically identify and review the literature that has incorporated the study of the father figure and its impact on the development of prosocial behavior in children aged 0-5 years. Method, using the PRISMA methodology, a search and analysis of scientific articles in the Scopus and Web of Science databases was carried out, considering established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results, 28 articles were selected and the analysis of their results indicates that fathers have an impact on the development of prosocial behavior in children between 0 and 5 years of age. The exercise of the paternal role and the support provided by the father, favors the child to manifest prosocial behaviors from early childhood, in the relationship with their significant figures and with third parties, directly and indirectly, in the different socialization contexts.

Attachment research and anti-racism: learning from Black and Brown scholars.

Preliminary evidence suggests that people and scholars of African and/or Latin American and Caribbean origin are often under-represented in mainstream attachment scholarship. In this commentary, we highlight the difficulty of conducting attachment theory research outside of the United States, particularly in Latin American countries. We reflect on the contributions by the authors of this special issue . We also identify (a) ways in which to center the experiences of Black and Brown people and scholars to push the field toward antiracism, and (b) the challenges of attachment theory and research in becoming anti-racist by considering the structural nature of racism.

Attachment goes to court: child protection and custody issues.

Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child's need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.

Apego en niños con asistencia temprana a salas cuna en la ciudad de Punta Arenas (Chile): un estudio piloto / Attachment of children who experience early entry to daycare in Punta Arenas, Chile: a pilot study / O apego em crianças com atenção precoce em creches na cidade de Punta Arenas, Chile: um estudo piloto

Resumen (analítico) Este estudio piloto tuvo por objetivo conocer los vínculos de apego en niños y niñas que asisten a salas cuna. Se aplicó la Escala de apego durante estrés (ADS) a 25 díadas madre-infante (cuyos niños y niñas tenían entre 10 y 14 meses de edad), que asistían a salas cuna en la ciudad de Punta Arenas. La muestra fue no probabilística intencional, mientras que el diseño no experimental, transversal, descriptivo. Los resultados indican que la distribución de los tipos de apego es similar al patrón universal; sin embargo, una prolongada estadía en salas cuna se asocia a un mayor riesgo de apego inseguro aun cuando los efectos de la edad de ingreso son controlados. Se discuten los alcances e implicancias para futuras investigaciones.

Abstract (analytical) This pilot study had the objective of determining the distribution of attachment among children who experience early entry to daycare centers. The Attachment During Stress scale was implemented with 25 baby-mother dyads whose children were aged between 10 and 14 months old and were attending daycare centers in the city of Punta Arenas. The study used a deliberate non-probabilistic sample and it is a non-experimental, descriptive study. The results show that the distribution of attachment was similar to the universal pattern. However, a long period of time attending a daycare center is associated with a higher risk of insecure attachment even the effects of early entry are controlled. Implications and possibilities for future studies are also discussed.

Resumo (analítico) Este estudo piloto teve com objetivo conhecer os vínculos de apego em crianças que frequentam creches. Foi aplicada a Escala de Apego durante Stress (ADS) a 25 duplas materno - infante, cujas crianças estavam na faixa etária entre 10 a 14 meses de idade que frequentavam creches na cidade de Punta Arenas. A amostra foi não probabilística intencional e o desenvolvimento não experimental, transversal, descritivo. Os resultados indicam que a distribuição dos tipos de apego são similares ao padrão universal; contudo, a permanência prolongada em creches pode estar associada a um risco maior de apego inseguro mesmo quando os efeitos da idade de ingresso na creche são controlados. São discutidos os alcances e implicâncias para pesquisas futuras.

Physical and psychosocial development of Mapuche and nonindigenous Chilean toddlers: A modest role of ethnicity.

Mapuche represents the largest indigenous group in Chile amounting to nearly 10% of the total population. In a longitudinal cohort of 12,398 children, we analyzed the role of ethnicity in physical and psychosocial development of Mapuche and nonindigenous Chilean toddlers (age 2.5 years), taking into account sociodemographic and caregiver characteristics. As indicated by our univariate analysis, the Mapuche developmental niche was characterized by lower income, lower maternal education, poorer quality of the home environment, longer breastfeeding, and higher parental stress. Physical development showed higher body mass index. Mapuche children showed less externalizing problems. We then analyzed the incremental contribution of ethnicity in a series of hierarchical regressions with the second wave of developmental measurements (age 4.5 years) as outcome variables, showing a significant but modest incremental contribution of ethnicity to the prediction of children's development between 2.5 and 4.5 years of age. Controlling for environmental variables, Mapuche showed less externalizing and internalizing, behavior problems. Socioeconomic status, quality of the home environment, and parenting stress were stronger predictors of socioemotional development than ethnicity per se.

Preschoolers' vocabulary acquisition in Chile: the roles of socioeconomic status and quality of home environment.

Preschoolers' vocabulary acquisition sets the stage for later reading ability and school achievement. This study examined the role of socioeconomic status (SES) and the quality of the home environment of seventy-seven Chilean majority and Mapuche minority families from low and lower-middle-class backgrounds in explaining individual differences in vocabulary acquisition of their three-and-a-half-year-old children. Additionally, we investigated whether the relation between SES and receptive and expressive vocabulary was mediated by the quality of the home environment as the Family Investment Model suggests. The quality of the home environment significantly predicted receptive and expressive vocabulary above and beyond ethnicity, SES, parental caregiver status, and quantity of daycare. Furthermore, the quality of the home environment mediated the relation between SES and expressive and receptive vocabulary acquisition.

From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile.

This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children's social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.

From foundling homes to day care: a historicalreview of childcare in Chile / Desde la casa de expósitos a las salas cuna: revisión histórica del cuidado infantil en Chile / Desde a casa de crianças expostas para a creche: revisão histórica da puericultura no Chile

This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation offoundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality andpoverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developedcountries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasison the psychosocial condition of children and their families. (AU)

El artículo discute cambios significativos en políticasy prácticas del cuidado infantil en Chile.Se distinguen cuatro períodos históricos en loscuidados infantiles con las siguientes características:abandono infantil y la creación de lacasa de expósitos en el siglo XIX; esfuerzos pordisminuir la mortalidad infantil y la introducciónde un sistema de salud en la primera mitaddel siglo XX; un incremento en la atención dela desigualdad y la pobreza y sus consecuenciaspara el desarrollo infantil en la segunda mitaddel siglo XX; y finalmente, una focalización en eldesarrollo socioemocional de los niños. Se concluyeque, aunque Chile ha alcanzado niveles demortalidad infantil y desnutrición comparablesa países desarrollados, todavía queda la marcade una historia de desigualdades que no permitegarantizar completamente la salud de los niñosmás pobres. Recientes iniciativas tratan de mejoraresta situación y ponen un fuerte énfasis enlas condiciones psicosociales de los niños y susfamilias. (AU)