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Background: Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious complication of radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. There is currently a lack of data on the dynamic expression of genes related to bone remodeling during the development of mandibular ORN. This study aimed to establish an animal model of ORN in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, detect the expression of genes related to bone metabolism, observe morphological changes, and clarify the mechanism of ORN. Methods: A total of 24 male SD rats in group 1 were randomly divided into four groups (n=6/group): group a, normal control; group b, simple tooth extraction; group c, simple radiation; and group d, radiation extraction group. The right mandible of rats in groups c and d was irradiated with a single dose of 35 Gy. The right mandibles were taken from each group for morphological observation 90 days after irradiation. SD rats in group 2 (n=144) were randomly divided into four groups (in similar fashion to group 1 but with groups a', b', c', and d'). Samples were collected at six time points after irradiation. Histopathological changes were observed, and Western blotting (WB) was used to analyze protein expression. Results: The formation of dead bone and pathological fracture was visible under micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and tissue biopsy showed late fibrosis repair. In group d', osteogenesis and osteoclasis coexisted in the early irradiation stage. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor expression was lower in groups c' and d' than in group a'. On day 45, runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression in group d' was lower than that in the other groups. The ratio of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κß ligand to osteoprotegerin (RANKL:OPG) differed significantly among groups b', c', and d' on the 45th day (d' > c' > b'). Conclusions: Radiation and vascular function damage resulted in the lower expression of VEGF. The first 15 days after radiation was mainly characterized by new bone formation. After 15 days, bone resorption increased. Tooth extraction trauma can aggravate the bone metabolism imbalance and promote ORN occurrence. These findings shed light on the mechanism of ORN.
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Ectopic sinonasal third molar is a rare condition characterized by the aberrant position of the third molar in the maxillar sinus. The etiology of the teeth in the maxillary sinus is commonly associated to trauma and iatrogenic dental procedures. We present the clinical case of a 33-year-old man who presents an ectopic tooth in the right maxillary sinus, located in the orbital floor, who requires endoscopic control through a maxillary approach when performing the extraction. The endoscopic technique is being increasingly used in the maxillofacial field. Thanks to the endoscopic control for complex extractions like the descibed case, complications such as injuries of the infraorbital nerve or fractures of the different walls of the sinus could be avoided. In conclusion, endoscopic control to perform tooth extractions in the maxillary sinus is a safe option that helps to avoid complications such as fracture of the maxillary sinus walls or fracture of the orbital floor. Key words:Endoscopic, ectopic tooth, caldwell luc, maxillary sinus.
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The aim of this work is to compare the functional and esthetic outcome of the submental flap and radial forearm free flap for the reconstruction of medium-sized soft tissue defect in the oral cavity. Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and reconstructed with a submental flap or radial forearm free flap between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed and analyzed. Tumor site, complication at the donor site, complication at the recipient site, duration of the hospital stay, local or cervical recurrence, and esthetic results were also analyzed to compare the difference in outcomes between the two groups. Submental flap represents a safe and useful reconstructive recourse for head and neck reconstructive surgeons when it is correctly indicated. Lower rate of complication at the donor site, better esthetic result, and a shorter hospital stay represent the strengths of this flap when it is not necessary to perform compartment surgery. However, more studies are needed with a larger number of patients.
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The paper describes a modification of the surgical technique for temporomandibular joint arthroscopy, using an exchange guide to replace the 2.2 mm cannula with one of 2.9 mm to better facilitate osteoplasty of the medial wall. The procedure is a simple and safe manoeuvre that reduces complications such as fluid extravasation into soft tissues, damage to the articular eminence, and bleeding into the superior joint space. Every oral and maxillofacial surgeon could benefit from this novel method, which reduces the chances of failure when exchanging the working cannulas, the potential morbidity of re-entry, and the duration of surgery.
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Artroscopia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular , Humanos , Artroscopia/métodos , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Cânula , Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Cirurgiões BucomaxilofaciaisRESUMO
The treatment of early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is still a controversial issue. Thanks to the 8th edition of TNM by AJCC there is a better distinction between the stages of OSCC. However, Stages I and II still share the same treatment protocol, even if the prognosis is radically different. A retrospective study has been conducted including 70 previously untreated patients with Stage I or II OSCC, treated with tumorectomy and selective neck dissection. The study focuses on the link between pT1/2 and various other factors, particularly histological grading, vascular and perineural invasion, local and cervical recurrence, surgical margins and overall survival. These data reveal significant differences between pT1 and pT2 in histological grade, perineural invasion, cervical recurrence, surgical margins, and overall survival, emphasizing the necessity of different treatment protocols for T1 and T2 OSCC. Distinct strategies should be proposed to treat Stage I and II OSCC, with Stage II patients possibly benefitting from more aggressive treatments: following these data, a wait-and-see strategy should only be considered in Stage I, while certain treatments at the cervical level - such as prophylactic neck dissection and sentinel node biopsy - should always be considered for Stage II tumors.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Margens de Excisão , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologiaRESUMO
The anterior displacement of the articular disc is the most frequent cause of pathological alterations in the TMJ. Although it is an extremely common pathology, there is no certainty about the aetiopathogenesis of this disease. The main aim of the present report is to describe new anatomical findings that could help clarifying the aetiopathogenesis of this disease and determine a typology of treatment based on the cause of the disease. All the operative records of patients who underwent arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ wall in our centre from January 2021 to September 2021 were reviewed and analysed to identify specific anatomical features observed in every procedure. Fifty-two joints were included for analysis in this study. Twenty-two joints were classified as Wilkes stages II-III and 30 as Wilkes stages IV-V. The most common complication observed in our sample was the dysaesthesias found in the temporal and preauricular regions. Other complications observed were frontal branch paresis (n = 2), intraoperative bleeding (n = 1), and postoperative malocclusion (n = 1). The compression of the superior head of pterygoid lateral muscle (SPLM) on the medial bony wall and the consequent muscle atrophy could be key for the aetiology of the anterior TMJ disc displacement. Therapeutic actions on the osseous and muscular component in this anatomical area could improve the outcomes of patients affected by TMJ internal derangement. A meticulous dissection of the fascia of the superior fascicle of the lateral pterygoid muscle allows a remodelling of the bone surfaces with minimal complications.
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Luxações Articulares , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular , Humanos , Disco da Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/etiologia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/patologia , Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Articulação Temporomandibular/patologia , Face/patologia , Artroscopia/métodos , Luxações Articulares/cirurgiaRESUMO
AIM: The main aim of the present report is to describe a modified technique of tip scapular flap harvesting to allow 2 surgical teams to work at the same time and to shorten surgical times. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 25 patients that had undergone maxillary or mandibular reconstruction by using a free scapular tip flap were retrospectively reviewed to identify the possible advantages and disadvantages of this type of flap. RESULTS: Thirteen patients analyzed in this series underwent maxillary reconstruction with tip scapular flap, while the other 12 patients underwent mandibular reconstruction. No failures, partial failures, or infections were evidenced in this series. Scapular tip flap allowed for acceptable esthetic and functional outcomes. In all cases, the patient was placed supine. No major complications were observed at the donor site during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Scapular tip flap might be extremely useful for head and neck reconstruction. Pedicle length, versatility, and reliability represent the major advantages of this reconstructive recourse. Moreover, the resistance of the scapular vascular system to atherosclerosis could be helpful in patients showing contraindications to free fibula flaps.
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Estética Dentária , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico/irrigação sanguínea , EscápulaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Unlike other types of cancers, the prognostic value of histological tumor grade is not well determined for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study therefore aimed to evaluate the impact of tumor differentiation on prognosis and overall survival of patients affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the records of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity between 2010 and 2015. The study included 162 patients treated with a tumorectomy and selective neck dissection. The influence of histological tumor grade on several prognostic factors such as T-Stage, N-stage, recurrence rate, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, surgical margins, and overall survival was analyzed. RESULTS: Histological grade strongly correlated with N-stage, recurrence rate, perineural invasion, vascular invasion, surgical margins, and overall survival. Overall survival was 71.6% in patients with well-differentiated tumors and 43.2% in those with moderately and poorly differentiated tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Histological grade represents an important prognostic factor for OSCC. Therefore, various treatment strategies based on this histological parameter could improve the overall survival rate of patients affected by oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Humanos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Bucais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Bucais/cirurgia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Margens de Excisão , PrognósticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Numerous factors have been indicated as possible causes of alterations in the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The main aim of the present study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ wall associated with myotomy of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle for treating TMJ internal derangement. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective and comparative study was performed analyzing patients diagnosed with TMJ internal derangement and underwent TMJ arthroscopic surgery in our Hospital. These patients presented signs and symptoms of TMJ internal derangement along with pathological magnetic resonance imaging images, and underwent either arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ and myotomy of lateral pterygoid muscle (group 1) or arthroscopic eminoplasty (group 2) in our center. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 109 patients (21 male, 88 females) who agreed to voluntarily participate in our study. The results revealed that the patients who had undergone arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial TMJ and myotomy of lateral pterygoid muscle showed better outcomes in terms of pain reduction when compared with patients who had undergone arthroscopic eminoplasty. No statistically significant differences were found between the 2 groups in terms of postoperative mouth opening. CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic osteoplasty of the medial and anterior medial wall of TMJ associated with arthroscopic myotomy of the SLEM represent an effective treatment option for TMJ internal derangement even in advanced stages (Wilkes IV and V).
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Luxações Articulares/cirurgia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular , Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Luxações Articulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Miotomia , Músculos Pterigoides/cirurgia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/patologia , Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to perform a comparative analysis of the utility, outcomes, and complications of DCIA (deep circumflex iliac artery) flap for the reconstruction of maxillofacial defects between two institutions that continue to use the DCIA flap as a reconstructive resource. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis included a total of 68 patients (mean age 51.1 years) at the University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy, and the University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA, between January 2010 and April 2019. RESULTS: No statistical differences were found in relation to the site of reconstruction (p = 0.09), bone graft quantity (p = 0.93), rehabilitation with dental implants (p = 0.464), length of hospitalization (p = 0.086), BMI (0.677), swallow function (p = 0.419), medical comorbidities (p = 0.933), pre-existing radiation (p = 0.691), adjuvant treatment (p = 0.298), ECOG-PS pre-and post-surgery (p = 0.329; p = 0.545), and flap failure: one partial failure observed (p = 0.412) and donor site morbidities (p = 0.742). A noted trend to increased risk of hernia without the use of a primary mesh repair was observed (p = 0.059). CONCLUSION: The DCIA free flap represents a useful and reliable reconstructive flap for maxillofacial reconstruction. Reconstructive microvascular surgeons should be proficiently trained in this flap technique for its consideration as a first-line option in maxillofacial reconstruction.
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Retalhos de Tecido Biológico , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Retalhos de Tecido Biológico/cirurgia , Humanos , Artéria Ilíaca/cirurgia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the present study is to analyze the differences in the clinical behavior of pT1 and pT2 oral squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the importance of tumor thickness in these groups of patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the records of patients diagnosed with pT1 and pT2 oral squamous cell carcinoma between 2006 and 2015 to identify significant differences between these two groups of patients. Several pathological features such as T-stage, N-stage, tumor thickness, surgical margins, and locoregional failure were analyzed. RESULTS: 194 patients were included in this study. Tumor thickness >0.4 cm was significantly related with nodal involvement and overall survival (p < 0.001). T and N stage, tumor thickness, extracapsular spread and surgical margins were associated with poorer outcomes in terms of overall survival (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tumor thickness represents an extremely important prognostic factor and to include depth of invasion (DOI) in the staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma will help in the choice of better treatment strategies and to improve overall survival.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Bucais , Neoplasias da Língua , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/cirurgia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias da Língua/patologiaRESUMO
AIM: To evaluated the effectiveness of arthroscopic eminoplasty in the management of habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study is based on a retrospective evaluation of 11 patients (20 joints) with chronic habitual dislocations of TMJ treated with arthroscopic eminoplasty. Maximal postoperative mouth opening, complications related to surgery, duration of postoperative hospital stay, and recurrence rate (at 2 years follow up) were analyzed. RESULTS: Six patients presented complete dislocation (non self-reducible), while 5 patients reported a history of repetitive subluxations that altered their quality of life. Arthroscopic eminoplasty showed great outcomes in terms of recurrence rate, complications related to surgery and hospital stay. DISCUSSION: Arthroscopic eminoplasty represents a safe and effective technique to treat habitual dislocation of the TMJ. Moreover, the integrity of the TMJ capsule-ligament system is respected with this approach and this is extremely important in terms of joint stability.
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Transtornos da Articulação Temporomandibular/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Cápsula Articular , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemAssuntos
Osteonecrose da Arcada Osseodentária Associada a Difosfonatos/complicações , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/efeitos adversos , Fraturas Espontâneas/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas Mandibulares/diagnóstico por imagem , Ácido Zoledrônico/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Neoplasias da Mama/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundário , Feminino , HumanosAssuntos
Fístula/diagnóstico por imagem , Fístula/etiologia , Esvaziamento Cervical/efeitos adversos , Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Quilo , Fístula/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pescoço/cirurgia , Toracoscopia , Neoplasias da Língua/cirurgiaAssuntos
Osteonecrose da Arcada Osseodentária Associada a Difosfonatos , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea , Osteonecrose , Osteonecrose da Arcada Osseodentária Associada a Difosfonatos/diagnóstico , Osteonecrose da Arcada Osseodentária Associada a Difosfonatos/etiologia , Conservadores da Densidade Óssea/efeitos adversos , Denosumab/efeitos adversos , Difosfonatos , Humanos , Osteonecrose/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
AIM: The surgical margin is usually considered an important prognostic factor in oral oncology. However, the real value of a close surgical margin and its relationship with survival is still unclear. Thus, the present report sought to identify the relationship between close surgical margins and overall 3-year survival, whilst also analyzing the association between such margins and recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 200 patients affected by oral squamous cell carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into three groups: positive margin (0-2 mm), close margin (2-5 mm), and negative margin (>5 mm). The relationship between surgical margins and overall survival and recurrence rate was analyzed. RESULTS: Surgical margins and reoperation were found to have no significant association with overall survival (P > 0.05). Overall survival was 63% in our sample. Specifically, this was 50%, 64.7% and 66.2% in patients with positive, close and free margins, respectively. Perineural invasion, pN, and locoregional or cervical recurrences were the factors most directly related to overall survival. DISCUSSION: The results of this study indicate that surgical margins are not directly related to overall survival and other factors might significantly influence patient outcomes. Advanced T stage, node involvement, perineural invasion, and ECS are strongly linked with patient survival (P < 0.05). These findings should be carefully evaluated in patients with close surgical margins. Our results indicate that an aggressive adjuvant treatment of patients with close surgical margins could help in obtaining a similar pattern of overall survival with patients with negative margins.